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Day1 Water Cycle Lecture 1-08-06 2024

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6 views

Day1 Water Cycle Lecture 1-08-06 2024

Uploaded by

giri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8th June, 2024 Instructer: Class No:

Applied Geophysics, Saumen Maiti 01


IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Water Cycle and Its Environment


I Research Background & Motivation

What is water cycle?


• Water evaporates from ocean, lakes and rivers
into the atmosphere. This water vapor is
transferred to the atmosphere. This circulation
eventually results in rain or snow into the land,
lakes, rivers and oceans.
• Whatever the water falling on land surface, a
proportion quickly evaporates, some flows into
streams or lakes or overland flow and another
proportion infiltrates into the subsurface.
• Of the water entering the soil, some is
transpired back to the atmosphere. The
remaining water follows a subsurface pathway
back to surface.
Figure 1 : Water Cycle 2
I Research Background & Motivation

What is water cycle?


• As can be seen, subsurface water can occur in
the soil water zone, vadose zone and phreatic
zone. The soil water zone contains voids caused
by cracking and decay of plant roots.
• This feature enhanced the infiltration of
precipitation. Pores in both the soil-water-zone
and the vadose or unsaturated zone contains
both air & water. In the phreatic or saturated
zone, water completely fills the pore space.
• The saturated and unsaturated zones are
separated by an imaginary surface called the
water table. Classically, groundwater refers to
water that occurs in the zone of saturation Figure 2 : Water Cycle 3
below the water table.
I Research Background & Motivation

What is Groundwater table?

• The saturated and unsaturated zones are


separated by an imaginary surface called the
groundwater table.

• Vadose zone: The zone occurs below the soil-


water zone and above the saturated zone.
Ground water table, a imaginary line separated
this zone from the saturated zones. This zone
contains pores and fill up with both air and
water. This zone is also called as unsaturated
zone.

Figure 3 : Water Table 4


I Research Background & Motivation

What is Hydrogeological setting?

• Aquitard: An low permeability unit that is


capable of storing water and transmitting water
between adjacent aquifers. This stored and
transformed water is available to wells being
pumped in nearby aquifers.

• A confined (or artesian) aquifer has its upper


and lower boundaries marked by confining beds.
Stated another way an aquifer is confined by
overlying and underlying low permeability beds.

• The water level of a well or piezometer installed


in a confined aquifer occurs somewhere above Figure 4 : Hydro-geological setting of aquifer development 5
its upper boundary.
I Research Background & Motivation

What is Hydrogeological setting?

• Occasionally, the water level of a well occurs


above the ground surface. The water table or
unconfined are applied to aquifers where the
water table forms the upper boundary.

• Aquiclude: The term synonym for confining bed.

• Aquifuge: Low hydraulic conductivity unit which


is poor conductors of groundwater is essentially
impermeable.

Figure 5 : Hydro-geological setting of aquifer development 6


I Research Background & Motivation

Water Budget

Water balance equation in its most fundamental form is given by

Where, P = precipitation, E = evaporation, Q = runoff and


∆S= change in storage
7
Figure 6 : Mass Balance
I Research Background & Motivation

Water Budget

• Input-output =change of storage

• This equation is a conversation equation that accounts For all the water moving into or out of various domain
along the hydrologic cycle. On global scale or basic scale the water balance equation or conservation equation
applies to three domains: atmosphere, land and oceans.

• Water balance for land

P -E - T- Ro =∆S

• P= Precipitation, E =evaporation from land, T =transpiration from land


• Ro= total outflow from land to oceans
• ∆S= change of water storage.

8
I Research Background & Motivation
• Island area:

Water Budget
• Water balance equation may be written as
• Water input from precipitation – evapotranspiration
• If withdrawals from wells are included: of precipitation- evapotranspiration of groundwater
–stream flow discharging to the sea- spring flow =
change in storage.
RN+Qi-T-Q0-QP=∆S

P-ETp-ETgw-Qswo-Qgwo-Qso=∆S
Where
• RN is the recharge to the groundwater.
Where
• P= Precipitation to the land
• Qi is surface water inflow to groundwater storage.
• ET is evaporation of precipitation and groundwater,
and Q is outflow to the ocean from surface water,
• T is transpiration. groundwater and springs.

• Q0 is outflow from ground-water storage to surface water.

• QP is the total pumping rate in the basin.


9
I Research Background & Motivation

Examples of outflow:

• Examples of outflow from groundwater system

• Examples of inflow to the groundwater system

• Precipitation=rain, snow

• Evaporation=loss of water from soils or free


water, liquid to water vapor

• Transpiration loss of water to through the


plant systems to the atmosphere.

• The unit of all the volumes are volume per unit


time (L3/T)
10
Figure 7 : Basin-geological setting and outflow

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