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IS 4326 : 2013
(Reaffirmed 2018)

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Indian Standard
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS — CODE OF PRACTICE
( Third Revision )

ICS 91.120.25

© BIS 2013
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

August 2013 Price Group 11

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Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 39

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Third Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
Himalayan-Naga Lushai region, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Western India and Kutch and Kathiawar regions are
geologically unstable parts of the country and some devastating earthquakes of the world have occurred there. A
major part of the peninsular India has also been visited by moderate earthquakes, but these were relatively few in
number and had considerably lesser intensity. It has been a long felt need to rationalize the earthquake resistant
design and construction of structures taking into account seismic data from studies of these Indian earthquakes,
particularly in view of the heavy construction programme at present all over the country. It is to serve this
purpose that IS 1893 : 1966 ‘Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures’ was formulated. It covered the
seismic design considerations for various structures. As an adjunct to IS 1893 : 1966, IS 4326 : 1967 ‘Code of
practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings’ was formulated and subsequently revised
in 1976 to be in line with IS 1893 : 1975. Since 1984 revision of IS 1893 was minor, it did not require a revision
of IS 4326. An expansion of IS 4326 was in fact thought of immediately after the Bihar earthquake of August
1988 when greater attention was needed on low-strength brickwork and stone masonry as well as earthen buildings;
also repair, restoration and strengthening of earthquake damaged buildings posed a serious issue. After intense
deliberations, the Committee decided to issue separate standards to cover these topics. It was further decided to
cover detailing of reinforced concrete for achieving ductility in a separate standard to be used with IS 456 : 1978
‘Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (third revision)’. Hence IS 4326 was third revised in 1993.
IS 1893 (Part 1) has been revised in 2002 with a view to keep abreast with the rapid development and extensive
research that has been carried out in the field of earthquake resistant design of various structures. IS 456 has been
also revised in 2000. Further, four amendments have been issued to IS 4326 : 1993. Therefore, it has been
decided to take up the revision of IS 4326 : 1993.
In this standard, it is intended to cover the specified features of design and construction for earthquake resistance
of buildings of conventional types. In case of other buildings, detailed analysis of earthquake forces shall be
necessary. Recommendations regarding restrictions on openings, provision of steel in various horizontal bands
and vertical steel at corners and junctions in walls and at jambs of openings are based on a range of calculations
made using steel design seismic coefficient and the ductility of steel reinforcement. Many of the provisions have
also been verified experimentally on models by shake table tests.
The Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard has taken into consideration the views of all who
are interested in this field and has related the standard to the prevailing practices in the country. Due weightage
has also been given to the need for international co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailing in
different countries of the world.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex A.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960
‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
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IS 4326 : 2013

Indian Standard
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS — CODE OF PRACTICE
( Third Revision )

1 SCOPE IS No. Title

1646 : 1997 Code of practice for fire safety of
1.1 This standard deals with the selection of materials,
buildings (general): Electrical
special features of design and construction for
installations (second revision)
earthquake resistant buildings including masonry
1893 : 1984 Criteria for earthquake resistant
construction using rectangular masonry units, timber
design of structures (fourth revision)
construction and buildings with pre-fabricated flooring/
1893 (Part 1) : Criteria for earthquake resistant
roofing elements.
2002 design of structures: Part 1 General
1.2 Guidelines for earthquake resistant buildings provisions and buildings (fifth revision)
constructed using masonry of low strength and earthen 1904 : 1986 Code of practice for design and
buildings are covered in separate Indian Standards. construction of foundations in soils:
General requirements (third revision)
2 REFERENCES 1905 : 1987 Code of practice for structural use of
The standards listed below contain provisions which unreinforced masonry (third revision)
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of 2185 (Part 1) : Concrete masonry units —
this standard. At the time of publication, the editions 2005 Specification: Part 1 Hollow and
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to solid concrete blocks (third revision)
revision and parties to agreements based on this 2212 : 1991 Code of practice for brickwork
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility (first revision)
of applying the most recent edition of the standards 2751 : 1979 Code of practice of welding mild
indicated below: steel plain and deformed bars for
reinforced construction (first revision)
IS No. Title 3414 : 1968 Code of practice for design and
456 : 2000 Plain and reinforced concrete — installation of joints in buildings
Code of practice (third revision) 9417 : 1989 Recommendations for welding cold
883 : 1994 Code of practice for design of structural worked bars for reinforced steel
timber in building (fourth revision) construction (first revision)
1077 : 1992 Common burnt clay building bricks 13920 : 1993 Ductility detailing of reinforced
— Specification (fifth revision) concrete structures subjected to
1597 (Part 2) : Code of practice for construction of seismic forces — Code of practice
1992 stone masonry: Part 2 Ashlar
masonry (first revision)
3 TERMINOLOGY
1641 : 1988 Code of practice for fire safety of
buildings (general): General For the purpose of this standard, the following
principles of fire grading and definitions shall apply.
classification (first revision)
3.1 Separation Section — A gap of specified width
1642 : 1989 Code of practice for fire safety of
between adjacent buildings or parts of the same
buildings (general): Details of
building either left uncovered or covered suitably to
construction (first revision)
permit movement in order to avoid pounding due to
1643 : 1988 Code of practice for fire safety of
earthquake.
buildings (general): Exposure hazard
(first revision) 3.1.1 Crumple Section — The separation gap filled with
1644 : 1988 Code of practice for fire safety of appropriate material that crumples or factures in the
buildings (general): Exit requirements event of an earthquake.
and personal hazard (first revision)

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IS 4326 : 2013

3.2 Centre of Rigidity — The point in a structure where consistent with structural safety and functional
application of lateral force produces equal deflections requirements. Roofs and upper storeys of buildings, in
of its components at any level in any particular particular, should be designed as light as possible.
direction.
4.2 Continuity of Construction
3.3 Shear Wall — A wall designed to resist lateral force
in the own plane. Braced frames, subjected primarily 4.2.1 As far as possible, the parts of the building should
to axial stresses, shall be considered as shear walls for be tied together in such a manner that the building acts
the purpose of this definition. as one unit.

3.4 Space Frame — A three-dimensional structural 4.2.2 For parts of buildings between separation or
system comprised of interconnected members, without crumple sections to expansion joints, floor slabs shall
shear or bearing walls, so that to function as a complete be continuous throughout as far as possible. Concrete
self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal slabs shall be rigidly connected or integrally cast with
diaphragms or floor bracing systems. the support beams.

3.4.1 Vertical Load Carrying Frame — A space frame 4.2.3 Additions to the structures shall be accompanied
designed to carry all the vertical loads, the horizontal by the provision of separation or crumple sections
loads being resisted by shear walls. between the new and the existing structures as far as
possible, unless positive measures are taken to establish
3.4.2 Moment Resistant Frame — A space frame continuity between the existing and the new
capable of carrying all vertical and horizontal loads, construction.
by developing bending moments in the members and
at joints. 4.2.4 Alteration to the building structure shall be done
by maintaining its structural stability by ensuring
3.4.3 Moment Resistant Frame with Shear Walls — A proper load path.
space frame with moment resistant joints and
strengthened by shear walls to assist in carrying 4.3 Projecting and Suspended Parts
horizontal loads.
4.3.1 Projecting parts shall be avoided as far as possible.
3.5 Box System — A bearing wall structure without a If the projecting parts cannot be avoided, they shall be
space frame, the horizontal forces being resisted by properly reinforced and firmly tied to the main
the walls that act as shear walls. structure, and their design shall be in accordance with
IS 1893.
3.6 Band — A reinforced concrete or reinforced brick
runner provided in the walls to tie them together and 4.3.2 Ceiling plaster shall preferably be avoided. When
to impart horizontal bending strength in them. it is unavoidable, the plaster shall be as thin as possible.
3.7 Seismic Zone and Seismic Coefficient — The 4.3.3 Suspended ceiling shall be avoided as far as
seismic zones II to IV as classified in IS 1893 (Part 1) possible. Where provided they shall be light, adequately
and corresponding basic seismic coefficient o as framed and secured to which electrical fixtures shall
specified in 3.4 of IS 1893. be fully secured.
3.8 Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient — The 4.4 Building Configuration
value of horizontal seismic coefficient Ah computed
taking into account the soil-foundation system and the 4.4.1 In order to minimize torsion and stress
importance factor as specified in 6.4 of IS 1893 (Part 1). concentration, provisions given in 4.4.2 to 4.4.4 should
be complied with as relevant.
3.9 Concrete Grades — 28 day compressive strength
of concrete cubes of 150 mm size, in MPa; for example, 4.4.2 The building should have a simple rectangular
for Grade M20 of IS 456, the concrete strength equal plan and be symmetrical both with respect to mass and
to 20 MPa. rigidity so that the centre of mass and rigidity of the
building coincide with each other in which case no
4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES separation sections other than expansion joints are
necessary. For provision of expansion joints reference
4.0 The general principles given in 4.1 to 4.9 shall be
may be made to IS 3414.
observed in construction of earthquake resistant
buildings. 4.4.3 If symmetry of the structure is not possible in
plan, elevation or mass, provision shall be made for
4.1 Lightness torsional and other effects due to earthquake forces in
Since the earthquake force is a function of mass, the the structural design or the parts of different rigidities
weight of the building shall be as minimum as possible, may be separated through crumple sections. The length

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IS 4326 : 2013

of such building between separation sections shall not

preferably exceed three times the width.
NOTE — As an alternative to separation section to reduce
torsional moments, the centre of rigidity of the building may
be brought close or coincident to the centre of mass by adjusting
the locations and/or sizes of columns and walls.

4.4.4 Buildings having plans with shapes like L, T, E 2A Plan Irregularities

and Y shall preferably be separated into rectangular
parts by providing separation sections at appropriate
places. Typical examples are shown in Fig. 1.
NOTES
1 The buildings with small lengths of projections forming L,
T, E or Y shapes need not be provided with separation section.
In each cases the length of the projection may not exceed 15 to
20 percent of the total dimension of the building in the direction
of the projection (see Fig. 2).
2 For buildings with minor asymmetry in plan and elevation
2B Vertical Irregularities
separation sections may be omitted.
FIG. 2 PLAN AND VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES

4.5 Strength in Various Directions

The structure shall be designed to have adequate
strength against earthquake effects along both the
horizontal axes. The design shall also be safe
considering the reversible nature of earthquake forces.

4.6 Foundations
The structure shall not be founded on such soils which
shall subside or liquefy during an earthquake, resulting
in large differential settlements (see also 5.3.3).

4.7 Ductility
The main structural elements and their connection shall
be designed to have a ductile failure. This shall enable
the structure to absorb energy during earthquakes to
avoid sudden collapse of the structure. Providing
reinforcing steel in masonry at critical sections, as
specified in this standard shall not only increase
strength and stability but also ductility. The details for
achieving ductility in reinforced concrete structures is
given in IS 13920.

4.8 Damage to Non-structural Parts

Suitable details shall be worked out to connect the
non-structural parts with the structural framing so that
the deformation of the structural frame leads to
minimum damage of the non-structural elements.

4.9 Fire Safety

Fire frequently follows an earthquake and therefore,
buildings shall be constructed to make them fire
resistant in accordance with the provisions of following
Indian Standards for fire safety, as relevant:
FIG. 1 TYPICAL S HAPES OF BUILDING WITH SEPARATION
IS 1641, IS 1642, IS 1643, IS 1644 and IS 1646.
SECTIONS
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IS 4326 : 2013

5 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION FEATURES 5.1.2.1 For buildings of height greater than 40 m, it

5.1 Separation of Adjoining Structures shall be desirable to carry out model or dynamic
analysis of the structures in order to compute the drift
5.1.1 Separation of adjoining structures or parts of the at each storey, and the gap width between the adjoining
same structure is required for structures having structures shall not be less than the sum of their
different total heights or storey heights and different dynamic deflection at any level.
dynamic characteristics. This is to avoid collision
during an earthquake. 5.1.3 Where separation is necessary, a complete
separation of the parts shall be made except below
5.1.2 Minimum width of separation gaps as mentioned the plinth level. The plinth beams, foundation beams
in 5.1.1, shall be as specified in Table 1. The design and footings may be continuous. Where separation
seismic coefficient to be used shall be in accordance sections are provided in a long building, they shall
with IS 1893 (Part 1). take care of movement owing to temperature changes
also.
Table 1 Gap Width for Adjoining Structures
5.2 Separation or Crumple Section
Sl Type of Construction Gap Width/Number of
No. Storey in mm for Design 5.2.1 In case of framed construction, members shall
Seismic Coefficient
Ah = 0.12 mm
be duplicated on either side of the separation or crumple
(1) (2) (3) section. As an alternative, in certain cases, such
i) Box system or frames with 15.0 duplication may not be provided, if the portions on
shear walls either side can act as cantilevers to take the weight of
ii) Moment resistant reinforced 20.0 the building and other relevant loads.
concrete frame
iii) Moment resistant steel frame 30.0 5.2.2 Typical details of separation and crumple sections
NOTE — Minimum total gap shall be 25 mm. For any other are shown in Fig. 3. For other types of joint details,
value of Ah the gap width shall be determined proportionately.
reference may be made to IS 3414.

3A Brick Wall 3B Concrete Walls

3C Metal Siding Industrial Work 3D Wood Sheathing Industrial Work

FIG. 3 TYPICAL D ETAILS OF SEPARATION OR CRUMPLE SECTION (Continued)
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IS 4326 : 2013

3E RCC Slab on Roof Surface

3F Separation Joint Details at Roof

3G Separation at Floor Level

NOTE — Fragile cover may consist of asbestos cement sheet, particle board and like.
FIG. 3 TYPICAL DETAILS OF SEPARATION OR CRUMPLE SECTION
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IS 4326 : 2013

5.3 Foundations terrace of ordinary bricks supported on steel, timber or

reinforced concrete joists, nor they shall be of a type
5.3.1 For the design of foundations, the provisions of
which in the event of an earthquake is likely to be
IS 1904 in conjunction with IS 1893 (Part 1) shall
loosened and parts of all of which may fall. If this type
generally be followed.
of construction cannot be avoided, the joists should be
5.3.2 The subgrade below the entire area of the building blocked at ends and bridged at intervals such that their
shall preferably be of the same type of the soil. spacing is not altered during an earthquake.
Wherever this is not possible, a suitably located
5.4.1.1 For pitched roofs, corrugated iron or asbestos
separation or crumple section shall be provided.
sheets shall be used in preference to country, Allahabad
5.3.3 Loose fine sand, soft silt and expansive clays or Mangalore tiles or other loose roofing units. All
should be avoided. If unavoidable, the building shall roofing materials shall be properly tied to the
rest either on a rigid raft foundation or on piles taken supporting members. Heavy roofing materials shall
to a firm stratum. However, for light constructions the generally be avoided.
following measures may be taken to improve the soil
5.4.2 Pent Roofs
on which the foundation of the building may rest:
5.4.2.1 All roof trusses shall be supported on reinforced
a) Sand piling; and
concrete or reinforced brick band (see 8.4.3). The
b) Soil stabilization. holding down bolts shall have adequate size and length
5.3.4 Isolated Footings for Columns as required for earthquake forces in accordance with
IS 1893 (Part 1).
All the individual footings or pile caps where used in
Type III soft soils [see Table 1 of IS 1893 (Part 1)], Where a trussed roof adjoins a masonry gable, the ends
shall be connected by reinforced concrete ties at least of the purlins shall be carried on and secured to a plate
in two directions approximately at right angles to each or bearer which shall be adequately bolted to reinforced
other. For buildings with no basement, the ties may be concrete or reinforced brick band at the top of gable
placed at or below the plinth level and for buildings end masonry (see 8.4.4).
with basement they may be placed at the level of NOTE — Hipped roof in general have shown better structural
basement floor. They shall need to be designed to carry behaviour during earthquakes than gable ended roofs.
the load of the panel walls also.
5.4.2.2 At tie level all the trusses and the gable end
NOTE — The ties may not be necessary where structural floor shall be provided with diagonal braces in plan so as to
connects the columns at or below the plinth level. transmit the lateral shear due to earthquake force to
5.3.4.1 Where ties are used, their sections shall be designed the gable walls acting as shear walls at the ends as
to carry in tension as well as in compression, an axial specified in 8.4.
load not less than the earthquake force in the direction 5.4.3 Jack Arches
the tie acting on the heavier of the columns connected,
but the sections shall not be less than 200 mm × 200 mm Jack arched roofs or floors, where used shall be
with M20 concrete reinforced with 4 bars of 12 mm provided with mild steel ties in all spans along with
diameter plain mild steel bars or 10 mm diameter high diagonal braces in plan to ensure diaphragms actions.
strength deformed bars, one at each corner, bound by
5.5 Staircases
8 mm diameter stirrups not more than 150 mm apart.
NOTE — In working out the buckling strength of ties, the 5.5.1 The inter-connection of the stairs with the
lateral support provided by the soil may be taken into account. adjacent floors should be appropriately treated by
Calculations show that for such buried ties, lateral buckling is providing sliding joints at the stairs to eliminate their
not a problem and the full section of the tie may be taken bracing effect on the floors. Large stair halls shall
effective as a short column.
preferably be separated from the rest of the building
5.3.4.2 In the case of reinforced concrete slab, the by means of separation or crumple sections.
thickness shall not be less than 1/50th of the clear
5.5.2 Three types of stair construction may be adopted
distance between the footings, but not less than 100 mm
as described below:
in any case. It shall be reinforced with not less than
0.15 percent mild steel bars or 0.12 percent high a) Separated staircases — One end of the
strength deformed bars in each direction placed staircase rests on a wall and the other end is
symmetrically at top and bottom. carried by columns and beams which have no
connection with the floors. The gap at the
5.4 Roofs and Floors vertical joints between the floor and the
5.4.1 Flat roof or floor shall not preferably be made of staircase may be covered either with a tread

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IS 4326 : 2013

plate attached to one side of the joint and is given in Fig. 5. In such cases, the joints, as
sliding on the other side, or covered with some mentioned in respect of separated staircases,
appropriate material which could crumple or shall not be necessary.
fracture during an earthquake without causing The two walls mentioned above, enclosing the
structural damage. The supporting members,
staircase, shall extend through the entire
columns or walls, are isolated from the
height of the stairs and to the building
surrounding floors by means of separation or
crumple sections. A typical example is shown foundations.
in Fig. 4. c) Staircases with sliding joints — In case it is
b) Built-in staircase — When stairs are built not possible to provide rigid walls around stair
monolithically with floors, they can be openings for built-in staircase or to adopt the
protected against damage by providing rigid separated staircases, the staircases shall have
walls at the stair opening. An arrangement, in sliding joints so that they shall not act as
which the staircase is enclosed by two walls, diagonal bracing.

FIG. 4 SEPARATED S TAIRCASE

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F IG. 5 RIGIDLY BUILD-IN STAIR CASE

6 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 6.2.1.1 Such buildings shall be adequately strengthened

against lateral forces by shear walls and/or other
6.1 The types of construction usually adopted in
bracing systems in plan, elevation and sections such
buildings are as follows:
that earthquake forces shall be resisted by them in any
a) Framed construction; and direction.
b) Box type construction. 6.2.2 Moment Resistant Frames with Shear Walls
6.2 Framed Construction The frames may be of reinforced concrete or steel with
semi-rigid or rigid joints. The walls are rigid capable
This type of construction is suitable for multi-storied
of acting as shear walls and may be of reinforced
and industrial buildings as described in 6.2.1 and 6.2.2.
concrete or of brickwork reinforced or unreinforced
6.2.1 Vertical Load Carrying Frame Construction bounded by framing members through shear
connectors.
This type of construction consists of frames with
flexible (hinged) joints and bracing members. Steel 6.2.2.1 The frame and wall combinations shall be
multi-storied building or industrial frames and timber designed to carry the total lateral force due to
construction usually are of this type. earthquake acting on the building. The frame acting

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IS 4326 : 2013

alone shall be designed to resist at least 25 percent of 8.1.1 Masonry Units

the total lateral force.
8.1.1.1 Well burnt bricks conforming to IS 1077 or solid
6.2.2.2 The shear walls shall preferably be distributed concrete blocks conforming to IS 2185 (Part 1) and
evenly over the whole building. When concentrated at having a crushing strength not less than 3.5 MPa shall
one location, forming what is called a rigid core in the be used. The strength of masonry unit required shall
building, the design shall be checked for torsional effects depend upon number of storeys and thickness of walls
and the shear connection between the core and the floors (see IS 1905).
conservatively designed for the total shear transfer.
8.1.1.2 Squared stone masonry, stone block masonry
6.2.2.3 The shear walls should extend from the or hollow concrete block masonry, as specified in
foundation either to the top of the building or to a lesser IS 1597 (Part 2) of adequate strength, may also be used.
height as required from design consideration. In design,
8.1.2 Mortar
the interaction between frame and the shear walls
should be considered properly to satisfy compatibility 8.1.2.1 Mortars, such as those given in Table 3 or of
and equilibrium conditions. equivalent specification, shall preferably be used for
NOTE — Studies show that shear walls of height about
masonry construction for various categories of
85 percent of total height of building are advantageous. buildings.

6.3 Box Type Construction 8.1.2.2 Where steel reinforcing bars are provided in
masonry the bars shall be embedded with adequate
This type of construction consists of prefabricated or cover in cement sand mortar not leaner than 1 : 3
in-situ masonry, concrete or reinforced concrete walls (minimum clear cover 10 mm) or in cement concrete
along both the axes of the building. The walls support of grade M20 (minimum clear cover 15 mm or bar
vertical loads and also act as shear walls for horizontal diameter, whichever more), so as to achieve good bond
loads acting in any direction. All traditional masonry and corrosion resistance.
construction falls under this category. In prefabricated
construction, attention shall be paid to the connection 8.2 Walls
between wall panels so that transfer of shear between 8.2.1 Masonry bearing walls built in mortar, as
them is ensured. specified in 8.1.2.1 unless rationally designed as
7 CATEGORIES OF BUILDINGS reinforced masonry shall not be built of greater height
than 15 m subject to a maximum of four storeys when
7.1 For the purpose of specifying the earthquake measured from the mean ground level to the roof slab
resisting features in masonry and wooden buildings, or ridge level. The masonry bearing walls shall be
the buildings have been categorized in four categories reinforced in accordance with 8.4.1.
B to E based on the seismic zone and the importance
of the building I, where 8.2.2 The bearing walls in both directions shall be
straight and symmetrical in plan as far as possible.
I = Importance factor applicable to the building
[see 6.4.2 and Table 6 of IS 1893 (Part 1)]. 8.2.3 The wall panels formed between cross walls and
floors or roof shall be checked for their strength in
7.1.1 The building categories are given in Table 2. bending as a plate or as a vertical strip subjected to the
earthquake force acting on its own mass.
Table 2 Building Categories for Earthquake
Resisting Features NOTE — For panel walls of 200 mm or larger thickness having
a storey height not more than 3.5 m and laterally supported at
Sl Importance Factor Seismic Zone the top, this check need not be exercized.
No.
II III IV V 8.2.4 Masonry Bond
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
i) 1.0 B C D E For achieving full strength of masonry, the usual
ii) 1.5 C D E E bonds specified for masonry should be followed so
NOTE — Category A is now defunct as zone I does not exist that the vertical joints are broken properly from course
any more. to course. To obtain full bond between perpendicular
walls, it is necessary to make a slopping (stepped)
8 MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH joint by making the corners first to a height of 600 mm
RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS and then building the wall in between them.
8.1 The design and construction of masonry walls using Otherwise, the toothed joint should be made in both
rectangular masonry units in general shall be governed the walls alternatively in lifts of about 450 mm
by IS 1905 and IS 2212. (see Fig. 6).

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8.2.5 Ignoring tensile strength, free standing walls shall 8.3 Openings in Bearing Walls
be checked against overturning under the action of
8.3.1 Door and window openings in walls reduce their
design seismic coefficient h allowing for a factor
lateral load resistance and hence, should preferably be
safety of 1.5.
small and more centrally located. The guidelines on
8.2.6 Panel or filler walls in framed buildings shall the size and position of opening are given in Table 4
be properly bonded to surrounding framing members and Fig. 7.
by means of suitable mortar (see Table 3) or
8.3.2 Openings in any storey shall preferably have their
connected through dowels. If the walls are so bonded
top at the same level so that a continuous band could
they shall be checked according to 8.2.3 otherwise
be provided over them, including the lintels throughout
checked as in 8.2.5.
the building.

a, b, c — toothed joints wall and A, B, C

All dimensions in millimetres.
FIG. 6 A LTERNATING TOOTHED J OINTS IN WALLS AT C ORNER AND T-JUNCTION

Table 3 Recommended Mortar Mixes

(Clauses 8.1.2.1 and 8.2.6)
Sl Building Sl No. as given in Grade of Mix Proportions (By Loose Volume) Minimum Compressive
No. Category Table 1 of IS 1905 Mortar Strength at 28 Days N/mm2
Cement Lime Sand
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
i) E 2(a) H2 1 ¼ C or B 4 7.5
2(b) — 1 ½ C or B 4½ 6.0
ii) D 3(a) M1 1 — 5 5.0
3(B) — 1 1 C or B 6 3.0
iii) C 4(a) M2 1 — 6 3.0
4(b) — 1 2B 9 2.0
iv) B 5(a) M3 1 — 7 1.5
5(b) — 1 3B 12 1.5

NOTES
1 Sand for making mortar should be well graded. In case sand is not well graded, its proportion shall be reduced in order to achieve
the minimum specified strength.
2 For mixes in SI No. 2(a) and 2(b), use of lime is not essential from consideration of strength as it does not result in increase in
strength. However, its use is highly recommended since it improves workability.
3 For mixes in SI No. 3(a), 4(a) and 5(a), either lime C or B to the extent of 1/4 part of cement (by volume) or some plasticizer should
be added for improving workability.
4 For mixes in SI No. 4(b) and 5(b), lime and sand should first be ground in mortar mill and then cement added to coarse stuff.
5 A, B and C denote eminently hydraulic lime, semi-hydraulic lime and fat lime respectively as specified in relevant Indian Standards.

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1 — door 3 — ventilator
2 — window 4 — cross wall
FIG. 7 DIMENSIONS OF OPENINGS AND PIERS FOR RECOMMENDATIONS IN TABLE 4

8.3.3 Where openings do not comply with the guidelines 8.3.5 If an opening is tall from bottom to almost top of
of Table 4, they should be strengthened by providing a storey, thus dividing the wall into two portions, these
reinforced concrete or reinforcing the brickwork, as portions shall be reinforced with horizontal
shown in Fig. 8 with high strength deformed (H.S.D.) reinforcement of 6 mm diameter bars at not more than
bars of 8 mm diameter but the quantity of steel shall be 450 mm intervals, one on inner and one on outer face,
increased at the jambs to comply with 8.4.9, if so properly tied to vertical steel at jambs, corners or
required. junction of walls, where used.
8.3.6 The use of arches to span over the openings is a
source of weakness and shall be avoided. Otherwise,
steel ties should be provided.

Table 4 Size and Position of Openings in

Bearing Walls
(Clause 8.3.1)
Sl Position of Opening Details of Opening for
No. Building Category

B C D and
E
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
i) Distance b5 from the inside 0 230 450
corner of outside wall, Min
ii) For total length of openings,
the ratio (b1 + b2 + b3)/l1 or (b6
+ b7)/l2 shall not exceed:
a) one-storeyed building 0.60 0.55 0.50
b) two-storeyed building 0.50 0.46 0.42
c) 3 or 4 storeyed building 0.42 0.37 0.33
iii) Pier width between consecutive 340 450 560
openings b4 , Min, in mm
iv) Vertical distance between two 600 600 600
openings one above the other
h3, Min, in mm
w — window t — wall thickness v) Width of opening of ventilator 900 900 900
t1 — Iintel thickness t2 — thickness of concrete in jamb b8 , Max, in mm
v — vertical bar d — diameter of reinforcing bar
NOTE — Four storeys building not allowed in Category E.
FIG. 8 STRENGTHENING M ASONRY AROUND OPENINGS
8.4 Seismic Strengthening Arrangements
8.3.4 If a window or ventilator is to be projected out,
the projection shall be in reinforced masonry or 8.4.1 All masonry buildings shall be strengthened by
concrete and well anchored. the methods, as specified for various categories of

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buildings, as listed in Table 5, and detailed in and cross walls. The specifications of the band are given
subsequent clauses. Figures 9 and 10 show, in 8.4.5.
schematically, the overall strengthening arrangements NOTE — Lintel band, if provided in panel or partition walls
to be adopted for category D and E buildings which also shall improve their stability during severe earthquake.
consist of horizontal bands of reinforcement at critical
levels, vertical reinforcing bars at corners, junctions 8.4.3 Roof band is a band (see 3.6) provided
of walls and jambs of openings. immediately below the roof or floors. The
specifications of the band are given in 8.4.5. Such a
band need not be provided underneath reinforced
concrete or brick-work slabs resting on bearing walls,
provided that the slabs are continuous over the
intermediate wall up to the crumple sections, if any,
and cover the width of end walls, fully or at least ¾ of
the wall thickness.

Table 5 Strengthening Arrangements

Recommended for Masonry Buildings
(Rectangular Masonry Units)
(Clause 8.4.1)
Sl Building Number of Strengthening to be
1 — lintel band 4 — door
No. Category Storeys Provided in All Storeys
2 — roof/floor band 5 — Window (1) (2) (3) (4)
3 — vertical bar
i) B a) 1 to 3 a, b, c, f, g
FIG. 9 OVERALL ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCING LOW b) 4 a, b, c, d, f, g
ii) C a) 1 and 2 a, b, c, f, g
S TRENGTH MASONRY BUILDINGS b) 3 and 4 a to g
iii) D a) 1 and 2 a to g
b) 3 and 4 a to h
iv) E 1 to 31) a to h
where
a = masonry mortar (see 8.1.2);
b = lintel band (see 8.4.2);
c = roof band and gable band where necessary (see 8.4.3 and
8.4.4);
d = vertical steel at corners and junctions of walls (see 8.4.8);
e = vertical steel at jambs of openings (see 8.4.9);
f = bracing in plan at tie level of roofs (see 5.4.2.2);
g = plinth band where necessary (see 8.4.6); and
h = dowel bars (see 8.4.7).
NOTE — In case of four storey buildings of category B, the
requirements of vertical steel may be checked through a seismic
analysis using a design seismic co-efficient equal to four times
the one given in IS 1893 (Part 1). (This is because the brittle
behaviour of masonry in the absence of a vertical steel results
in much higher effective seismic force than that envisaged in
the seismic coefficient, provided in the code.) If this analysis
shows that vertical steel is not required the designer may take
1 — lintel band 9— brick/stone wall the decision accordingly.
2 — eaves level (roof) 10 — door lintel integrated 1)
4th storey not allowed in category E.
band with roof band:
3 — gable band a) perspective view 8.4.4 Gable band is a band provided at the top of gable
4 — door b) details of truss masonry below the purlins. The specifications of the
5 — window connection with wall band are given in 8.4.5. This band shall be made
6 — vertical steel bar c) detail of integrating continuous with the roof band at the eaves level.
7 — refter door lintel with roof
8 — holding down bolt band 8.4.5 Section and Reinforcement of Band

FIG. 10 OVERALL ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCING LOW The band shall be made of reinforced concrete of grade
STRENGTH MASONRY BUILDING H AVING PITCHED ROOF not leaner than M15 or reinforced brickwork in cement
mortar not leaner than 1 : 3. The bands shall be of the
8.4.2 Lintel band is a band (see 3.6) provided at lintel full width of the wall not less than 75 mm in depth and
level on all load bearing internal, external longitudinal reinforced with steel, as indicated in Table 6.

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NOTE — In coastal areas, the concrete grade shall be M20 Table 6 Recommended Longitudinal Steel in
concrete and the filling mortar of 1 : 3 (cement-sand with
Reinforced Concrete Bands
water proofing admixture).
(Clause 8.4.5)
8.4.5.1 In case of reinforced brickwork, the thickness Sl Span Building Building Building Building
of joints containing steel bars shall be increased so as No. Category Category Category Category
to have a minimum mortar cover of 10 mm around the B C D E
bar. In bands of reinforced brickwork the area of steel
No. Dia No. Dia No. Dia No. Dia
provided should be equal to that specified above for of of of of
reinforced concrete bands. Bars Bars Bars Bars
m mm mm mm mm
8.4.5.2 For full integrity of walls at corners and junctions (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
of walls and effective horizontal bending resistance of i) 5 or 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 10
bands continuity of reinforcement is essential. The less
ii) 6 2 8 2 8 2 10 2 12
details as shown in Fig. 11 are recommended. iii) 7 2 8 2 10 2 12 4 10
iv) 8 2 10 2 12 4 10 4 12
8.4.6 Plinths band is a band provided at plinth level of
walls on top of the foundation wall. This is to be NOTES
provided where strip footings of masonry (other than 1 Span of wall shall be the distance between centre lines of its
reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry) are used cross walls or buttresses. For spans greater than 8 m it shall be
desirable to insert pillasters or buttresses to reduce the span or
and the soil is either soft or uneven in its properties, as special calculation shall be made to determine the strength of
frequently happens in hill tracts. Where used, its section wall and section of band.
may be kept same as in 8.4.5. This band shall serve as 2 The number and diameter of bars given above pertain to high
damp proof course as well. strength deformed bars.
3 Width of R.C. band is assumed same as the thickness of the
8.4.7 In category D and E buildings, to further enhance wall. Wall thickness shall be 200 mm minimum. A clear cover
the box action of walls, steel dowel bars may be used of 20 mm from face of wall shall be maintained.
at corners and T-junctions of walls at the sill level of 4 The vertical thickness of R.C. Band be kept 75 mm minimum,
windows to length of 900 mm from the inside corner where two longitudinal bars are specified, one on each face;
and 150 mm, where four bars are specified.
in each wall. Such dowel may be in the form of U
5 Concrete mix shall be of grade M 20 of IS 456 of 1 : 1½ : 3
stirrups 8 mm diameter. Where used, such bars must by volume.
be laid in 1 : 3 cement-sand-mortar with a minimum The longitudinal steel bars shall be held in position by steel
clear cover of 10 mm on all sides to minimize corrosion. links or stirrups 6 mm diameter spaced at 150 mm apart.

1 — longitudinal bars a) Section of band with two bars

2 — lateral ties b) Section of band with four bars
b1, b2 — wall thickness c) Structural plan at corner junction
d) Section plan at T-junction of walls

All dimensions in millimetres.

F IG. 11 REINFORCEMENT AND BENDING DETAIL IN R. C. BAND
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8.4.8 Vertical Reinforcement located at all floors roof as well as lintel levels of the
openings. The sequence of construction between walls
Vertical steel at corners and junctions of walls, which
and columns shall be first to build the wall up to 4 to 6
are up to 340 mm (1½ brick) thick, shall be provided as
courses height leaving toothed gaps (tooth projection
specified in Table 7. For walls thicker than 340 mm the
being about 40 mm only) for the columns and second
area of the bars shall be proportionately increased. For
to pour M 20 (1 : 1½ : 3) concrete to fill the columns
earthquake resistant framed wall construction, see 8.5.
against the walls using wood forms only on two sides.
The columns steel should be accurately held in position
Table 7 Vertical Steel Reinforcement in Masonry
all along. The band concrete should be cast on the wall
Walls with Rectangular Masonry Units
masonry directly so as to develop full bond with it.
Sl No. of Storey Diameter of HSD Single Barat
No. Storeys Each Critical Section, mm Such construction may be limited to only two storeys
maximum in view of its vertical load carrying capacity.
Cate- Cate- Cate- Cate- The horizontal length of walls between cross walls shall
gory B gory C gory D gory E
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) be restricted to 7 m and the storey height to 3 m.
i) One - Nil Nil 10 12
ii) Two a) Top Nil Nil 10 12 8.6 Reinforcing Details for Hollow Block Masonry
b) Bottom Nil Nil 12 16
iii) Three a) Top Nil 10 10 12 The following details may be followed in placing the
b) Middle Nil 10 12 16 horizontal and vertical steel in hollow block masonry
c) Bottom Nil 12 12 16 using cement-sand or cement-concrete blocks.
iv) Four a) Top 10 10 10 Four
b) Third 10 10 12 storied 8.6.1 Horizontal Band
c) Second 10 12 16 building
d) Bottom 12 12 20 not U-shaped blocks may be used for construction of
permitted
NOTES
horizontal bends at various levels of the storeys as
1 The diameters given above are for H.S.D. bars.
shown in Fig. 14, where the amount of horizontal
2 The vertical bars shall be covered with concrete M 20 or reinforcement shall be taken 25 percent more than that
mortar 1:3 grade in suitably created pockets around the bars given in Table 6 and provided by using four bars and
(see Fig. 12). This shall ensure their safety from corrosion and 6 mm diameter stirrups. Other continuity details shall
good bond with masonry. be followed, as shown in Fig. 11.
3 In case of floors/roofs with small Precast components, see
also 9.2.3 for floor/roof band details. 8.6.2 Vertical Reinforcement
Bars, as specified in Table 7 shall be located inside the
8.4.8.1 The vertical reinforcement shall be properly
cavities of the hollow blocks, one bar in each cavity
embedded in the plinth masonry of foundations and
(see Fig. 15). Where more than one bar is planned these
roof slab or roof band so as to develop its tensile
can be located in two or three consecutive cavities. The
strength in bond. It shall be passing through the lintel
cavities containing bars are to be filled by using micro-
bands and floor slabs or floor level bands in all storeys.
concrete 1 : 2 : 3 or cement coarse sand mortar 1 : 3,
Bars in different storeys may be welded (see IS 2751 and properly rodded for compaction. The vertical bars
and IS 9417, as relevant) or suitably lapped. should be spliced by welding or overlapping for
NOTE — Typical details of providing vertical steel in
developing full tensile strength. For proper bonding,
brickwork masonry with rectangular solid units at corners and the overlapped bars should be tied together by winding
T-junctions are shown in Fig. 12. the binding wire over the lapped length. To reduce the
number of overlaps, the blocks may be made U-shaped
8.4.9 Vertical reinforcement at jambs of window and
as shown in Fig. 15 which shall avoid lifting and
door openings shall be provided as per Table 7. It may
threading of bars into the hollows.
start from foundation of floor and terminate in lintel
band (see Fig. 8). 9 FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL PRECAST
COMPONENTS
8.5 Framing of Thin Load Bearing Walls (see Fig. 13)
9.1 Types of Precast Floors/Roofs
Load bearing walls can be made thinner than 200 mm
say 150 mm inclusive of plastering on both sides. Earthquake resistance measures for floors and roofs
Reinforced concrete framing columns and collar beams with small precast components, as covered in this
shall be necessary to be constructed to have full bond standard, have been dealt with as typical examples.
with the walls. Columns are to be located at all corners
9.1.1 Precast Reinforced Concrete Unit Roof/Floor
and junctions of walls and spaced not more than 1.5 m
apart but so located as to frame up the doors and The unit is a precast reinforced concrete component,
windows. The horizontal bands or ring beams are channel (inverted trough) shaped in section

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1
1— one-brick length, 2 — half - brick length, v — vertical steel bar with mortar/concrete filling in pocket

(a) and (b) — alternate courses in one brick

1
(c) and (d) — alternate courses at corner junction of 1 - brick wall
2
1
(e) and (f) — alternate courses at T-junction of 1 - brick wall
2
F IG. 12 TYPICAL DETAILS OF PROVIDING VERTICAL STEEL BARS IN B RICK MASONRY

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1 — window 2 — door
3 — brick panel 4 — lintel band
All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 13 FRAMING OF THIN LOAD -BEARING BRICK WALLS

FIG. 14 U-BLOCKS FOR HORIZONTAL BANDS

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F IG. 15 VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT IN CAVITIES

(see Fig. 16). The nominal width of the unit varies from 9.1.3 Precast Reinforced Concrete Plank and Joist
300 to 600 mm, its height from 150 to 200 mm and a Scheme for Roof/Floor
minimum flange thickness of 30 mm. Length of unit
The scheme consists of precast reinforced concrete
shall vary according to room dimensions, but the
planks supported on partially precast reinforced
maximum length is restricted to 4.2 m from stiffness
concrete joists. The reinforced concrete planks are
considerations. Horizontal corrugations are provided
300 mm wide and the length varies according to the
on the two longitudinal faces of the units so that the
spacing of the joists, but it shall not exceed 1.5 m
structural roof/floor acts monolithic after concrete
(see Fig. 20). To provide monolithicity to the roof/floor
grouted in the joints between the units attains strength
and to have T-beam effect with the joists, the planks
(see Fig. 17).
shall be made partially 30 mm thick and the partially
9.1.2 Precast Reinforced Concrete Cored Unit 60 mm thick and in-situ concrete shall be filled in the
Roof/Floor depressed portions to complete the roof/floor
structurally (see Fig. 21).
The unit is a reinforced concrete component having a
nominal width of 300 to 600 mm and thickness of 9.1.4 Prefabricated Brick Panel System for Roof/Floor
130 to 150 mm having two circular hollows 90 mm
It consists of prefabricated reinforced brick panels
diameter, throughout the length of the unit (see Fig. 18).
(see Fig. 22) supported on precast reinforced concrete
The minimum flange/web thickness of the unit shall
joists with nominal reinforced 35 mm thick structural
be 20 mm. Length of unit varies according to room
deck concrete over the brick panels and joists
dimensions, but the maximum length shall be restricted
(see Fig. 23). The width of the brick panels shall be
to 4.2 m from stiffness considerations. Horizontal
530 mm for panels made of bricks of conventional size
corrugations are provided on the two longitudinal faces
and 450 mm for panels made of bricks of modular size.
of the units so that the structural roof/floor acts
The thickness of the panels shall be 75 mm or 90 mm
monolithic after concrete grouted in the joints between
respectively depending upon whether conventional or
the units attains strength (see Fig. 19).
modular bricks are used. The length of the panels shall

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All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 16 CHANNEL UNITS

FIG. 17 CHANNEL UNIT FLOOR

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All dimensions in millimetres.

F IG. 18 C ORE UNITS

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 19 CORED, UNIT FLOOR

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All dimensions in millimetres.

F IG. 20 PRECAST R EINFORCED CONCRETE PLANK

All dimensions in millimetres.

F IG. 21 P RECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE PLANK FLOOR

vary depending upon the spacing of the joists, but the keys, shall be provided on all the four external faces of
maximum length shall not exceed 1.2 m. the precast units to enable them to transfer horizontal
shear force from one unit to adjacent unit through
9.1.5 Precast Reinforced Concrete Waffle Unit
in-situ concrete filled in the joints between the units.
Roof/Floor
The waffle units shall be laid in a grid pattern with
Waffle units are of the shape of inverted troughs, square gaps between two adjacent units, and reinforcement,
or rectangular in plan, having lateral dimensions up to as per design, and structural concrete shall be provided
1.2 m and depth depending upon the span of the in the gaps between the units in both the directions.
roof/floor to be covered (see Fig. 24 and Fig. 25). The The scheme is suitable for two way spanning roofs
minimum thickness of flange/web shall be 35 mm. and floors of buildings having large spans.
Horizontal projections may be provided on all the four
external faces of the unit and the unit shall be so shaped 9.2 Seismic Resistance Measures
that it shall act monolithic with in-situ concrete to 9.2.1 All floors and roofs to be constructed with small
ensure load transfer. Vertical castallations, called shear precast components shall be strengthened as

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All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 22 PREFAB BRICK PANEL

All dimensions in millimetres.

F IG. 23 BRICK PANEL F LOOR
specified for various categories of buildings Table 8 Strengthening Measures for Floors/Roofs
in Table 8. The strengthening measures are detailed with Small Precast Components
in 9.2.3 and 9.2.8. (Clause 9.2.1)
9.2.2 Vertical castallations, called shear keys, shall Sl Building Number Strengthening to be Provided in
No. Category of Floor/Roof with
be provided on the longitudinal faces of the channel, Storeys
cored and waffle units to enable them to transfer Channel/ R.C. Brick Waffle
horizontal shear force from one unit to the adjacent Cored Planks Panels Units
Unit and and
unit through the in-situ concrete filled in the joints Joists Joists
between the units. The minimum percentage of area (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
of shear keys as calculated below, on each face of i) B 1 to 3 a a a a
the unit, shall be 15. 4 a, c a, c a, d a
ii) C 1 and 2 a, b a a a
Shear keys shall have a minimum width of 40 mm at 3 and 4 a, b, c a, c a, d a, e
iii) D 1- 4 a, b c a, c a, d a, c, e
its root with the body of the component and shall be to iv) E 1- 3 a, b, c a, c a, d a, c, e
the full height of the component and preferably at
NOTE:
uniform spacing. Percentage of area of shear keys shall
a — tie beam as per 9.2.3;
be calculated as: b — reinforcing bars of precast unit and tied to tie beam
reinforcement as per 9.2.4;
No. of shear keys on one face c — reinforced deck concrete as per 9.2.5;
of the component 40 d — reinforced deck concrete as per 9.2.6; and
100 e — reinforced bars in joint between precast waffle units
Length of the face of the component, in mm
tied to tie beam reinforcement as per 9.2.7.

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All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 24 WAFFLE UNITS

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 25 WAFFLE UNIT FLOOR

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9.2.3 Tie beam (see Table 8) is a beam provided all 9.2.6 The deck concrete normally used over the brick
round the floor or roof to bind together all the precast panel with joist floor shall be reinforced with 6 mm
components to make it a diaphragm. The beams shall diameter bars spaced 150 mm apart both ways
be to the full width of the supporting wall or beam less (see Table 8).
the bearing of the precast components. The depth of
9.2.7 For floors/roofs with precast waffle units, two
the beam shall be equal to the depth of the precast
16 mm diameter high strength deformed bars shall be
components plus the thickness of structural deck
provided as top reinforcement in the joints between
concrete, where used over the components. The beam
waffle units, in addition to reinforcement required for
shall be made of cement concrete of grade not leaner
taking bending moment for vertical loads. This
than M15 and shall be reinforced as indicated in
reinforcement (see Table 8) shall be fixed to tie beam
Table 6. If depth of tie is more than 75 mm, equivalent
reinforcement.
reinforcement shall be provided with one bar of
minimum diameter 8 mm at each corner. Tie beams 9.2.8 In case of floors/roofs with precast components
shall be provided on all longitudinal and cross walls. other than those indicated in Table 8, the buildings shall
Typical details of the beams are shown in Fig. 26 be analyzed for maximum expected seismic forces and
to Fig. 30. the floor/roof shall be designed to act as diaphragm
NOTE — Adequate edge support say 60 mm, shall be provided
and take care of the resulting forces.
to precast element on the wall so as to avert its slippage during
seismic ground motion. 10 TIMBER CONSTRUCTION
9.2.4 Top reinforcement in the channel or cored units 10.1 Timber has higher strength per unit weight and
(see Table 8) shall be projected out at both the ends for is, therefore, very suitably for earthquake resistant
anchorage length and tied to tie beam reinforcement. construction. Materials, design and construction in
timber shall generally conform to IS 883.
9.2.5 Structural deck concrete (see Table 8) of grade
not leaner than M15 shall be provided over precast 10.2 Timber construction shall generally be restricted
components or act monolithic. Wherever, deck concrete to two storeys with or without the attic floor.
is to be provided, the top surface of the components 10.3 In timber construction attention shall be paid to fire
shall be finished rough. Cement slurry with 0.5 kg of safety against electric short circuiting, kitchen fire, etc.
cement/m2 of the surface area shall be applied over the
components immediately before laying the deck 10.4 The superstructure of timber buildings shall be
concrete and the concrete shall be compacted using made rigid against deformations by adopting suitable
plate vibrators. The minimum thickness of deck construction details at the junctions of the framing
concrete shall be 35 mm or 40 mm reinforced with members and in wall panels as given in 10.6 to 10.10
6 mm diameter bars and 150 mm apart both ways and so that the construction as a whole behaves as one unit
anchored into the tie beam placed all round. The against earthquake forces.
maximum size of coarse aggregate used in deck
concrete shall not exceed 12 mm. 10.5 Foundations

NOTE — Under conditions of economic constraints, the deck 10.5.1 Timber construction shall preferably start above
concrete itself could serve as floor finish. The concrete is laid the plinth level, the portion below shall be in masonry
in one operation (see Fig. 30) without joints. or concrete.

FIG. 26 CONNECTION OF PRECAST CORED/CHANNEL UNIT WITH TIE B EAM

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(a) (b)
a) Channel unit floor/roof.
b) Cored unit floor/roof.
All dimensions in millimetres.
FIG. 27 CONNECTION OF C HANNEL/CORED UNIT FLOOR/ROOF (WITH DECK CONCRETE) WITH TIE B EAM

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 28 C ONNECTION OF P RECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE PLANK AND PRECAST BRICK PANEL FLOOR /ROOF
(WITH DECK CONCRETE) WITH TIE BEAM

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 29 CONNECTION OF PRECAST WAFFLE UNIT FLOOR/ROOF
(WITH DECK CONCRETE ) WITH TIE BEAM

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All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 30 PROVISION OF REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE FLOOR FINISH

10.5.2 The superstructure may be connected with the likely to move along with its foundation. Therefore,
foundation in one of the two ways as given in 10.5.2.1 the superstructure shall be designed to carry the
to 10.5.2.2. resulting earthquake shears.
10.5.2.1 The superstructure may simply rest on the 10.6 Types of Framing
plinth masonry, or in the case of small buildings of
one storey having plan area less than about 50 m2, it The types of construction usually adopted in timber
may rest on firm plane ground so that the building is building are as follows:
free to slide laterally during ground motion. a) Stud wall construction; and
NOTES b) Brick nogged timber frame construction.
1 Past experience has shown that superstructure of the
buildings not fixed with the foundation escaped collapse even 10.7 Stud Wall Construction
in a severe earthquake although they were shifted sideways.
2 Where fittings for water supply or water borne sanitation from 10.7.1 The stud wall construction consists of timber
the house are to be installed, proper attention should be given to studs and corner posts framed into sills, top plates and
permit movement so as to avoid fracture of damage to pipes. wall plates. Horizontal struts and diagonal braces are
10.5.2.2 The superstructure may be rigidly fixed into used to stiffen the frame against lateral loads. The wall
the plinth masonry or concrete foundation as given in covering may consist of EKRA, timber or like. Typical
Fig. 31 or in case of small building having plan area details of stud walls are shown in Fig. 32. Minimum
less than 50 m2, it may be fixed to vertical poles sizes and spacing of various members used are
embedded into the ground. In each case the building is specified in 10.7.2 to 10.7.10.

31A Suitable for Strip Foundation 31B Suitable for Isolated Column Footings
All dimensions in millimetres.
FIG. 31 D ETAILS OF C ONNECTION OF COLUMN WITH F OUNDATION

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10.7.2 The timber studs for use in load bearing walls Their minimum number shall be 4 nails for 20 mm ×
shall have a minimum finished size of 40 × 90 mm and 40 mm braces and 6 nails for 30 mm × 40 mm braces.
their spacing shall not exceed those given in Table 9. The far end of nails may be clutched as far as possible.
10.7.9 Horizontal bracing shall be provided at corners
Table 9 Maximum Spacing of 40 mm × 90 mm
of T-junctions of walls at sill, first floor and eave levels.
Finished Size Studs in Stud Wall Construction
The bracing members shall have a minimum finished
Sl Group of Single Storeyed or Ground Floor of size of 20 mm × 90 mm and shall be connected by
No. Timber First Floor of the Double Storeyed means of wire nails to the wall plates at a distance
[Grade I1)] Double Storeyed Buildings
Buildings between 1.2 m and 1.8 m measured from the junction
of the walls. There shall be a minimum number of six
Exterior Interior Exterior Interior nails of 6 gauge (4.88 mm diameter) and 10 cm length
Wall Wall Wall Wall
cm cm cm cm with clutching as far ends.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
10.7.10 Unsheathed studding shall not be used adjacent
i) Group A, B 100 80 50 40 to the wall of another building. The studding must be
ii) Group C 100 100 50 50
1) sheathed with close jointed 20 mm or thicker boards.
Grade I timbers as defined in Table 5 of IS 883.
10.8 Brick Nogged Timber Frame Construction
10.7.3 The timber studs in non-load bearing walls shall
10.8.1 The brick nogged timber frame consists of
not be less than 40 × 70 mm in finished cross-section.
intermediate verticals, columns, sills, wall plates,
Their spacing shall not exceed 1 m.
horizontal nogging members and diagonal braces
10.7.4 There shall be at least one diagonal brace for framed into each other and the space between framing
every 1.6 m × 1 m area of load bearing walls. Their members filled with tight-fitting brick masonry in
minimum finished sizes shall be in accordance with stretcher bond. Typical details of brick nogged timber
Table 10. frame construction are shown in Fig. 33. Minimum
sizes and spacing of various elements used are specified
10.7.5 The horizontal struts shall be spaced not more in 10.8.2 to 10.8.9.
than 1 m apart. They shall have a minimum size of
30 × 40 mm for all locations. 10.8.2 The vertical framing members in brick nogged
load bearing walls shall have minimum finished sizes
10.7.6 The finished sizes of the sill, the wall plate and as specified in Table 10.
top plate shall not be less than the size of the studs
10.8.3 The minimum finished size of the vertical
used in the wall.
members in non-load bearing walls shall be
10.7.7 The corner posts shall consists of three timbers, 40 mm × 100 mm spaced not more than 1.5 m apart.
two being equal in size to the studs used in the walls
10.8.4 The sizes of diagonal bracing members shall be
meeting at the corner and the third timber being of a the same as in Table 10.
size to fit so as to make a rectangular sections
(see Fig. 32). 10.8.5 The horizontal framing members in brick-
nogged construction shall be spaced not more than 1 m
10.7.8 The diagonal braces shall be connected at their apart. Their minimum finished sizes shall be in
ends with the stud wall members by means of wire nails accordance with Table 11 and Table 12.
having 6 gauge (4.88 mm diameter) and 10 cm length.

Table 10 Minimum Finished Sizes of Diagonal Braces

(Clause 10.8.4)
Sl Building Category Group of Timber Single Storeyed or First Floor of Ground Floor of Double Storeyed
No. (see Table 2) [Grade I1)] Double Storeyed Buildings Buildings

Exterior Wall Interior Wall Exterior Wall Interior Wall

mm × mm mm × mm mm × mm mm × mm
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
i) B, C All 20 × 40 20 × 40 20 × 40 20 × 40
ii) D and E Group A and Group B 20 × 40 20 × 40 20 × 40 30 × 40
iii) Group C Group C 20 × 40 30 × 40 30 × 40 30 × 40
1)
Grade I timber as defined in Table 5 of IS 883.

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IS 4326 : 2013

32A Timber Framing in Stud Wall Construction without Opening in Wall

All dimensions in millimetres.

F IG. 32 STUD WALL CONSTRUCTION (Continued)

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32B Timber Framing in Stud Wall Construction with Opening in Wall

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 32 STUD WALL CONSTRUCTION

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IS 4326 : 2013

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 33 BRICK NOGGED TIMBER F RAME CONSTRUCTION

Table 11 Minimum Finished Sizes of Vertical in Brick Nogged Timber Frame Construction
(Clause 10.8.5)
Sl No. Spacing Group of Timber Single Storeyed or First Floor Ground Floor of Double Storeyed
[Grade I1)] of Double Storeyed Buildings Buildings

Exterior Wall Interior Wall Exterior Wall Interior Wall

m mm × mm mm × mm mm × mm mm × mm
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
i) 1 Group A, B 50 × 100 50 × 100 50 × 100 50 × 100
Group C 50 × 100 70 × 100 70 × 100 90 × 100
ii) 1.5 Group A, B 50 × 100 70 × 100 70 × 100 80 × 100
Group C 70 × 100 80 × 100 80 × 100 100 × 100
1)
Grade I timber as defined in Table 5 of IS 883.

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IS 4326 : 2013

Table 12 Minimum Finished Size of Horizontal necessary shall be at least 1.5 mm thick and 35 mm
Nogging Members wide extending at least 15 cm beyond each side of the
(Clause 10.8.5) notch or cut and attached to the vertical member by
means of bolts or screws at each end.
Sl No. Spacing of Verticals Size
m mm 10.9.2 The top plate, the wall plate or the sill of a wall
(1) (2) (3)
may be notched or cut, if reinforcing strip of iron is
i) 1.5 70 × 100
ii) 1 50 × 100 provided as specified in 10.9.1. In case the member is
iii) 0.5 25 × 100 notched or cut not to exceed 40 mm in depth, such
reinforcing strip may be placed along the notched edge
10.8.6 The finished sizes of the sill, wall plate and top only. Where the notch or cut is more than 40 mm in
plate shall be not less than the size of the vertical depth or the member is completely cut through, such
members used in the wall. reinforcing strips shall be placed on both edges of the
member. The details of notching and cutting are shown
10.8.7 Corner posts shall consist of three vertical in Fig. 34.
timbers as described in 10.7.7.
10.9.3 Joints in timber shall preferably be bound by
10.8.8 The diagonal braces shall be connected of their metallic fasteners.
ends with the other members of the wall by means of
wire nails as specified in 10.7.8. 10.10 Bridging and Blocking
10.8.9 Horizontal bracing members of corners of 10.10.1 All wooden joists shall have at least one row
T-junctions of wall shall be as specified in 10.7.9. of cross bridging for every 3.5 m length of span. The
cross-section of the bridging member shall be a
10.9 Notching and Cutting minimum of 40 × 70 mm and the member shall be
10.9.1 Timber framing frequently requires notching screwed or nailed to the joists.
and cutting of the vertical members. The notching or 10.10.2 All spaces between joists shall be blocked at
cutting should in general be limited to 20 mm in depth all bearing with solid blocks not less than 40 mm thick
unless steel strips are provided to strengthen the and the full depth of the joists. The block shall be
notched face of the members. Such steel strips, where screwed or nailed to the joists as well as to the bearings.

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 34 NOTCHING AND CUTTING

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IS 4326 : 2013

ANNEX A
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee , CED 39

Organization Representative(s)
In personal capacity (L 801, Design Arch Building Sector-5, PROF A. S. ARYA (Chairman)
Vaishali, Ghaziabad 201010)
Association of Consulting Engineers, Bangalore SHRI UMESH B. RAO
SHRI B. V. RAVINDRA NATH (Alternate)
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai DR P. C. BASU
SHRI ROSHAN A. D. (Alternate)
Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited, New Delhi, Hyderabad SHRI RAVI KUMAR
DR C. KAMESHWARA RAO (Alternate)
Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi SHRI J. K. PRASAD
SHRI PANKAJ GUPTA (Alternate)
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee SHRI ACHAL KUMAR MITTAL
SHRI AJAY CHAURASIA (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SHRI BHAGWAN SINGH
SHRI A. V. KUJUR (Alternate)
Central Soils and Materials Research Station, New Delhi SHRI NAKUL DEV
SHRI S. L. GUPTA (Alternate)
Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune SHRI I. D. GUPTA
SHRI S. G. CHAPHALKAR (Alternate)
Central Water Commission, New Delhi DIRECTOR
Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi DR (SHRIMATI) PRATIMA RANI BOSE
SHRI ALOK VERMA (Alternate)
Department of Atomic Engery, Kalpakkam SHRI S. RAMANUJAM
SHRI R. C. JAIN (Alternate)
Directorate General of Border Roads, New Delhi SHRI A. K. DIKSHIT
Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, New Delhi BRIG B. D. PANDEY
PROF S. C. SINHA (Alternate)
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi SHRI VINAY KUMAR
MS ILA DASS (Alternate)
Gammon India Limited, Mumbai SHRI V. N. HAGGADE
SHRI J. N. DESAI (Alternate)
Geological Survey of India, Lucknow SHRI HARSH GUPTA
DR KIRAN MAZUMDAR (Alternate)
Housing & Urban Development Corporation Ltd, New Delhi SHRIMATI BINDU JESWANI
SHRI SURINDER GERA (Alternate)
Indian Concrete Instutute, Chennai DR A. R. SANTHAKUMAR
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai DR RAVI SINHA
DR ALOK GOYAL (Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad DR C. V. R. MURTY
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur DR S. K. JAIN
DR DURGESH C. RAI (Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai DR A. MEHER PRASAD
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee DR D. K. PAUL
PROF ASHOK JAIN (Alternate)
Indian Meterological Department, New Delhi SHRI SURYA BALI JAISWAR
SHRI RAJESH PRAKASH (Alternate)
Indian Road Congress, New Delhi SECRETARY GENERAL
DIRECTOR (Alternate)

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IS 4326 : 2013

Organization Representative(s)
Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Roorkee PrOF D. K. PAUL
PROF H. R. WASON (Alternate)
Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nasik SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (Earth Dam)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR( EARTH DAM) (Alternate)
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi SHRI R. K. PANDEY
SHRI VIRENDRA KUMAR (Alternate)
National Council for Cement and Building Meterials, Ballabgarh SHRI V. V. ARORA
National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR), Hyderabad DR M. RAVI KUMAR
DR N. PURANCHADRA RAO (Alternate)
National Highway Authority of India, New Delhi SHRI SURESH KUMAR PURI
National Thermal Power Corporation, Noida DR PRAVEEN KHANDELWAL
SHRI SAURABH GUPTA (Alternate)
Nuclear Power Corporation India Limited, Mumbai SHRI U. S. P. VERMA
SHRIMATI MINI K. PAUL (Alternate)
Public Works Department, Mumbai SHRI M. M. KHAN
Research, Design & Standards Organization, Lucknow SHRI PIYUSH AGARWAL
SHRI R. K. GOEL (Alternate)
RITES Limited, Gurgaon SHRI K. N. SREENIVASA
School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi DR V. THIRUVENGADAM
Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai DR K. MUTHUMANI
SHRI N. GOPALAKRISHNAN (Alternate)
Tandon Consultants Pvt Limited, New Delhi DR MAHESH TANDON
SHRI VINAY K. GUPTA (Alternate)
Tata Consulting Engineers, Mumbai SHRI K. V. SUBRAMANIAN
SHRI C. K. RAVINDRANATHAN (Alternate)
Vakil-Mehta-Sheth Consulting Engineers, Mumbai MS ALPA R. SHETH
SHRI R. D. CHAUDHARI (Alternate)
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur DR O. R. JAISWAL
DR R. K. INGLE (Alternate)
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun DR SUSHIL KUMAR
In personal capacity (C-2/155, West Enclave, Pitampura, DR K. G. BHATIA
New Delhi)
In personal capacity (36 Old Sneh Nagar, Wardha Road, Nagpur) SHRI L. K. JAIN
SHRI ISH JAIN (Alternate)
In personal capacity (K-L/2 Kavi Nagar, Ghaziabad) DR A. K. MITTAL
BIS Directorate General SHRI A. K. SAINI, Scientist ‘F’ & Head (Civ Engg)
[Representing Director General (Ex-officio)]

Member Secretary
SHRI S. CHATURVEDI
Scientist ‘E’ (Civ Engg), BIS

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Bureau of Indian Standards

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harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
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Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
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should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: CED 39 (7620).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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