Human Journals

Review Article
April 2019 Vol.:15, Issue:1
© All rights are reserved by R.Abinaya et al.

Science behind the Siddhar’s with the Research Evidences of

Kayakarpam (Antioxidant Property) in Siddha Formulations – A
Current Status
Keywords: Kayakarpam, Antioxidant, Siddha, Siddha
formulations, Chooranam, Nei, Mathirai, Vadagam, Kudineer,
Dravagam, Chendooram, Parpam, Karpam, Pathangam.

R.Abinaya*1., R. Vijaya Nirmala1., M. D. Saravana ABSTRACT

Devi2., R. Karolin Daisy Rani3. Herbal plants play an important role in the field of health care
of the people. Medicinal plants are the natural gifted by God
1
Post graduate, Department of Gunapadam
because it contains innumerable bioactive substances which are
(Pharmacology), Government Siddha Medical
College, Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. responsible for treating various diseases. Thus the herbal
medicines form a backbone of siddha system of medicine. Thus
2
Head Of the Department, Department of
this system of medicine was founded by the great spiritual
Gunapadam (Pharmacology), Government Siddha
Medical College, Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamil scientists called Siddhars, who believed the art of immortalizing
Nadu, India. the corporeal human body. The pharmacology of siddha system
3
Lecturer, Department of Gunapadam of medicine was enriched with the preparation of flora, fauna,
(Pharmacology), Government Siddha Medical and mineral sources. The main hallmark of this system is due to
College, Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. the presence of antioxidant (kayakarpam) in their medicinal
preparation, which is attained through Karpavizhtham which
Submission: 23 March 2019
means medicines and Karpayogam which means the regimens
Accepted: 28 March 2019
of life. Kayakarpam which is present in the medicinal
Published: 30 April 2019
preparation plays a major role against free radicals which is
responsible for various diseases such as ageing process, cancer
etc. Thus this review article will give more information about
the siddha formulations with its antioxidant activity. Thus this
www.ijppr.humanjournals.com review compile the research evidences of Kayakarpam
(antioxidant) effect of Chooranam, Nei, Mathirai, Vadagam,
Kudineer, Dravagam, Chendooram, Parpam, Karpam,
Pathangam.
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

INTRODUCTION:

“Natural forces within us are the true healers of disease”. -Hippocrates

Siddha system is one of the most effective medical system in the world with minimal side
effects. Herbal plants play a major role in Siddha medicinal preparations[1].

It is the pioneer of all other medical system which was practiced in India. There were so
many medicinal formulations were prescribed by the ancient Siddhars. Unique nature of the
prescribing medicines by this system showed special attention throughout worldwide for deep
research in drugs and also for the nature of reverse pharmacology. The pharmacology of
siddha system of medicine was enriched with the preparation of flora, fauna, and mineral
sources [2].

Plants have a long history in the field of medicine, food, and for daily requirements [3].

In human body, the oxidative stress was induced by generation of free radicals and cause cell
damage as a result of it causes many diseases [4].

Cell damage may be caused by the production free radicals which is responsible for the major
contributor in the aging process, then also involved in causing degenerative diseases such as
cancer, stress, cardiovascular disease, cataract, liver diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, immune
system declination, brain dysfunction, inflammation, diabetes mellitus [5].

Antioxidant (Kayakarpam) is a molecule which is capable to slow down the process of

oxidation or preventing the process of oxidation of other molecules. Free radicals are formed
during the oxidative stress that damages the cell, these free radicals are the types of reactive
oxygen species (ROS), they are responsible for destroying the normal healthy cells in our
body and finally, it affects the normal physiology of the human body [6].

Kayakarpam is an elixir science with its uniqueness. The role and effect of Kayakarpam were
mentioned in various siddha literatures. The term Kayam means body Karpam means stone.
In this current modern era there were innumerable new drugs were validated day by day in
order to empower the health systems. Thus this review compile the research evidences of
Kayakarpam (antioxidant) effect of Chooranam, Nei, Mathirai, Vadagam, Kudineer,
Dravagam, Chendooram, Parpam, Karpam, Pathangam.

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

150
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

“Each and every plant, a magnificent creation of nature, has magnetical power of healing.

-Bible.

TABLE NO 1: SIDDHA FORMULATIONS WITH ITS ACTIVITY

S. NO SIDDHA FORMULATIONS ACTIVITY

1. PARUTHI CHOORANAM (PC) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
2. SIRINGIPAERATHI CHOORANAM (SPC) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
3. NAGARASINGADHI CHOORANAM (NSC) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
4. SANDHANATHY CHOORANAM (SC) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
5. NILAPANAIKIZHANGU CHOORANAM(NPKC) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
6. TRIPHALA CHURNAM ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
7. TRIKADUKU CHURNAM ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
8. AMUKKARA CHOORNAM ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
9. ELADI CHURNAM ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
10. VENTHAMARAIYATHI CHOORANAM (VTC) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
11. ELATHY URUNDAI(EU) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
12. LINGAMATHIRAI (LM) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
13. SAMBIRANI POO KULIGAI(SPK) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
14. KADUKKAI VADAGAM (KV) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
15. AAVARAI KUDINEER (AK) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
16. VALLARAI NEI (VN) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
17. SANJEEVI THEENEER (ST) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
18. DHASALAVANA DHRAVAGAM (DLD) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
19. NAMACHIVAYA CHENDOORAM (NMC) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
20. GANDHAGA CHENDOORAM (GC) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
21. ASHTABAIRAVACHENDURAM (ABC): ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
22. RASA CHENDHURAM (RCM): ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
23. BHRAMASTHIRAM (BA) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
24. RASA PARPAM (RP) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
25. KARISALAI KARPAM (KK) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
26. IRUNELLI KARPAM (INK) ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

151
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

PARUTHI CHOORANAM (PC):

PREPARATION OF PARUTHI CHOORANAM:

Paruthi chooranam (Gossypium herbaceum) dry leaves were finely powdered and triturated
without adding water. Then it was collected and stored in an airtight container.

THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY:

The study showed that the Siddha formulation PC showed the significant percentage of
reduction about 81.23% on ABTS radicals scavenging activity, followed by 72.43% of metal
chelating activity, 77.48 % of activity observed in LPO assay followed by percentage
inhibition at the range of 73.49 % in superoxide radical scavenging assay, the NO radical
scavenging activity of PC showed the ranges from 22.15 to 79.23%. Thus the Paruthi
chooranam PC showed a better antioxidant property [7].

SIRINGIPAERATHI CHOORANAM (SPC):

PREPARATION OF SIRINGIPAERATHI CHOORANAM:

In order to obtain the purified form of ginger, the upper skin of ginger was peeled off and
then sliced into small pieces. The sliced pieces were dried in sunshade for two days. After
complete drying 560 grams of dried ginger was taken and fried well in ghee and then
powered. 50.4 grams of Purified Pepper, 33.6 grams of Thippili, 16.8 grams of
Thipplimoolam, 42 grams of Kodiveli-ver, 35 grams of Moongil uppu, Lavangapathiri,
Sandhana thool, Vilamichu-ver, Lavanga Pattai, Adhikari, Seeragam, Kirambu were taken
and powered separately then mixed together with processed ginger powder. Finally, the
mixture was ground well which favors the homogenous preparation. Then the mixture
powder was sieved through the thin clean white cloth. After that twice the weight of sugar
was added to the mixture and again it was groundwell. Finally, the end product was obtained,
which was kept in an airtight container and labeled as “Siringipaerathi Chooranam” (SPC).

THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

The study showed that the SPC was determined by using the 2,2-diphenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) free radical scavenging assay at the concentration of 1.25 μg/ml, 2.5 μg/ml,5
μg/ml,10 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml using ascorbic acid as standard. The DPPH assay of free radical

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

152
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

scavenging activity of SPC showed the highest percentage inhibition of about at 73.91% at
20μg/ml when compare to standard ascorbic acid with 89.62%. Thus the “Siringipaerathi
Chooranam” (SPC) showed a better antioxidant property [8].

NAGARASINGADHI CHOORANAM (NSC):

PREPARATION OF “NAGARASINGADHI CHOORANAM” (NSC):

The purified ingredients were grounded separately as powder. The powder was sieved
through a white cloth and all the powders were mixed well. Purification of Chooranam is
done by Milk Steaming Process. It was kept in an airtight container and was labeled as
“Nagarasingadhi Chooranam” (NSC).

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY:

This study showed that the NSC antioxidant property against DPPH assay as ascorbic acid as
standard drug. The study showed the efficacy at the lowest concentration of about 1.25
(µg/ml) showed the test drug 28.11% with standard 40.89 % and highest concentration of
antioxidant property showed at the range of about 20 (µg/ml) in test drug 81.71% with
standard 89.62%. Thus the “Nagarasingadhi Chooranam” (NSC) showed a better
antioxidant property [9].

SANDHANATHY CHOORANAM (SC):

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

This study showed that the SC antioxidant property against DPPH assay as ascorbic acid as
standard drug. The study showed the efficacy at the lowest concentration of about 1.25
(µg/ml) showed the test drug 27.62% with standard 40.89 % and highest concentration of
antioxidant property showed at the range of about 20 (µg/ml) in test drug 82.36% with
standard 89.62%. Thus the “Sandhanathy Chooranam” (SC) showed a better antioxidant
property [10].

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

153
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

NILAPANAI KIZHANGU CHOORANAM (NPKC):

THE PREPARATION OF NILAPANAI KIZHANGU CHOORANAM:

The ingredients were Nilapanai kizhangu (Curculigo orchioides), Nerunjil (Tribulus

terrestris), Nelli vatral (Phyllanthus emblica), Poonaikaali vidhai (Mucuna pruriens),
Seendhil sarkarai (Tinospora cordifolia), Mul Ilavam pisin (Bombax malabaricum),
Karkandu (Saccharum officinarum). The drug was purchased from authorized country Raw
Drug Store in Chennai. The collected raw materials and plants were identified and
authenticated by Botanist and faculties of Gunapadam department, Government Siddha
Medical College Chennai, Tamilnadu. The Siddha Drug “Nilapanai Kizhangu Choornam”
was prepared as per the siddha text “Kannusamy parambaraivaithiyam”

THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY:

The NPKC showed a better antioxidant activity in DPPH, it showed lowest level of efficacy
at the range of 1.25(μg/ml) 30.26% with the standard of 40.89% followed by showed the
highest efficacy of antioxidant property at the range of 20(μg/ml) 78.66% with the standard
89.62%.. Thus the NPKC showed a better antioxidant property [11].

TRIPHALA CHURNAM, TRIKADUKU CHURNAM, AMUKKARA CHURNAM AND

ELADI CHURNAM.

THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

The DPPH radical scavenging activity of Triphala churnam, Trikaduku churnam, Amukkara
churnam and Eladi churnam showed a better results with the maximum absorption at 515
nm. The Polyherbal formulations showed a dose-dependent antioxidant activity and the IC-50
in the ranges with value of 156, 1171, 2286 and 5067 μg / ml were recorded by Triphala
churnam, Trikaduku churnam, Amukkara churnam and Eladi churnam. Thus the Polyherbal
formulations such as Triphala churnam, Trikaduku churnam, Amukkara churnam and Eladi
churnam showed a better antioxidant property [12].

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

154
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

VENTHAMARAIYATHI CHOORANAM (VTC):

PREPARATION OF VENTHAMARAIYATHI CHOORANAM (VTC):

All the above-mentioned ingredients were purified and dried in the shade until complete
evaporation of the moisture content. It was roasted and powdered and filtered individually
(fine process). Then all are thoroughly mixed to make Venthamaraiyathi Chooranam and
kept in an airtight container. It was labelled as “Venthamaraiyathi Chooranam” (VTC).

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

This study showed that the VTC antioxidant property against DPPH assay as ascorbic acid as
standard drug. The study showed the efficacy at the lowest concentration of about 1.25
(µg/ml) showed the test drug 27.62% with standard 40.89% and highest concentration of
antioxidant property showed at the range of about 20 (µg/ml) in test drug 82.36 % with
standard 89.62%. Thus the “Venthamaraiyathi Chooranam” (VTC) showed a better
antioxidant property [13].

ELATHY URUNDAI (EU):

PREPARATION OF ELATHY URUNDAI (EU):

Elettaria cardamomum, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum tamala, Cassia auriculata,

Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Nelumbo nucifera, Buttermilk. Purification of
ingredients, ingredients were pound into powder, ground with buttermilk, and made into
tablets.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

The extract of EU showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (76.57%) at 20μg/ml and
the lowest percentage of inhibition (26.21%) at 1.25μg/ml. Ascorbic acid (Standard) showed
highest percentage of inhibition (89.62%) at 20μg/ml and the lowest percentage of inhibition
(40.89%) at 1.25μg/ml. Thus the “Elathy Urundai” (Eu) showed a better antioxidant property
[14]
.

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

155
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

LINGAMATHIRAI (LM):

PREPARATION OF LINGAMATHIRAI (LM):

Cinnabar, Indigofera aspalathoides, Aconitum ferox, all the ingredients were ground and
Sealed with silk cloth, then Fried with gingilly oil and then seal is opened subjected to
grinding process. Then it is rolled into pills of Linga mathirai and obtained final form of
Mathirai.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

This study showed that the LM antioxidant property against DPPH assay as ascorbic acid as
standard drug. The study showed the efficacy at the lowest concentration of about 1.25
(µg/ml) showed the test drug 26.21% with standard 40.89% and highest concentration of
antioxidant property showed at the range of about 20 (µg/ml) in test drug 76.57% with
standard 89.62%. Thus the “Lingamathirai (LM)” showed a better antioxidant property [15].

SAMBIRANI POO KULIGAI (SPK):

PREPARATION OF SAMBIRANI POO KULIGAI (SPK)

The purified form of Styrax benzoin was powdered well and was kept in the small pot. Then a
paper was pasted on inner surface of a big mud pot. The big mud pot was kept over the small
mud pot and their mouths oppose each other. The gap between their mouths were sieved by a
seven layered mud smeared wet cloth and then allowed to dry. Then it was subjected to
sublimation process for 12 hours (4 samam). After completing the sublimation process let the
pot undisturbed to give away heat. Followed by this the seal were opened and the sublimed
product was scrapped and collected. Syzygium aromaticum and Felbovinum are powdered
well and sieved through a white cloth. Finely powdered Syzygium aromaticum powder and
Felbovinum powder are added along with the sublimate. Then all these substances are
grounded well with Piper betle leaf juice for 48 minutes [2 Nazhigai]. The paste was made
into pills in the size of seeds of Abrus precatorius [Kundri size] which was equivalent to 130
mg, dried in the shade and bottled up.

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

156
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY:

The study showed that the antioxidant activity of test drug sample SPK using the 2,2-
diphenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay in the ranges of about 1.25
μg/ml, 2.5 μg/ml,5 μg/ml,10 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml using ascorbic acid as standard. SPK
showed the highest percentage inhibition at the range of 82.52% at 20μg/ml when compare to
the standard ascorbic acid with 89.62. Thus the SPK showed a better antioxidant property [16].

KADUKKAI VADAGAM (KV):

PREPARATION OF KADUKKAI VADAGAM (KV):

Kadukkai (Terminalia chebula), Kalluppu (Sodium chloride), Korai kizhangu (Cyperus

rotandus), Kurochani omam (Hyoscyamus niger), Chukku (Zingiber officinale), Kodiveli ver
(Plumbago indica), Thippili (Piper longum), Sevviyam (Piper nigrum), Thippili moolam
(Piper longum), Milagu (Piper nigrum), Induppu (Sodium chloride impura), Omam (Carum
copticum). After purification, all the processed raw material was taken and altogether to
obtain fine powder form. Ginger juice was added to the obtained powder and ground well.
This process was repeated with lemon juice and buttermilk respectively and made into pills.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

The extract of KV showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (79.43%) at 20μg/ml and the
lowest percentage of inhibition (11.70%) at 1.25μg/ml. Ascorbic acid (Standard) showed
highest percentage of inhibition (93.51%) at 20μg/ml and the lowest percentage of inhibition
(21.60%) at 1.25μg/ml. Thus the “Kadukkai Vadagam” (KV) showed a better antioxidant
property [17].

AAVARAI KUDINEER (AK):

Aavarai Kudineer was mentioned in the classical siddha literature for the indication of
diabetes. This kudineer powder gave better results for Dm patients while observing OPD
cases.

ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY:

This study showed the antioxidant efficacy in the method of DPPH. The Aqueous extract of
AK reduced the purple color of DPPH to yellow colored picryl hydrazine at different

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

157
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

concentrations in the serial dilution 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25μg/ml showed the significant
(P<0.05) antioxidant activity. Thus the Aqueous extract of AK showed a better antioxidant
property [18].

VALLARAI NEI (VN):

THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY:

The study showed the antioxidant activity of Vallarai nei DPPH, Nitric oxide scavenging
activity, Superoxide free radicals scavenging activity. Thus the Vallarai nei showed a better
antioxidant property [19].

SANJEEVI THEENEER (ST):

PREPARATION OF SANJEEVI THEENEER:

Ingredient Botanical Name Part Used Quantity

Chukku Zingiber officinale Dry Rhizome (Outer skin -60 g

removed)

Milagu Piper nigrum Dry fruit -60 g

Thippili Piper longum Dry Berry -10g

Kadukkai Terminalia chebula Dry fruit (seed were removed) -25g

Nellikkai Phyllanthus emblica Dry fruit (seed were removed) -50g

Tantrikkai Terminalia belerica Dry fruit (seed were removed) -25g

Omam Trachyspermum ammi Dry fruit -25g

Vaividangam Embelia ribes Dry fruit -25g

Chithramoolam Plumbago zeylanica Dry Root Bark -30g

Korai kizhangu Cyperus rotundus Dry Tuber -25g

Panam karkandu Borassus flabellifer Palm Candy -20g

Irumbu Podi Purified Ferrum -- -60 g

powder
-6 Litres
Water

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

158
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

All the raw drugs were purchased were purified and then the ingredients were pounded nicely
in a stone mortar and soaked in water for 7 days. On the 8th day all the ingredients were
undergone distillation process as per the standard procedures.

ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY:

The present study showed that the antioxidant activity of Sanjeevi theeneer (ST) against the
DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl) free radical. 2.5 ml of sample solution was added to
the 1 ml of 0.3 mm DPPH methanol solution in different concentrations and kept in at the
room temperature. Absorbance was read by using double-beam U.V Spectrophotometer at
517 nm. The antioxidant property of test sample ST required to scavenge DPPH radical in
50% of inhibition (IC50 value) obtained at 90.19 ± 8.57 μg /ml as compared with standard
Ascorbic acid showing 50% of inhibition (IC50 value) (46.91± 9.93 μg /ml) showing its anti-
oxidant activity[20].

DHASALAVANA DHRAVAGAM (DLD):

The ingredients were purified. 1. Salt petre (Suththitha Vediyuppu)- 120gm, 2. Purified Alum
(Suththitha Padigaram)- 120gm, 3. Purified Rock salt (Suththitha Kalluppu)- 40gm, 4.
Purified Halite (Suththitha Indhuppu)- 40gm, 5. Purified Sal ammoniac (Suththitha
Navacharam)-20gm, 6. Purified Common salt (Suththitha Kariyuppu)-20gm, 7.Purified
Borax (Suththitha Vengaram)- 15gm, 8. Purified Green vitriol (Suththitha Annabedi) -50gm,
9. Purified Fullers earth (Suththitha Pooneeru) -5gm and 10. Purified Blue vitriol (Suththitha
Thurusu)-5gm mixed and ground together in the stone mortar. Finally, all the mixture was
transferred to the Valaiyanthiram (Distillation apparatus) and subjected to distillation. The
end product Dhasalavana dhravagam was collected in the vessel and stored in an airtight
container.

THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY:

The study showed that the Antioxidant potential of DLD was validated by using DPPH
radical scavenging assay. DLD possess a potent antioxidant activity at (91.3%) relatively
near to the standard drug. Thus the DLD showed a better antioxidant property [21].

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

159
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

NAMACHIVAYA CHENDOORAM (NMC):

PREPARATION OF NAMACHIVAYA CHENDOORAM (NMC):

Purified Mercury- 35gm, Purified Cinnabar- 35gm, Purified Perchloride of Mercury- 35gm,
Purified Calomel- 35gm, Purified Yellow Arsenic- 35gm, Purified Magnetic oxide of Iron-
8.75 gm, Aloe vera juice- 450 ml, Datura discolor juice- 250ml. All the ingredients were
triturated and made into pellets and ignited then final chendhooram was obtained.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

This study showed that the NMC antioxidant property against DPPH assay as ascorbic acid as
standard drug. The study showed the efficacy at the lowest concentration of about 1.25
(µg/ml) showed the test drug 27.62% with standard 19.17% and highest concentration of
antioxidant property showed at the range of about 20 (µg/ml) in test drug 62.21 % with
standard 89.62%. Thus the “Namachivaya Chendooram” (NMC) showed a better antioxidant
property [22].

GANDHAGA CHENDOORAM (GC):

PREPARATION OF GANDHAGA CHENDOORAM

Purified Gandhagam and purified lingam were powdered in stone mortar. The Calotropis
flower juice was extracted and the remaining substance was kept a side. Then the powder was
grounded with Calotropis flower juice for 9 hours and made into pellet and dried in the
sunshade. The pellet was placed between the remaining substances inside the earthenware. It
was sealed with clay smeared ribbon cloth. A small pit was made on the earth and it was
filled with 4 inches of sand and the earthenware was placed over the sand and it's covered by
350 grams of cow dung cakes and then incinerated. Similarly, the process was repeated with
1.75 kgs of cow dung cakes under capsule heating process (manal maraivu pudam). 3rd time
it was incinerated with 2.1 kgs of cow dung cakes and the finished product Gandhaga
chendooram was obtained.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

This study showed that the GC antioxidant property against DPPH assay as ascorbic acid as
standard drug. The study showed the efficacy at the lowest concentration of about 1.25

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

160
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

(µg/ml) showed the test drug 4.66% with standard 21.90% and highest concentration of
antioxidant property showed at the range of about 20 (µg/ml) in test drug 53.61 % with
standard 96.15%. Thus the “Gandhaga Chendooram” (GC) showed a better antioxidant
property [23].

ASHTABAIRAVACHENDURAM (ABC):

PREPARATION OF ASHTABAIRAVACHENDOORAM:

1. Purified Realgar - 35gm

2. Purified Orpiment - 35gm

3. Purified Magnetic Oxide of Iron - 35gm

4. Purified Calomel - 35gm

5. Purified Cinnabar - 35gm

6. Purified Mercury - 35gm

7. Purified Sulphur - 35gm

8. Purified White Arsenic - 35gm

Juice of the following herbals,

1. Acalyphaindica - 60 ml

2. Piper betle - 60 ml

3. Gossypium herbaceum- - 60 ml

4. Enicostemma axillare- - 60 ml

5. Ocimum sanctum - 60ml

Procedure:

All the above mentioned metal and mineral ingredients were taken, powdered separately and
ground well in a kalvam (stone mortar). Kuppaimeni juice was added to it ground for 3 hours.

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

161
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

Then it was ground by adding Vetrilai, Paruthi, Velarugu, Thulasi respectively for 3 hours
each. The mixture was made into pellets and allowed to dry. The pellets were kept in a mud
pot covered by betel leaf paste. This is covered by another pot and their mouths are sealed
with seven layers of mud sealed cloth. Then it was ignited for 12 hours using deepakkini
(small flame). Finally, the clay smeared cloth was removed and the pots were separated. The
Chenduram was found sticking to the upper pot. This was collected by a clean spoon and
labeled as Ashta Bairava Chenduram (ABC).

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY:

The study showed that the ABC has a potent antioxidant property in DPPH assay. Maximum
of 62.12% and 89.62% anti-radical effects are exercised by Ashta Bairava Chenduram and
standard drug ascorbic acid at concentrations of 20 μg/ml respectively.
Minimum percentage of inhibition 20.78% and 40.89% % anti-radical effects are manifested
by Ashta Bairava Chenduram and standard drug ascorbic acid at concentrations at 1.25μg/ml.
Thus the“Ashta Bairava Chenduram (ABC)”showed a better antioxidant property [24].

RASA CHENDHURAM (RCM):

PREPARATION OF THE DRUG:

The flower juice of the yellow variety of Mirabilis jalapa was ground well with all the raw
drugs in the stone mortar for 6 hours(2 saamam) till the juice and the drugs gets spread well
in the mortar on all sides. On the next the collected medicine was placed in a mud jar and it
was closed with a proper lid and sealed up tightly with 7 layers of mud smeared cloth, then
the mud jar was placed in the vaalugaendiram. Then it is to be ignited with kamalakini for 6
hours (2 saamam) then for kaadakini for next 6 hours. Then it is to be left aside for the whole
night to allow it to cool. Then the obtained chendhuram was collected, ground, weighed and
placed in an airtight container.

THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY:

The study showed that the Rasa chendhuram (RCM) which was a herbomineral formulation
in Siddha system of medicine was showed a better antioxidant activity in (DPPH Assay).
IC50 value of Rasa Chendhuram was found at 215.82μg/ml (calculated using ED50 plus

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

162
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

V1.0 Software) possessed antioxidant activity in compared to the standard ascorbic acid.
Thus the Rasa chendhuram (RCM) showed a better antioxidant property [25].

BHRAMASTHIRAM (BA):

PREPARATION OF BHRAMASTHIRAM (BA):

Minerals materials:

1. Veeram (Hydragyrum Perchloride) - 70gm

2. Kariyuppu (Sodium chloride) - Sufficient quantity (3.kg)

Plant materials:

3. Vellai Saranai (Trianthema decandra) - Sufficient quantity (25 kg)

4. Puliyarai (Oxalis coriculata) - Sufficient quantity (1 kg)

5. Aagayathamarai (Pistia stratiotes) - Sufficient quantity (6 kg)

PROCEDURE:

A mud pot was taken, into which Vellai saradai (Trianthema decandra) leaves are spread
into a thin layer. Then 1/8 part of the salt was spread over the leaves, by layers. This process
was repeated alternatively with the same quantity of leaves and salt. The mud pot was filled
with three layers of leaves and 3/8 part of salt. Similarly, the rest of the leaves and salts were
spread one over the other so as to be arranged in eight such layers. The top most layer should
be the leaves. The mud pot was covered with a lid and then sealed with the seven layers of
mud pasted cloth and let dried. It was subjected to calcination using cow dung cakes which is
about 8-10 times the weight of the kavasam. It is then cooled and the product (salt) was
collected carefully. The process of ignition was repeated for about ten times, fresh leaves of
Vellai saradai is to be used each time. Then the product of ignition was divided into 10 equal
parts. The first part was placed in the kalvam and rubbed with the juice of puliyarai leaves
and made into a paste. The above paste used as kavasam for sealing the savveram mass and
dried in the hot sun. The above process was repeated with the remaining 9 parts and dried for
10 days. Then, the veera kavasam was placed in an Erippu chutty (earthenware) and is
covered with a suitable lid and then subjected to pudam (calcination). It was ignited with low

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

163
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

flame Deepakini & Kamalakini each for about 1 Saamam (3 hours). Then it was followed by
iginition with high flame (kadaagini) for about 6 hours. It was then allowed to cool. After
that the pot was unsealed and pathangam was collected carefully. Finally, the mixture was
collected, weighed and kept in an airtight container and was labeled as BA.

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY:

The extract of BA showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (65.50%) at 20μg/ml and the
lowest percentage of inhibition (20.35%) at 1.25μg/ml. Ascorbic acid (Standard) showed
highest percentage of inhibition (96.15%) at 20μg/ml and the lowest percentage of inhibition
(21.90%) at 1.25μg/ml. Thus BA showed a better antioxidant property [26].

RASA PARPAM (RP):

Ingredients

Vaalai Rasam (Purified Elemental Mercury) 35gms, Gandhagam (Sulphur) 35gms, Kattuulli
– Indian squill (Urginea indica) 35gms.

Procedure:

Indian squaill and Sulphur – each 35gms were taken and placed in a stone mortar and ground
well to get a paste. This is made as a pellet. The pellet was kept in an earthen pot and
medicated oil was obtained by calcination method using the equipment – Kuzhi puda Karuvi.
This oil got by Pudam (Kuzhi puda thylam) was added to Vaala Rasam and kept exposed to
sun light for one day. And the substance was dried. This was ground with the above oil and
made as a pellet. Bricks were taken and crushed into pieces to the size of betel nut. Half of
the brick pieces were spread in a round bottom earthen pot. 1 padi (1.3lit) of salt was layered
above the brick pieces and the pellet was kept over the salt. The pot was covered with earthen
dish and sealed with 8 layers of mud pasted cloth and heated using fire woods through high
flame (Kaadakkini). After that the covering dish was removed. The sublimate was obtained in
the upper earthen dish. Finally, Parpam was collected in a ground well. The Rasa parpam
was collected and kept in an airtight container. The Rasaparpam was labeled as RP.
Panavedai alavu (488 mg) Adjuvant: Palm jaggery. Indications: Tumor, Cervical cancer,
Inguinal bubo, Abscess.

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

164
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

The antioxidant effect of RP and standard drug shows 75.75% and 79.52 % anti-radical
effects are exercised by Rasaparpam and standard drug ascorbic acid at concentrations of 20
μg/ml respectively. Minimum percentage of inhibition 10.23% and 28.14% anti-radical
effects are manifested by Rasaparpam and standard drug ascorbic acid at concentrations at
1.25μg/ml. Thus RP showed a better antioxidant property [27].

KARISALAI KARPAM (KK):

Karisalai Karpam tablet was the product of SKM Siddha and Ayurveda Company (India)
Limited, Erode, Tamil Nadu. It was obtained from the skm stores with the Batch No.: MHD
13002, Mfg date: April, 2013,and it was formulated by the following ingredients such as
Karisalankanni (Eclipta p r o s t r a t a L. 15%), Manjal karisalai (Wedelia calendulaceae L.
15%), Avuri (Indigofera tinctoria L.15%), Kottakkarandai (Sphaeranthus indicus L. 15%),
Vallarai (Centella asiatica L. 15%), Kuppaimeni (Acalypha indica L. 15%), Siruseruppadai
(Coldenia procumbens L. 5%), juice of E. prostrata L. and W. calendulaceae L. (q.s.).

THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

The study showed that there was a marked decrease in GSH, SOD, CAT and GPx was
observed in paracetamol treated animals. Karisalai karpam with at the doses of 100 and 200
mg/kg showed a significantly antioxidant activity by restoring the levels of liver GSH, blood
GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx level. Karisalai karpam with at the dose of (200 mg/kg) was found to
be more effective in increasing the liver and blood GSH, SOD and CAT. Thus the extract of
KK showed a better antioxidant property [28].

IRUNELLI KARPAM (INK):

PREPARATION OF IRUNELLI KARPAM:

Indian gooseberry (Nellikai) and sulfur (Nelikkai ghanthakam) in equal quantity was taken
and they were ground in the stone mortar to attain fine powder. This is one of the kayakarpam
medicine which was used for psoriasis, eczema, and urticaria.

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

165
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY:

The study showed that the Irunelli karpam was more efficient in antioxidant property in
DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical
scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity and total reducing power assay. It
showed the IC 50 of the tested drug at 29.73±0.87 μg/ml for DPPH, 61.22±6.75 μg/ml for
hydroxyl radical, 51.22 ± 4.75μg/ml for superoxide radical and 37.94±3.44 for nitric oxide
radical. Thus the Irunelli karpam showed a better antioxidant property [29].

KIRAMBU KARPAM (KP):

The Purified clove was taken in a Bowl, mixed with the honey and kept in the shade for 4-5
days. After that, the clove was transferred into another dry and clean plate, allowed to dry on
the direct sunlight for 2 days. Then it was ground, filtered with a pure white cloth, then it was
weighed and stored it in an airtight container.

THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY:

The study showed the antioxidant efficacy of ‘Kirambu Karpam’ with the approximately
triplet (9000μg equivalence of ascorbic acid) of inhibition against the Standard Ascorbic acid.
The Hydroxyl radical scavenging, of ‘Kirambu Karpam’ showed the efficacy of 75.93%
with the standard Ascorbic acid standard 85.88% with the absorbance at 695 nm in the 200 μl
sample concentration. 200 μl of Super Oxide Free Radical scavenging of the test drug showed
the 93.33 % inhibition with the Ascorbic acid Standard was at the range of about 77.64% at
560nm. Thus the ‘Kirambu Karpam’ (KP) showed a better antioxidant property [30].

CONCLUSION:

Oxidation is responsible for the formation of free radicals in our body. The increased levels
of free radicals in the body may cause damage to the cellular components which is
responsible for ageing. Siddhars are the spiritual scientists who gave the amazing solution for
aging process in the name of Kayakarpam. Kayakarpam (antioxidant) possess a better
antioxidant property due to the presence of anthocyanin and polyphenols in their medicinal
preparations. Thus this system of medicine is a boon for reducing the aging process. This
review compiles the detail information about the siddha formulations with its antioxidant
activity.

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

166
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

First and foremost I would like to thank the Almighty for his showers, grace, strength and
caliber for doing various research. In the name of Siddhars who has given me power and
courage to accomplish this work, I bow my head on thanks and gratitude to Siddhars for their
blessings. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the person who mean world to me, my mother
Mrs. A. Pushpavalli Rajendran for her lovable support and encouragement towards my
various research work.

REFERENCES:

1. Ashok Agarwal, Aditi mulgund, Alaa Hamada, Michelle renee chyatte, 30 million-A unique view on male
infertility around the globe, Reprod Biol Endocrinol, V 13: 2015.
2. Sambasivam Pillai.T.V, Introduction to Siddha Medicine, IInd Edition, Directorate of Indian Medicine and
Hoemeopathy, 1993, 11&21.
3. Dewick PM. Drugs from nature medicinal natural products: A biosynthetic approach endogenous nitric
oxide. Br JPharmacogn. 1997;110:701.
4. Sabry M. El-Bahr, Biochemistry of free radicals and oxidative stress, Science international, Volume 1, Issue
5, 2013, Pages 111-117.
5. Choi CW,Kim SC , Hwang SS,Chol BK,Ahn HJ,et al.(2002) plant sci.631161-1168.
6. Aline Augusti Boligon, Michel Mansur machado, margareth linde athayde- technical evaluation of
antioxidant activity, boligon et al., Med chem. 2014,4:7
7. B. Kiruthika et al., A Study on phytochemical properties and Anti-oxidant activity of different solvent
extract of siddha drug Paruthi Chooranam in In-Vitro model., International Journal of Advanced Research in
Biological Sciences., Volume 6, Issue 2 – 2019., 51-61.
8. Vijaya Nirmala R et al., In-vitro study of Free Radical Scavenging activity of Poly Herbal Siddha
formulation “Siringipaerathi Chooranam” by DPPH assay., International Journal of Current Research in
Medical Sciences., Volume 5, Issue 2 -2019., 20-25.
9. B. Poongodi, Scientific Validation of Bronchodilator, Anti-Histamine And Anti-Oxidant Activities of Siddha
Herbo-Mineral Formulation “Nagarasingadhi Chooranam” In In-Vivo And In-Vitro Models, e-book,TN Dr.
MGR Medical University, 2016.
10. V. Punithavalli, Scientific Validation of Anti –Hypertensive, Diuretic And Anti-Oxidant Activity of Siddha
Herbo-Mineral Formulation
“Sandhanathy Chooranam” In In-Vivo And In-Vitro Models, e-book,TN Dr MGR Medical university, 2016.
11. S. Sudharsan et al., Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Nilapanai kizhangu chooranam through DPPH
Scavenging Assay., International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences., Volume 4, Issue 2 –
2017, 28-31.
12. Perumal Rajalakshmi et al., Investigation of in vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of
Selected Siddha Polyherbal Formulations., Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research | Vol 51 |
Issue 4S | Oct-Dec (Suppl), 2017.
13. B. Kiruthika, Preclinical validation of the possible mechanisms of the Anti-hypertensive, diuretic,
antioxidant activities of in rodents, “Venthamaraiyathi Chooranam” (VTC), e-book,TN Dr. MGR Medical
University, 2018.
14. Dr. B.Karvanthan, Scientific Validation of Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Dyslipidemic And Anti-Oxidant Activities
of Siddha Herbal Formulation “Elathy Urundai” In-Vivo And In-Vitro Models, The Tamilnadu Dr. M.G.R
Medical University, Chennai-600032, 2017.

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

167
 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com

15. Dr. A. Shanuvas, Scientific Validation of Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Dyslipidemic And Anti-Oxidant Activities of
Siddha Herbo Mineral Formulation “Linga Mathirai” In-Vivo And In-Vitro Models, E-Book, TN Dr MGR
Medical University, 2016.
16. M. Vijibala et al., Evaluation of Antioxidant potential of the Siddha Formulation Sambirani Poo Kuligai by
in-vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay., International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences.,
Volume 4, Issue 12 – 2017., 257-261.
17. A. Kalpana, Scientific Validation of Siddha Drug Kadukkai Vadagam For Its Bronchodilator, Anti-
Histamine And Anti-Oxidant Properties In Rodents, The Tamilnadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University, Chennai-
600032, 2017.
18. G. Prakash Yoganandam Et L., Promising In vitro Antidiabetic And Antioxidant Activities of “Aavarai
Kudineer” - A Potent Polyherbal Siddha Formulation, International Journal of Phytopharmacology, 6(4), 2015,
229-234.
19. M. Ravichandran et al., Evaluation of phytochemical and in vitro anti-oxidant, anti proliferative activity of
a polyherbal Siddha formulation Vallarai nei., Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2014) 3(4): 161-171.
20. Vinayak S et al, Antioxidant potential of novel Siddha Polyherbal distillate Sanjeevi theeneer investigated
through DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl) method, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and
Research, Volume 3; Issue 3; July 2018; Page No. 05-08.
21. M. Ramani et al., Antimicrobial and antioxidant evaluation of a retrospective siddha formulation
Dhasalavana dhravagam used for the treatment of infectious Disease., Scholars Research Library, Der
Pharmacia Lettre, 2015, 7 (10):285-290.
22. S. Saraswathy, Anti-Cancer Activiy of Namachivaya Chendooram In
In-Vitro Cell Line Models Against Invasive Cervical Carcinoma, e-book, TN Dr MGR Medical University,
2016.
23. Dr. S. Kayalvizhi, Scientific Validation of “Gandhaga Chendooram’’ For Ovulation Inducing Activity,
Estimation of Hormone Level And Antioxidant Activity In Female Wistar Albino Rats, E-Book, Tn Dr Mgr
Medical University, 2018.
24. Dr. V. Kaviya, Anti-Cancer Activity of Siddha Drug “Ashta Bairava Chenduram” Against Oral Squamous
Cell Carcinoma [Oscc] Through In-Vitro Model, E-Book The Tamilnadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University,
Chennai-600032, 2016.
25. Aruna.C Et Al., Anti-Oxidant Activity of Siddha Herbo–Mineral Formulation of Rasa Chendhuram in
DPPH Assay., International Journal of Current Research In Chemistry And Pharmaceutical Sciences., Volume
4, Issue 11 – 2017., 8-11.
26. Dr. S. Semalatha, Scientific Validation of Anti-Cancer, Anti-Tumour and Anti-Oxidant Activities of Siddha
Herbo- Mineral Formulation “Bhramasthiram” In Various Cell Line Studies, E-Book The Tamilnadu Dr. M.G.R
Medical University, Chennai-600032, 2018.
27. Dr. G. Deepa, E-Book, Scientific Valitation of Potent Anti-Cervical Cancer, Anti-Tumor And Anti-
Oxidant Activities of Siddha Herbo-Mineral Formulation “Rasa Parpam” In In-Vitro Studies, Submitted By The
Tamilnadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University,Chennai-600032, Oct 2017.
28. Saikat Sen et al., Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Karisalai Karpam, a polyherbal Siddha
formulation against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in rats, available at:
http://www.ancientscienceoflife.org on Thursday, July 16, 2015, IP: 182.74.97.54.
29. S. Kumar et al., In vitro antioxidant property of siddha formulation, Irunelli karpam., Journal of Pharmacy
Research | Vol 11 • Issue 9 • 2017.,1135 -1139.
30. S. Merish et al., Screening of Anti- oxidant Property of a Siddha Herbal Formulation Krambu karpam, at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244478843., DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2937.3922.

Citation: R.Abinaya et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 15 (1): 149-168.

168