Algebra

1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 4. ax2 + bx + c =

√ ! √ !
−b + b2 − 4ac −b − b2 − 4ac
2. (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 a x− x− ,
2a 2a

3. a2 − b2 = (a − b)(a + b) if b2 − 4ac ≥ 0

Trigonometry Hyperbolic functions

Definitions Definitions

sin x 1 e x − e −x e x + e −x
1. tan x = 3. sec x = 1. sinh x = 2. cosh x =
cos x cos x 2 2
cos x 1 1 1
2. cot x = 4. csc x = 3. csch x = 4. sech x =
sin x sin x sinh x cosh x
sinh x cosh x
Identities 5. tanh x = 6. coth x =
cosh x sinh x

1. cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 4. tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x Identities

2. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x 5. cot2 x + 1 = csc2 x 1. cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 4. sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

3. cos 2x = 2 tan x 5. cosh 2x =

6. tan 2x =
= cos2 x − sin2 x 1 − tan2 x 2. 1 − tanh2 x = sech2 x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x
= 2 cos2 x − 1 = 2 cosh2 x − 1
cot2 x − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 x 7. cot 2x = 3. coth2 x − 1 = csch2 x = 2 sinh2 x + 1
2 cot x

Derivatives Derivatives

1. (sin x)0 = cos x 1 1. (sinh x)0 = cosh x 7. (arcsinh x)0 =

7. (arcsin x)0 = √ 1
1 − x2 =√
2. (cos x)0 = − sin x 2. (cosh x)0 = sinh x 2
x +1

3. (tan x)0 = sec2 x 3. (tanh x)0 = sech2 x

−1
8. (arccos x)0 = √ 8. (arccosh x)0 =
0
4. (cot x) = − csc x 2 1 − x2 4. (coth x)0 = − csch2 x 1
=√
2
5. (sec x)0 = tan x sec x 5. (sech x)0 = x −1
1 = − tanh x sech x
6. (csc x)0 = − cot x csc x 9. (arctan x)0 =
1 + x2 9. (arctanh x)0 =
6. (csch x)0 = 1
= − coth x csch x = 2
Integrals x −1
R R
1. cos x dx = sin x 6. tan x dx =
R = − ln | cos x|
2. sin x dx = − cos x
R
7. sec x dx =
sec2 x dx = tan x
R
3.
= ln | tan x + sec x|
csc2 x dx = − cot x
R
4. R
8. csc x dx =
R
5. cot x dx = ln | sin x| = − ln | cot x + csc x|
Symmetry & Periodicity

1. sin(−x) = − sin(x) 5. cos(−x) = cos(x) 9. tan(−x) = − tan(x)

2. sin(x + π/2) = cos(x) 6. cos(x + π/2) = − sin(x) 10. tan(x + π/2) = − cot(x)

3. sin(x − π/2) = − cos(x) 7. cos(x − π/2) = sin(x) 11. tan(x − π/2) = − cot(x)

4. sin(x ± π) = − sin(x) 8. cos(x ± π) = − cos(x) 12. tan(x ± π) = tan(x)

x −π −π/2 0 π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6 π 3π/2 2π

√ √
1 √1 3 3 1
sin(x) 0 −1 0 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 −1 0
√ √
3 √1 1 3
cos(x) −1 0 1 2 2 2 0 − 12 − 2 −1 0 1
√ √
tan(x) 0 – 0 √1 1 3 – − 3 − √13 0 – –
3
√ √
cot(x) – 0 – 3 1 √1 1 − √13 − 3 – 0 1
3

Powers, Exponents & Logarithms

1. xa+b = xa · xb 6. e x : (−∞, ∞) → (0, ∞) 9. ln(x) : (0, ∞) → (−∞, ∞)

xa
2. xa−b = b
x 10. ln(a · b) = ln(a) + ln(b)
1 ln(x)
3. x−a = a 7. e =x a
x
11. ln = ln(a) − ln(b)
b
4. xa·b = (xa )b
√
8. ln(e x ) = x
a
5. x /b = b xa 12. ln(ab ) = b ln(a)

Derivatives & Integrals

0 1
1. (xn )0 = nxn−1 3. (e ax ) = ae ax 5. (ln(x))0 =
x
Z
dx
6. = ln(x)
x
xn+1 e ax
Z Z Z
n ax
2. x dx = , n 6= −1 4. e dx = 7. ln(x) dx = x ln(x) − x
n+1 a

Other Integrals
Z
1 1 x
1. 2 2
dx = arctan
x +a a |a|
Z
1 p
2. √ dx = ln |x + x2 ± a2 |
x2 ± a2
Inverse trigonometric functions
√
arcsin x = arccos 1 − x2

y = arcsin(x) y = arccos(x) y = arctan(x) y = arccot(x)

p x 1
sin(y) x 1 − x2 √ √
x2−1 1 + x2
p 1 x
cos(y) 1 − x2 x √ √
1 + x2 2
x −1
√
x 1 − x2 1
tan(y) √ x
1 − x2 x x
√
1 − x2 x 1
cot(y) √ x
x 1 − x2 x

Inverse hyperbolic functions

y = arcsinh(x) y = arccosh(x) y = arctanh(x) y = arccoth(x)

p x sign x
sinh(y) x x2 − 1 √ √
1 − x2 x2 − 1
p 1 |x|
cosh(y) x2 + 1 x √ √
1 − x2 x2 − 1
√
x x2 − 1 1
tanh(y) √ x
x2 + 1 x x
√
x2 + 1 x 1
coth(y) √ x
x x2−1 x