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1.4.2 Nonlinearities Sources

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11 views

1.4.2 Nonlinearities Sources

Uploaded by

Kuharan Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sources of Nonlinearities

Structural Nonlinearity – Lesson 2


Types of Nonlinearities

• Nonlinearity in models is introduced due to changing stiffness.


• Typically, there are three sources of nonlinearities
1.Large deformation
2.Material nonlinearities
3.Contact
• There are other special cases where there’s a change in stiffness.

2
Large Deformation

• Deformations are considered large when there’s a noticeable change in the shape of
the structure.
• Change in shape can result in
1. Change of wall thickness
2. Change of area of cross-section
3. Change in direction of loading

• All of the above result in nonlinear responses.

3
Large Deformation (cont.)

A0

• Consider a metal coupon under tensile

Area
A10
loading.
• The initial force-displacement response
Time
recorded may be approximated to be linear.
• At larger deformation, the cross-section of
the coupon decreases and results in a A0
nonlinear response.
• This clearly shows how changes in shape at
large deformation can introduce nonlinearity.
Area of Cross Section

4
Contact

• During the construction of the Great Pyramids in Egypt, the


construction workers had to drag very heavy stone blocks for long
distances.
• Such an activity would usually involve many workers pulling the
block until it starts moving.
• Until the block starts to move the workers are slowly incrementing
the pulling force.
• During this time there's no gross displacement even though force
is applied.
• Once the applied force is equal to the frictional force the block
begins to slide.

Force
• Hereafter there's an increase in displacement due to applied
force.
• This discontinuity in the force-displacement response introduces
nonlinearity. Displacement

5
Material Nonlinearity

• All materials have nonlinear behavior to some degree.


• Depending on the application and the amount of
deformation, some materials may be assumed to be
linear in nature.
• Some materials or applications, however, cannot be
assumed to be linear.
• Consider rolling of metals in which a rigid roller is used to
deform a metal piece into a desired shape or thickness.
• Metal plasticity is the key material behavior to capture
this process.
• Ignoring plasticity yields incorrect results.

6
Others

• Some special cases arise which may result in change in stiffness of structures.
• Some examples include snap-fit buckles, delaminating composites, sudden loss of
contact, etc.
• Such cases also introduce nonlinearity into the problem.

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