Information and Communication Technology

Computer Network
▪ In computerized work system, if different computers are interconnected with the help of some
medium, then this system is called computer network.
▪ The system of computer network works according to a protocol, so that any interference in data-
transmission can be eliminated.
Computer network can also be defined by the following parameters -
(a) Devices on a network share data and information with the help of a common communication medium.
(b) There is a provision of prevention of interference in data and information by other users in the
network.
(c) Devices in a network have fixed addresses, so that data sent from one device reaches only the
referenced device.
(d) Computer networks can include mainframes, personal computers, and a variety of other
communication devices.
Development of Information Communication in India
1766 Robert Clive started the first formal postal system.
1774 Head Post Office was established in Calcutta.
1850 First post-telegraph service started between Calcutta and Diamond
Harbour.
1854 Telegraph Act came to control postal service.
1863 Rail postal service started in India.
1879 Postcard service started.
1964 Member of the India Asia Pacific Postal Union.
1972 Pin code started.
1985 Separation of post and telecom department.
1986 Speed Post Service (EME) started.
1997 A new postal service called mass mailing was started.
1998 Satellite postal service started, entry into insurance sector.
2001 Electronic fund transfer started.
2009 Foreign Money Order Service started.
2012 Mobile money transfer service started.
2013 Post telegraph service was closed (14/07/2014)
2015 April 2 money order service closed.

Communication Process
 ▪ The main purpose of communication is to exchange data and information. Data communication refers
to the exchange of data between two different or similar devices.
The effect of data communication can be demonstrated by three main features-
(a) Delivery- Delivery refers to sending and receiving data from one place to another.
(b) Accuracy- This property indicates the correctness of certain data.
(c) Timeliness- This property refers to the data being delivered within a specified time frame.
Each communication process involves 5 factors -
1. Message
2. Sender
3. Medium
4. Receiver
5. Protocol
E-mail and its Basics Search –
▪ R. Tomlinson - in 1971 AD
▪ E-mail means electronic mail. It is also called
electronic postal service. Using e-mail, you can send your message to any person sitting in any
corner of the world. These messages are sent as electronic documents, which may contain text and
graphics.
E-mail address
E-mail address is made up of three parts -
1. Name- This is the first part of the e-mail address, which indicates the user's name. Example- Reeti
is the username in E-mail address reetiyahoo.com.
2. @ Sign - It separates the first and third parts of the e-mail.
3. Server name - It is the name of the server providing e-mail
facility to the users on the Internet. For example, in the e-
mail address ratiyahoo.com, yahoo.com is the server’s
name.
▪ E-mail procedure - E-mail is transmitted between computer
systems that exchange messages or forward them to other
sites. For this work of e-mail exchange, they follow certain Internet Protocols (IP) and the rules (rules)
of Simple mail transfer protocol, which are specially made for this work only. Sending e-mail is like
sending something through the postal service.

Parts of E-mail -
Mainly the e-mail consists of the following parts -
 1. Header - The header is the topmost section of an e-mail message. It
gives information about the status of the message. The header consists
of the following parts -
(a) To- The e-mail address of the person to whom the message is being
sent. (ii) CC - The carbon copy of the e-mail being sent by it can be sent
to the other recipient and the main recipient also gets to know that which
other persons have also received this message.
(b)BCC- In this option, the main recipient does not get to know that which
other persons have received the copy of the e-mail.
(c) Subject– A summary of the e-mail message meant for online display is written in this option.
Apart from these, other fields of e-mail header are as follows-
(a) Date- The date and time the message was sent is
displayed.
(b) Reply to- From is the e-mail address to which replies to
received e-mail can be sent.
(c) Message ID- This is a unique number by which the
message can be identified.
(d) Reference- These are other relevant message identification numbers.
2. Body - The body of an e-mail is the actual message. Although there is no set limit on the number of
characters in an e-mail message, some Internet providers set a limit on the number of characters in
a message.
3. Attachments- Mainly text can be written in the body of the e-mail. Therefore, if we want to send any
other file format like word processing documents, spreadsheets, images or video files, then there is
a facility to send them along with the message through the attachments option of e-mail.
4. Signature - A signature for e-mail messages is personal information that automatically appears at
the bottom of outgoing messages. Mainly the information
of the signature includes the following things-
(a) Full Name
(b) job title
(c) organization name
(d) phone / fax numbers

Video Conferencing
 ▪ Video conferencing is a modern communication technology, through which many people can connect
simultaneously through audio-video from two or more places.
▪ It is also called video teleconferencing.
▪ Video Conferencing requires Video Camera or Web Cam,
Computer Monitor, Television or Projector, Microphone,
Loudspeaker and Internet.
▪ In countries where telemedicine and telenursing are
recognized, nurses and doctors can be contacted through
video conferencing in case of emergency.
Types of communication-
These are of two types.
1. Point to point - It is a communication process between a sender and a receiver.
2. Broadcasting - In this communication is done between a sender and multiple receivers.
Data Communication and Networking
▪ Signal - It is an electromagnetic web. Which is used to send any
data from one place to another with the help of any
communication channel.
▪ it is of two types -
(a) analog signal
(b) digital signal
Analog signal - A signal that varies continuously with time. Like-
voltage, pressure etc. It transmits the data in the form of wave.
▪ It is used in wireless communication (TV, radio). bandwidth of analog signal
Digital signal - It communicates data on binary method. In which '0' represents low voltage current and '1'
represents high voltage current.
▪ In these stepwise different values of the signal are obtained. They are used in calculator, LED screen,
speedometer etc.
Bandwidth- The frequency range over which a device operates. This is called its bandwidth.
The frequency range of each communication medium is different.-
Name Wavelength Frequency (Hz)
1. Gamma rays less than 10.02 nm more than 15 EHz
2. X-rays 10nm-400nm 300EHZ-30PHz
3. Ultraviolet rays 390 nm-750 nm 30PHz-750THz
4. visible rays 390 nm-750 nm 770 THz - 400 GHz
5. Infrared rays 750 nm-1mm 400 THz - 300 GHz
6. Microwaves 1 mm-1m 300 GHz - 300 MHz
7. Radio Waves 1mm-10000 km 300GHz - 3Hz

Different communication media and their bandwidth

Equipment Broadcasting
1. mobile phone 800-900 1800-1900 MHz
2. Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz
3. Short Wave 2.3-30MHz
4. F.M. 188-108MHz
5. T.V. 175-215 MHz

Types of Communication Channel

There are three types of communication channels-
1. Simplex Channel
2. Half Duplex Channel
3. Full Duplex Channel
Simplex Channel
▪ In this, the flow of data is always in one direction i.e. this
channel transmits data in only one direction.
▪ With the help of this channel only one device can send
information and the other device can only receive
information.
▪ Example- (1) Radio signals from the radio station reach the listeners, but do not go back from the
listeners to the radio station.
Half Duplex Channel
▪ Data flow in this channel is in both the directions.
▪ Data can flow in only one direction at a time in this channel.
▪ Example- Data is transmitted in only one direction at a time in a
telephone line.
Full Duplex Channel
▪ Data is transmitted in both directions in this channel.
▪ Both channels can continuously exchange data.
▪ Example- In wireless, data can flow simultaneously
in both the directions at the same time.
▪ The frequency range over which a device operates is called its bandwidth.
Baud - It is a unit of measure for the flow of data. It is also called bits per second.
Broadband - This service is used for data flow through telephone line, it allows data to flow faster. The
same method is used to send signals faster in the Internet.
Communication Media
▪ Some medium is required for the communication of data from a computer to a terminal or from a
terminal to a computer, this medium is called a communication
line.
There are two types of communication lines -
1. Guided Media or wired Technologies.
2. Unguided media or wireless technologies

Guided Media or wird technologies

▪ In guided media, data signals flow through wires.
▪ These are of three types-
(a) Ethernet Cableor Twisted pair- Such cables are twisted with each other, on which a bad
conductor of electricity material and another layer cover (External cover) is attached.
(b) Coaxial Cable- High frequency data is transmitted through this cable.
(c) Fibre optic Cable- It is a new technology, in which instead
of metal wires, special types of glass or plastic fibers are
used for data communication.
▪ This cable is light and fast.
▪ This cable is used for tele-communication and
networking. It transmits waves of frequency 1-100Hz.
▪ In this, noise is very low, bandwidth is high, speed is fast
and loss of signals is minimum.
▪ It is used for long distance communication, but the cost
of installation and maintenance is high.

Unguided media or wireless Technologies

 ▪ In unguided media, the flow of data is through communication channels
without wires.
▪ The flow of data in these media is through waves.
▪ Following are the details of some unguided media
(a) Radiowave Transmi-ssion- When two terminals exchange information
through radio frequencies, this type of communication is called radiowave
transmission.
(b) Microwave Transmi- ssion- In this system, signals are transmitted openly (without any medium)
like radio signals.
▪ Information is exchanged in this system through frequencies.
▪ It is used in cellular networks and television broadcasting.
▪ Since high frequency waves cannot cross any obstacle, the
antennas of both the sender and the receiver must be in a straight
line.
(c) Infrared wave Trans- mission- Infrared waves are high frequency
waves used for short distance communication.
▪ These waves cannot travel through solid objects like walls etc.
▪ These are used for T.V. Used in remote, wireless speaker etc.
(d) Satellite Communication- Satellite communication is a high speed data communication medium.
▪ It is the most ideal communication medium for long distance communication.
▪ Signals are sent from the ground station to the satellite located in the space and the satellite is of
that signal.
▪ Extends it and sends it back to another distant station.
▪ Through this system, a large amount of data can be sent over a maximum distance.
▪ It is used for sending signals for phone, TV and internet etc.
(e) Ethernet Cable- Computer and network devices such as modem, telephone, router, etc. are
connected to each other by Ethernet cable.
▪ It uses the Ethernet protocol.
▪ With its help, a local network (LAN) can also be created.
▪ An Ethernet cable works up to 100 meters, but it can also be
extended with the help of a network bridge.

Computer Network
 ▪ A network is a group of computers connected to each other, which can establish communication with
each other and sharing information and resources. Networks are divided into three categories
according to the geographical location of their computers-
Local Area Network LAN
▪ It is a computer network that covers local areas such as homes,
offices or groups of buildings. LAN is designed to share resources
among personal computers.
▪ Bus, Ring and Star Topology are used more in the lane.
▪ Currently running LANs are mostly based on JEEE 80 running on
10,100 or 1000 MB or wifi technology.
▪ Ex-Ithernet
Metropolitan area Network-MAN
▪ A metropolitan area network is a high-speed network that can
carry voice, data, and images over 75 km at speeds of 200 mb
per second or more.
▪ A MAN, which may consist of one or more LANs, as well as other
telecommunication equipment such as microwave and satellite
relay stations, is smaller than a WAN, but operates at higher
speeds. does.
▪ Ex-Metros
Wide Area Network WAN
▪ This is such a communication system, which is spread to the national or global level and in which
computers and small networks are connected to each other (Wireless connected) is called Wayne.
▪ Ex-Internet
There are two types of WAN-
(a) Switched WAN
(b) Point to Point) WAN
Examples of WAN-
1. ARPANET (us-defence department)
2. NICNET
3. SWIFT
4. SBINET
5. INDONET
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
 ▪ A virtual private network is a type of network that is created using the Internet to connect to a
company's internal network.
▪ VPN users typically interact with simple graphical client programs. These Application Tunals creation
configuration parameters setting and V.P.N. In P.P. TP (PPTP), L.T.P. (L2TP), IPSec, and SOCKS
use a number of different network protocols.
Wireless Technology
▪ Due to the cost of cable and the problem of maintenance, wireless
technology is being used to connect various computers to the
network. In this, the network is established for short distance using
radio waves and infrared rays.
Types of Wireless Technology-
1 Wimax 3 Bluetooth 5 Wireless Access Point
2 WLL 4 Wi-fi 6 Wireless Application Protocol.

1. Wi-Max- It also has the capability of data transmission over long distances. It works on Broad Band,
due to which it is able to flow data very quickly. Its speed is 3.3 to 3.4 GHZ.
2. WLL- Due to the high bandwidth in this technology, data flows more quickly, and in addition to data
transmission, the facility of the phone is also provided.
3. Bluetooth - Radio waves of low wavelength are used in this, so data can be exchanged only up to
100 meters.
4. Wi-Fi It is used in making Wireless LAN. With its help, computers, laptops, mobiles, etc. can be
connected to the Internet simultaneously.
5. Wireless Point Access- A radio transmitter and receiver are used in this device, with the help of
which different devices can be connected to a wireless network using Wi-fi or Bluetooth standards.
6. Wireless Application Protocol - It is used to connect mobile phone to internet.
Connectivity Devices
▪ Connectivity devices are used in networking to form a network or inter network. Here we will study
some of the main connectivity tools, which are as follows -
1. modem 5. Router
2. Repeater 6. Switch
3. Hub 7. Bi-Router
4. Bridge 8. Gateway

Modem
 ▪ The word modem has been created by combining and abbreviating Modulator (Digital Analog Signal)
and Demodulator (Analog to Digital Signal).
▪ Modem converts digital signals (which are sent over the telephone line) into digital signals (which are
used by computers).
▪ modulation: Due to the loss of low frequency waves in them, it cannot travel for long distances. They
are superimposed on high frequency waves and sent to far off places. These actions are called
Modulation and the device is called Modulator.
Repeter
▪ A repeater is a type of digital amplifier, which works on the physical layer of the OSI reference model
of networking and regenerates the signal, so that it can be transmitted over long distances.
Hub
▪ A hub is a wiring concentrator that serves as the central junction point for network
cabling.
Bridge
▪ A bridge is a networking component that divides networks or extends network segments.
▪ The bridge operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. It is used to connect different types of
media (such as UTP cabling and fiber optic cabling).
Router
▪ It is an Internetwork device (inter-network device) which is used to
connect different architectures. It can send packets from one logical
network to another to interconnect multiple networks.
Switch
▪ Switch is an advanced form of bridge; its efficiency is more than bridge.
▪ A switch acts as a multiport bridge, connecting different devices and segments in a LAN.
▪ A switch usually has a buffer for each link (network) it connects to.
Brouter
▪ To interconnect multiple networks. A router is a networking device that
has the properties of both a bridge and a router.
▪ Generally, berouter acts as a router for one protocol (such as (TCP/IP))
and a bridge for all other protocols (such as IPX/SPX).
▪ It is not used much.

Gateway
 ▪ Gateways are used to connect networks based on different protocols (such as Apple-talk, TCP/IP,
etc.).
Li-Fi (Light Fidelity technology)
▪ It was discovered in 2011 by Professor Harold Haas of the University of Edinburgh, UK.
▪ It can be powered by a power source such as an LED bulb, an internet connection, a photo detector.
Institutions Related to the Development of Telecom in India-
▪ The development of telecommunication in India took place between
Calcutta and Diamond Harbor in the form of telegraph service in 1851.
Telephone service was first started in Calcutta in 1881.
▪ The first automatic telephone exchange was started in Shimla in 1913-
14. Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) was established in 2002
with the objective of providing telephone service in rural areas.
Some important institutions
1. Telecommunication Consultants It was established in 1978, this venture provides service in 57
countries of the continent of Asia and Africa. It has got the status of a minor gem in India.
2. Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) – It was established on 1 April 1986 in Mumbai. Apart from
satellite and ground stations, its task is to operate the submarine cable.
3. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) – It was established on 1 April 1986 in New Delhi.
It provides services like telemetrics, video conferencing to the consumers.
4. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) – It was established on 1 October 2000 in New Delhi, it
started its broadband data service from 2005 under the name one.
▪ It has ensured telephone reach in rural areas.
▪ Presently it is providing IP based, Wi Max, Wi-Fi enabled service.
5. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)- It was established in
January 1997 in New Delhi. Its current president P.D. Baghela is
▪ It hears telecom disputes and appeals. Regulates and regulates telecommunication services.
▪ Takes care of the quality of services provided to the consumers.

Indian Telephone Industries Limited (IIT/IIIL)- It was established in 1948 in Bangalore. Its function is to
manufacture telecommunication equipment.

Tele Communication Consultants India Limited (TCIL)-

• It was established in 1978 under the Ministry of Communications, which is a Miniratna status Indian
undertaking. Its function is to develop software for telecommunication in
HPTT.
• Mobile – This is communicationless telephone technology. In which the
mobile phone connects to the terrestrial cellular network of base stations.
While the satellite phone connects the orbital satellites. Any phone is
interconnected with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) for
dialing facility. It was invented in 1973 by US Navy officer Martin Cooper, who became an employee
of Motorola, it was first tested in Chicago in 1977 and the first commercial phone was made by
Motorola in 1983.
▪ Bluetooth was developed by Sony Ericsson in 1996.
▪ The first display phone came in 1996 itself.
▪ In 1997, Flip Con made the first camera phone.
Mobile Techniques
GSM GPRS
CDMA
EDGE SIM
Jammer LTE VOLTE IMEI

1. GSM (Global System for Mobile)- It is a digital circuit switched network developed to replace the
first-generation analog networks and support GSM standard full duplex telephony.
2. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)- It is a kind of broad-spectrum indicator. Where each
transmitter is allotted a code. So that all the users can access the same physical channels at the
same time.
3. EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)- The packet data transmission speed in GSM is
increased through EDGE. Which is currently known as EGPRS.
4. Jammer- This technical device emits signals of the same frequency as the cell phone being used.
Due to which the transmission gets blocked, and the cellphone stops working.
5. LTE (Long Term Evalution)- Launched in Stockholm in 2009, it is a standard for wireless broadband
based on GSM and UMTS technologies. This extends the use of a separate radio interface with core
network improvements. In this, data is transferred from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz frequency.
6. Volte (Voice over long term Evalution)- It is based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
architectural framework. Which supports 4G technology, in which there is no decrease in internet
speed in the phone even in the case of crows.
7. IMEI- International Mobile Equipment Identity Number which is a 15 digit unique identification number
of a mobile set.
 8. SIM- Subscriber Identity Module is the full form. It is an integrated circuit. In which the 'Service
Subscriber Key' (IMSI) data required for mobile telephony is stored on the mobile phone.
9. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)- It is an evolved form of GSM through which packet data
transport is included.
Types of Broadband-
1. digital subscriber line (DSL)- It is a wire line transmission
technology that transfers data over conventional copper telephone
lines, used in homes. It is of two types.
(a) asymmetrical digital subscriber line
(b) Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
2. broadband over power line - This broadband service works on low voltage and medium voltage
electric power distribution networks.
3. DTH (Direct to Home)- This network is composed of broadcast
stations, satellite communications, encoders, modulators, and
consumers.
▪ It requires setup box and dish antenna.
▪ It is the only high-quality type of cable suitable for conditional access systems and Internet
Protocol television.
4. cable modem - Internet speed provided by local TV service provider is low.
5. Wireless - Connects wireless broadband to the Internet with the help of a radio link.
6. Fiber Optics - This is a new service which provides fast internet service.
Types of Broadband

DDL DTH Modem only

Broadband over power line Wireless Fiber Optics

Policies of Government of India-

1. Indian Telegraph Act - It was made on 1 October 1885, in which rules 419 and 419 (A) related to
monitoring of telephone messages are mentioned.
2. Telecom Policy 1999-
▪ Ending the monopoly of VSNL in international communication traffic
▪ Wireless resolution for local loop
▪ nokia approved to set up plant in Perambadur.
▪ Converting PCO to Public Tele Info like ISDN
3. Information technology act, 2000-
 ▪ Transmission of obscene information electronically was also said to be illegal.
▪ The Controller of Certifying Officers was given the power to intercept any information operating
on the computer network.
4. IT Act 2008-
5. Provision to prevent unlimited visual presentation and verbal indecency of women
6. Article 67, Publication of legal and obscene material on subjects related to religion, literature, art,
science will be considered illegal.
7. National Telecom Policy 2012-
▪ The approval was received on 31 May 2012.
▪ Provision for abolition of mobile portability and roaming
charges
▪ Minimum 2Mbps speed for internet
▪ Spectrum allocation and circle license process separate.
8. National Digital Communications Policy, 2018-
Purpose -
▪ Providing 50 Mbps broadband service to all citizens by 2020.
▪ To connect all the gram panchayats of the country with 1 Gbps speed broadband by 2020. To convert
this connectivity to 10 Gbps by 2022.
▪ Attracting investment of $100 billion by 2022 in the telecom sector.
▪ BharatNet, NagarNet, GramNet and Jan Wi-Fi have been discussed for the spread of Internet.
▪ Proposal for formation of National Fiber Authority.
▪ Discussion on establishment of National Broadband Campaign by USOF and Public Private
Partnership. To increase the contribution of digital communication sector to the country's GDP to 8%
from less than 6% in 2017.