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Performance Analysis of Semi-Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System

Article in OCEM Journal of Management Technology & Social Sciences · January 2024
DOI: 10.3126/ocemjmtss.v3i1.62230

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 The OCEM Journal of
Management, Technology & Social Sciences

Received: Aug. 08, 2023 | Revised: Aug. 21, 2023 | Accepted: Sept. 23, 2023 | Published: Jan. 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/ocemjmtss.v3i1.62230 Paper Type: Research Article

Performance Analysis of Semi-Automatic Solar Panel

Cleaning System

1
Samir Raj Bhandari, 2Aasish Chhetri, 2Anil Rai, 2Madan Rawal, 2Rabin Deuba
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Oxford College of Engineering and Management
2
Student of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Oxford College of Engineering and Management
*Corresponding email: [email protected]
*Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2722-8008
Abstract
Solar energy has been one of the most promising energy sources since the 1990s.
However, the efficiency of solar panels is reduced due to dust accumulation
over modules, which blocks the incident light from the sun. The efficiency
Volume 3, Issue 1 of a solar panel depends on various factors, such as the quality of the solar
ISSN Print:2705-4845
cells, the design of the panel, the temperature and intensity of the sunlight, and
the presence of any shading or obstructions. High-efficiency solar panels can
ISSN Online:2705-4845
produce more electricity from the same amount of sunlight, resulting in higher
energy production and cost savings over the system’s lifetime. The study used a
semi-automatic cleaning mechanism, which is one of the recent developments
made on automated cleaning systems of solar photovoltaic modules. Aims of this
study is to improve the efficiency of solar panels by designing and implementing
a semi-automatic dust-cleaning mechanism. This study found that the
experimental model shows improved efficiency by about 7 percent. The study’s
findings are consistent with previous research that emphasizes the importance of
regular cleaning of solar panels to improve their efficiency and reliability. This
research has important implications for improving the efficiency and reliability
of solar energy systems. Solar panel owners can improve the profitability and
sustainability of their system, leading to more widespread adoption of solar
energy by optimizing the cleaning process and reducing maintenance costs.

Keywords: renewable energy, solar panel cleaning system, solar photo voltaic, system
improvement

How to cite this paper:

Bhandari, S. R., Chhetri, A., Rai, A., Rawal, M., & Deuba, R. (2024). Performance
Analysis of Semi-Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System. The OCEM Journal of
Management, Technology and Social Sciences, 3(1), 110-116.

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 The OCEM Journal of
Management, Technology & Social Sciences Bhandari, S. R., Chhetri, A., Rai, A., Rawal, M., & Deuba, R.

Introduction By optimizing the cleaning process and reducing

Solar energy is a promising and renewable maintenance costs, solar panel owners can
source of power that can meet the world’s energy improve the profitability and sustainability of their
needs. However, the efficiency of solar panels is system, leading to more widespread adoption of
influenced by atmospheric conditions like clouds, solar energy.
dust, and temperature. Regular cleaning of solar
panels is necessary to maintain their performance.
Dust and dirt accumulation on the panel’s surface
can obstruct sunlight and reduce the panel’s
efficiency. Studies have shown that the efficiency
of solar panels increases significantly after
cleaning, highlighting the importance of regular
maintenance. Proper cleaning and maintenance
enhance the overall performance of solar panels
and optimize the utilization of solar energy (The
Economic Times, 2019; ACS, 2022; Chandler,
2022; Patil et al., 2017).
Solar panels offer several advantages, including
mitigating the environmental impact and Figure 1: Working Mechanism of Solar Panel
combating climate change by generating (ACS, 2022)
electricity without emitting carbon dioxide. They Cleaning solar panels can be challenging,
also reduce reliance on fossil fuels and traditional especially when they are installed at a height.
power sources, promoting energy sustainability. Dust particles obstruct sunlight and decrease the
Additionally, they have a long lifespan with electricity generation capacity of solar panels
minimal wear and tear. However, the initial cost of by up to 50% if left unclean. However, cleaning
installing solar panels can be a limitation, as they solar panels requires manpower, time, and water,
can be expensive. Despite this, investing in solar and can be dangerous for street light solar panels
energy is crucial for reducing carbon emissions, mounted on top of poles, often reaching heights of
decreasing dependence on finite resources, and 15 to 20 feet (Maindad et al., 2020).
moving toward a cleaner and more sustainable Photovoltaic (PV) cells, which convert sunlight
energy future (ACS, 2022; Patil et al., 2017) into electricity, are primarily made of silicon. When
Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, photons from sunlight strike PV cells, electrons in
convert light energy directly into electrical energy. the semiconductor material are excited, generating
They consist of two types of semiconductors: electric voltage and current. The efficiency of PV
p-type silicon and n-type silicon. The p-type layer modules depends on the mass and size of the dust
has positively charged holes, while the n-type particles deposited on their surface. As the mass of
layer has an excess of electrons. When the two dust increases, power output and module efficiency
layers are combined, electrons from the n-type decrease. Smaller particles have a more significant
layer fill the holes in the p-type layer near the impact as they block more radiation.Pollutants like
junction, creating a depletion zone (Myyas et al., red soil, ash, sand, calcium carbonate, and silica
2022; Sedai et al., 2021). This process enables the contribute to this deposition, and air pollution can
solar cell to generate electricity further deteriorate the energy yield of PV panels,
The efficiency of solar panels can be improved even over short periods. Currently, most solar
by designing and implementing a semi-automatic panels are manually cleaned in many countries.
dust-cleaning mechanism. Studies have shown However, this method requires additional
that such a mechanism can improve the efficiency manpower, time, and can pose safety risks. Urban
of solar panels by about 7%. The research areas are particularly affected, with a high density
has important implications for improving the of airborne particles that adhere to panel surfaces,
efficiency and reliability of solar energy systems. causing a drastic reduction in efficiency over time

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 The OCEM Journal of
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(Hussain et al., 2017; Mishra, 2022; Rodríguez, horizontal movement, while the vertical motion
2024). The automatic dust-cleaning system for is controlled by a belt-driven system. In a similar
solar panels addresses the drawbacks of manual vein, many surveys on solar cleaning projects and
cleaning, ensuring effective and non-abrasive technologies, including the solar brush UAV robot,
cleaning, minimizing accidents, panel damage, Ecoppia E4, wash panels, and Nomad cleaning
movement difficulties, and maintenance issues (B systems have been done. The solar brush robot, for
et al., 2018). instance, operates as a drone that hovers close to
The objective of this research project is twofold: The the panel surface and cleans it through air pressure
first objective is to develop a semi-automatic Solar pressure and gentle rubbing. This robot’s
Panel Cleaner and investigate the performance of design minimizes direct contact with the panel,
solar panels under varying conditions throughout significantly reducing the risk of damage. The
the day, encompassing both dusty and dust- solar brush UAV robot represents a promising
free scenarios; second, to meticulously record advancement in solar panel cleaning technology
voltage and current measurements to facilitate the (UT Pumps & Systems Pvt Ltd, 2020).
calculation of efficiency, subsequently comparing Current Technologies
the obtained efficiencies of the solar photovoltaic In current situations various cleaning system are
(SPV) panel in the presence and absence of dust. in practice for solar panel cleaning.
Literature Review Manual Cleaning
One major challenge with solar panels is the Manual cleaning of solar panels can be done
high cost associated with installation. However, using cleaning kits that include extension poles,
by increasing the efficiency of each panel, fewer brushes, cloths, and hose connections. However,
panels would be needed, resulting in cost savings as the solar plant size increases, manual cleaning
and environmental benefits. Two key factors becomes impractical and costly due to the need
to improve efficiency are maximizing direct for large manpower and increased O&M costs
sunlight exposure and effectively converting light (Aljaghoub et al., 2022).
energy into power. Dust accumulation on solar Piezoelectric Systems
panels, particularly in dusty regions like Saudi Piezoelectric actuators, known for their high torque
Arabia, significantly reduces their efficiency. To to volume ratio, flexible structure, and precise
address this issue, an automated cleaning system positioning, are utilized in various fields including
is proposed to ensure optimal performance. The optical adjustments, biomedical manipulation,
use of appropriate fabrication techniques and and space explorations. In the cleaning of solar
controllers will be essential for the success of this panels, piezoelectric systems are employed.
project. Dust settlement depends on various factors, An acoustic piezoelectric system uses water as
including chemical properties, size, weight, shape, a cleaning agent, creating a vacuum called an
site location, tilt angle, surface characteristics, ultrasonic cavity during the rarefaction cycle of
stickiness, and wind speed. Previous research has compression waves. This cavity effectively cleans
explored the impact of dust and impurities on solar the solar panel surface by suctioning the dust. For
panels, providing valuable insights for this project the air medium, the cleaning mechanism remains
(Ghate et al., 2019). similar with a change in the cleaning medium. A
Projects and Trends Solar Panel Cleaning linear piezoelectric actuator-based solar PV panel
Technology cleaning system ensures proper pressure force
Cleaning systems for photovoltaic cells have been between the wiper and the solar panel, allowing
developed to address the issues mentioned above. the actuator to vibrate and effectively remove dust
Extensive research and discussions on various from the panel’s surface (Khadka et al., 2020).
cleaning technologies, with autonomous cleaning Water-Based Robotic Cleaning System
robots emerging as a leading solution. The earlier Water-based cleaning systems use water as their
mentioned robots utilize soft brushes to clean the primary component as their cleaning agent. The
panels without causing any surface damage. The water-based cleaning system is best suited in
robots are equipped with motorized trolleys for
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 The OCEM Journal of
Management, Technology & Social Sciences Bhandari, S. R., Chhetri, A., Rai, A., Rawal, M., & Deuba, R.

an urban and tropical climate where water is value. This motor drive provides power to the
abundantly available. Water-based cleaning is DC motors fitted on the two edges of the panel
the best cleaning system in terms of cleaning in the horizontal position. The motors initiate
efficiency. It can remove hard stains and bird rotation, and their shafts are connected to the two
excrement from the surface of the panel (Bhandari metal frames. The shafts accelerate in the forward
et al., 2023). direction, and the cleaning brushes attached to them
Robotic Cleaning System start cleaning the panel surface. After cleaning the
In dry regions where water is scarce and dust panel, the brush and the entire system move in the
accumulation is the main issue on solar panels, forward and reverse directions. After the complete
water-less cleaning technology proves to be brushing of the panel, the output will be displayed
effective (Bhandari et al., 2023). This method on the LCD screen and compared with the output
involves the use of a dust-repellent brush that of the panel’s dust condition with and without dust.
rotates or moves across the panel’s surface to
remove the dust. This approach is particularly
efficient in arid areas. One example of a water-
less robotic cleaning system is the Solar Brush,
which is wireless, rechargeable, and capable of
walking on solar panels with an inclination of
up to 35 degrees (Haya Aljaghoub et al., 2022).
As drone technology advances, companies are
also introducing drone-based cleaning systems,
which are suitable for streetlight solar panels
and smart energy-efficient greenhouses (Hussein
et al., 2021). Currently, manual cleaning is the
predominant method in many countries, but it is
not cost-effective. With the increasing demand
for large-capacity solar power plants for higher
energy demand, more efficient cleaning methods
and energy alternatives like integrated micro
hydropower plants will be required in the future
(Fırat Ekinci et al., 2022).
Methodology
The current research is based on the experimental
research design to enhance solar panel cleaning
for improved efficiency.
Project Flow Diagram Figure 2: Flow Chart of the Solar Panel Cleaning
Following the dimensions of the flat plate panel, System
the solar panel cleaning system consists of a Working Mechanism and Design of the Project
brush driven by DC motors. The timing of the The diagram below shows the top view of our
brush operation is controlled by a pre-set value. project, which consists of a solar panel with
The frame carrying this cleaning brush is moved dimensions of 1.47m*0.67m. The rated capacity
along the length of the solar panel in a horizontal of the panel is 160W, with a maximum voltage
direction and vice versa, resulting in a mopping and current output of around 18.67V and 8.63A,
action on the solar panel to clean it. respectively. The panel’s width is measured to
The working mechanism of our project starts determine the design of the connecting shaft.
with the DC power supply to the Arduino. The
Two motors are fitted with the help of four bearings
timing and intensity of the solar tradition value
to support and ensure smooth motion of the
are primarily set and checked against the pre-set
cleaning system. After measuring the dimensions,

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Management, Technology & Social Sciences Bhandari, S. R., Chhetri, A., Rai, A., Rawal, M., & Deuba, R.

a rotor shaft is connected between the two motors accommodate a brush made up of five small shoe-
using a metal motor cover structure to secure and polished brushes attached together, forming a
fix the motors to the cleaner’s shaft. complete single brush that covers the entire panel
The outer structure of the cleaner is designed to surface effectively. Connecting rods made of
steel are used to attach the brushes and connect
the two different motors. A single-phase 12V DC
motor with a 100 RPM motor is utilized. A rubber
terminal box is fixed on top of the rotor shaft in the
middle part, housing the entire system’s circuit and
components. After assembling all the components,
the cleaner system weighs approximately 2.5kg.
The complete working mechanism is shown in
Figure 3, involving a solar panel with a capacity
of 160W. A 11.3V DC voltage supply is used to
operate the motor and provide power to the entire
system. An LDR sensor measures the voltage
intensity at different time intervals, and the
measured radiation intensity level is displayed
on an LCD screen. An Arduino receives the
radiation level from the LDR sensor. The motor
continuously monitors the motor mechanism. The
motor rotation time is predetermined based on the
panel’s length and the motor’s RPM. If the motor
receives the voltage, it starts rotating on the panel,
and after the preset time period, it rotates back.
Once the cleaning process is complete, the dust on
the panel is manually removed. Finally, the LCD
displays the initial voltage and final voltage.

Figure 5: Block Diagram of the Semi-Automatic

Solar Panel Cleaning System(-PCS)
Results and Discussion
The findings of the results are described after
analysing the experimental data.
Output Voltage under Various Conditions
After collecting voltage readings at different times
of the day from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM, as shown
in Table 2, it is observed that the voltage value
Figure 3: Design of the (First Design, Second
Practical Model as per the design) decreases in the presence of dust compared to

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 The OCEM Journal of
Management, Technology & Social Sciences Bhandari, S. R., Chhetri, A., Rai, A., Rawal, M., & Deuba, R.

when the panel is cleaned by the Semi-Automatic further emphasizes the need for the semiautomatic
Solar Panel Cleaning System. Therefore, it can system that can continuous monitoring and
be concluded that the dust on the panel surface cleaning to minimize the negative effects of dust
is responsible for the decrease in voltage and accumulation.
also that the designed system can improve the
Conclusion
system voltage significantly. Based on the voltage
The results demonstrate that using a Semi-
readings, the efficiency can be calculated. At 8:00
Automatic Cleaning System increases the
am, the voltage value with dust is recorded as 17.2
efficiency of solar panels, while the presence
V, while without dust it is measured at 18.6 V.
of dust decreases efficiency, impacting overall
Similarly, at 12:00 pm, the voltage value with dust
performance. Regular cleaning and maintenance
is 20 V, whereas without dust it is 21.5 V.
are crucial to maintain efficiency and maximize
Table 2: First Day Output Voltage with and energy output. The experimental model showed
Without Dust a significant 7% improvement in efficiency with
Voltage (Voc) in Volts
S.N Time
With Dust Without Dust the use of the semi-automatic cleaning system.
(Before) (After)
1 8:00 AM 17.2 18.6 This study is important as it provides insights into
2 10:00 AM 18.57 20.3 enhancing the efficiency and reliability of solar
3 12:00 PM 20 21.5
4 2:00 PM 19.6 20.55 energy systems. Optimizing the cleaning process
5 4:00 PM 18.09 19.79
and reducing maintenance costs are key factors
Table 3: Efficiency Analysis before and after in achieving improved efficiency, benefiting not
using the Semi-Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning only solar panel owners but also the profitability
Technology and sustainability of solar energy systems overall.
S.N Time Efficiency (in %) Increase in Effective cleaning strategies and minimizing
Efficiency ( %)
1 8 AM
With Dust(Before) Without Dust(After)
73.7 80.88 7.18
debris buildup enhance performance and energy
2 10 AM 79.2 87 7.8 output, contributing to the economic viability of
3
4
12 PM
2 PM
85.7
84
92.1
88
6.4
4
solar energy. Improved cleaning practices increase
5 4 PM 77.7 84.8 7.1 confidence in the technology and promote wider
Efficiency under Various Conditions adoption of solar energy as a clean alternative. This
The results shown in table 3 reveals that at 8:00 study emphasizes the significance of performance
AM, the efficiency of the solar panel without dust analysis and optimization of semi-automatic
is measured at 80.88%, while in the presence of cleaning systems, highlighting the benefits of
dust, the efficiency decreases to 73.7%. Similarly, enhanced efficiency, reduced costs, improved
during the middle of the day, the efficiency without profitability, and increased sustainability. These
dust is recorded at 92.1%, whereas with dust, it findings provide valuable guidance for industry
drops to 85.7% (See Table 3). practitioners and policymakers, supporting the
The results indicate that the presence of dust widespread adoption of solar energy as a viable
has a noticeable impact on the efficiency of the and environmentally friendly solution.
solar panel. The decrease in efficiency suggests a References
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