MA3251

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25. The means of two large samples of 1000 and 2000 members are 67.5 inches and 68.0 inches
respectively. Can the samples be regarded as drawn from the same populations of standard
deviation 2.5 inches? (A.U.M/J 2012)

26. Two random samples gave the following results:

Sample Size Sample Mean Sum of square of deviation
from the mean
1 10 15 90

2 12 14 108

Test whether the samples have come from the same normal population. (A.U.M/J 2012)

27. Test whether there is any significant difference between the variance of the population from
which the following samples are taken: (A.U.N/D 2012)

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Samples I : 20 16 26 27 23 22

Samples II: 27 33 42 35 32 34 38

AP
28. A mathematics test was given to 50 girls and 75 boys. The girls made an average grade of 76
with a S.D of 6, while boys made an average grade of 82 with a S.D of 2. Test whether there is
any significant difference between the performance of boys and girls. (A.U.N/D 2012)

29. A sample of 10 boys had the I.Q‟s : 70,120,110,101,88,83,95,98,100 and 107. Test whether
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the population mean I.Q may be 100. (A.U.N/D 2012)

30. Random sample drawn from two countries gave the following data relating to the heights of
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adult males. Is the difference between standard deviation significant? (A.U.A/M 2013)
Country A Country B
Mean height( in inches) 67.42 67.25
S.D(inches) 2.58 2.50
Number of samples 1000 1200
U

31. The sales manager of a large company conducted a sample survey in state A and B taking 400
samples in each case. The results were in the following table. Test whether the average sales
in the same in the 2 state at 1% level. (A.U.A/M 2013)
ST

State A State B
Average sales Rs.2,500 Rs.2,200
S.D Rs.400 Rs.550

32. 1000 students at college level were graded according to their I.Q. and their economic conditions.
What conclusion can you draw from the following data: (A.U.A/M 2013)
Economic conditions I.Q.Level
High Low
Rich 460 140
Poor 240 160
33.Time taken by workers in performing a job are given below: (A.U.N/D 2013)
Type I : 21 17 27 28 24 23 -
Type II : 28 34 43 36 33 35 39
Test whether there is any significant difference between the variance of time distribution.

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34. 20 people STUCOR
were attacked APP and only 18 survived . Will you reject the hypothesis
by a disease
that the survival rate , if attacked by this disease is 85% is favour of the hypothesis that is
more at 5% level? (A.U.N/D 2013)

35. Before an increase in excise duty on tea, 900 persons out of a sample of 1100 persons were
found to be tea drinkers. After an increase in duty, 900 people were tea drinkers in a sample of
1300 people. Using standard error of proportion, state whether there is a significant decrease
in the consumption of tea after the increase in excise duty? (A.U.N/D 2013)

36. The sales manager of a large company conducted a sample survey in two places A and B taking
200 samples in each case. The results were in the following table. Test whether the average sales
in the same in the 2 state at 5% level. (A.U.N/D 2013)
Place A Place B
Average sales Rs.2,000 Rs.1,700
S.D Rs.200 Rs.450

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37.A manufacturer of light bulbs claims that an average of 2% of the bulbs manufactured by him are
defective. A random sample of 400 bulbs contained 13 defective bulbs. On the basis of the sample,
can you support the manufacturer‟s claim at 5% level of signifance? (A.U A/M 2014)

AP
38. A survey of 320 families with 5 children each revealed the following distribution.
No. of boys : 5 4 3 2 1 0
No. of girls : 0 1 2 3 4 5
No.of families : 14 56 110 88 40 12 (A.U A/M 2014)
Is this result Consistent with the hypothesis that male and female births are equally probable?
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39. Two independent samples of sizes 9 and 7 from a normal population had the following values of the
variables
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Sample I : 18 13 12 15 12 14 16 14 15
Sample II: 16 19 13 16 18 13 15 (A.U A/M 2014)
Do the estimates of population variance differ significantly at 5% level of significant?

UNIT II
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DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
PART - A
ST

1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Randomized block design. (A.U.A/M 2010)
2. State the advantages of a factorial Experiment over a simple experiment. (A.U.A/M 2010, 2014)
3. Compare one-way classification model with two-way classification model. (A.U.N/D 2010)
4. What is meant by Latin square? (A.U.N/D 2010)
5. What are the applications of t-distributions? (A.U.A/M 2011)
6. Write any two differences between RBD and CRD. (A.U.A/M 2011)
7. State the assumptions involved in ANOVA. (A.U.M/J 2012)
8. What are the advantages of a Latin square design? (A.U.M/J 2012)
9. State the basic principles of design of Experiments. (A.U.N/D 2012), (A.U.M/J 2014,2015)
10. Define :RBD (A.U.N/D 2012)
11.What do you understand by “Design of Experiments” ? (A.U.A/M 2013)

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12.Write FROM
down the STUCOR APP
ANOVA table for one way classification. (A.U.A/M 2013)
13. What is the aim of design of Experiments. (A.U.N/D 2013)
14. Define 22 factorial design. (A.U.N/D 2013)
15.State any two advantages of a CRD . (A.U.M/J 2014)

PART – B
1. A set of data involving four “four tropical feed stuffs A, B, C, D” tried on 20 chicks is given below.
All the twenty chicks are treated alike in all respects except the feeding treatments and each feeding
treatment is given to 5 chicks. Analyze the data.
Weight gain of baby chicks fed on different feeding materials composed of tropical feed stuffs:
Total Ti
A 55 49 42 21 52 219
B 61 112 30 89 63 355
C 42 97 81 95 92 407

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D 169 137 169 85 154 714
Grand Total G=1695 (A.U.A/M 2010)

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2. An experiment was planned to study the effect of sulphate of potash and super phosphate on the yield
of potatoes. All the combinations of 2 levels of super phosphate and 2 levels of sulphate of potash
were studied in a randomized block design with 4 replications for each. The yields (per plot) obtained
are given below.
Block Yields (lbs per plot)
I (1) k p kp
R 23 25 22 38
II p (1) k kp
40 26 36 38
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III (1) k kp p
29 20 30 20
IV kp k p (1)
34 31 24 28 (A.U.A/M 2010)
Analyze the data and comment on your findings.(F (3,9) =3.86, F (1, 9) =5.12) .
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3. Carry out ANOVA (Analysis of variance) for the following.

A B C D
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1 44 38 47 36
2 46 40 52 43
3 34 36 44 32 Workers (A.U.N/D 2010)
4 43 38 46 33
5 38 42 49 39

4. Perform Latine Square Experiment for the following. (A.U.N/D 2010)

Roam I II III → Three equally spaced
concentrations of poison as
extracted from the scorpion fish.
Arabic 1 2 3 → Three equally spaced body
weights for the animals tested.
Latin A B C → Three equally spaced times of
storage of the poison before it is
administered to the animals.

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I II III
1. 0.194 0.73 1.187
A
AB B C
2. 0.758 0.311 0.589

C A B
3. 0.369 0.558 0.311
B C A

5. The following are the number of mistakes made in 5 successive days by 4 technicians working for a
photographic laboratory test at a level of significance α=0.01 . Test whether the

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difference among the four sample means can be attributed to chance. (A.U.A/M 2011)
Technician
I II III IV

AP
6 14 10 9
14 9 12 12
10 12 7 8
8 10 15 10
11 14 11 11
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6. The following data represent the number of units of production per day turned out by 5 different
workers using 4 different types of machines : (A.U.N/D 2011) (A.U.A/M 2013)
Machine type
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A B C D
1 44 38 47 36
Workers 2 46 40 52 43
3 34 36 44 32
4 43 38 46 33
5 38 42 49 39
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(a) Test whether the mean production is the some for the different machine type.
(b) Test whether the 5 mean differ with mean productivity.
ST

7. A variable trial was conducted on wheat with 4 varieties in a Latin square design. The plan of the
experiment and the per plot yield are given below. (A.U.N/D 2011)
C25 B23 A20 D20
A19 D19 C21 B18
B19 A14 D17 C20
D17 C20 B21 A15

8. The sales of 4 salesmen in 3 seasons are tabulated here. Cary out on analysis of variance.
Salesmen
Seasons A B C D
Summer 36 36 21 35
Winter 28 29 31 32 (A.U.N/D 2012)
Monsoon 26 28 29 29

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9. A farmer wishesSTUCOR APPof 4 fertilizers A,B,C,D on the yield of wheat. The
to test the effect fertilizers are
used in a LSD and the result are tabulated here. Perform an analysis of variance. (A.U.N/D 2012)
A18 C21 D25 B11
D22 B12 A15 C19
B15 A20 C23 D24
C22 D21 B10 A14

10. Compare and contrast the Latin square design with the RBD. (A.U.A/M 2013)
11.Analyse the following of Latin square experiment.
Column Row 1 2 3 4
1 A(12) D(20) C(16) B(10)
2 D(18) A(14) B(11) C(14)
3 B(12) C(15) D(19) A(13)
4 C(16) B(11) A(15) D(20) (A.U.A/M 2013)

12. The following is a Latin square of a design when 4 varieties of seeds are being tested. Set up the

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analysis of variance table and state your conclusion. You may carry out suitable change of origin
and scale.
A 105 B 95 C 125 D 115

AP
C 115 D 125 A 105 B 105
D 115 C 95 B 105 A 115
B 95 A 135 D 95 C 115 (A.U.A/M 2013)
13. The following is a Latin square of a design when 4 varieties of seed are being tested. Set up the
analysis of variance table and state your conclusion. You can carry out the suitable charge of origin
and scale. (A.U.N/D 2013)
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A 110 B 100 C 130 D 120
C 120 D 130 A 110 B 110
D 120 C 100 B 110 A 120
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B 100 A 140 D 100 C 120
14.Analyse the following RBD and find your conclusion. (A.U.N/D 2013)
Treatments
T1 T2 T3 T4
B1 12 14 20 22
B2 17 27 19 15
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Blocks B3 15 14 17 12
B4 18 16 22 12
B5 19 15 20 14
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15. Four varieties A,B,C and D of a fertilizer are tested in a RBD with four replications.
The plot yields in pounds are as follows.
Column Row 1 2 3 4
1 A(12) D(20) C(16) B(10)
2 D(18) A(14) B(11) C(14)
3 B(12) C(15) D(19) A(13)
4 C(16) B(11) A(15) D(20)
Analyse the experimental yield. (A.U A/M 2014)
16. Analyse the variance in the Latin square of yields( in kgs) of paddy where P,Q,R,S denote the
different methods of cultivation.

S122 P121 R123 Q122

Q124 R123 P122 S125
P120 Q119 S120 R121
R122 S123 Q121 P121
Examine whether different method of cultivation have significantly different yields. (A.U A/M 2014)

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UNIT III
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS
PART - A

1. Using Newton-Raphson method, find the iteration formula to compute √ . (A.U.A/M 2010)
2. Explain the power method to determine the eigenvalue of a matrix. (A.U.A/M 2010)
3. Write the convergence condition and order of convergence for Newton-Raphson method.
(A.U.N/D 2010) (A.U A/M 2014)
4. Compare Gauss Jacobi with Gauss Jordan. (A.U.N/D 2010)
5. What is the order of convergence and also state the error term for Newton Raphson method?
(A.U.A/M 2011)

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6. Find the dominant eigenvalue of the matrix ( ) by power method. (A.U.A/M 2011)

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7. Arrive a formula to find the value of √ , where N 0 , using Newton-Raphson method.
(A.U.M/J 2011)
8. Solve the following system of equations using Gauss-Jordan elimination method
2x y 3, x 2 y 1 . (A.U.M/J 2012)
9. Compare Gauss elimination and Gauss Jacobi methods . (A.U.N/D 2012)
10. Mention the order and condition for the convergence of Newton-Raphson method (A.U.N/D 2012)
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11. Find the positive real root of 3x – cosx - 1 by N-R method correct to 6 decimal places.
(A.U.A/M 2013)
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12. Solve the equations A+ B + C = 6; 3A+3B+4C = 20, 2A + B + 3C = 13 using Gauss elimination

Method. (A.U.A/M 2013)
13. State the principle used in Gauss – Jordan method. (A.U.N/D 2013)
14. Solve : x + y+ z = 6, 3x + 3y + 4z = 20, 2x + y+ 3z = 13 using Gauss elimination method.
(A.U.N/D 2013)
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15.Write the procedure involved in Gauss elimination method. (A.U A/M 2014)
16. Find the real root of the equation x = ex, , using N- R method. (A.U N/D 2014)
17. Write down the iterative formula of Gauss – Seidel method. (A.U N/D 2014)
ST

PART – B
1. Solve by Newton‟s method, find the real root of x log 10 X=1.2 correct to five decimal places.
(A.U N/D 2011) (A.U A/M 2014)
2. Find the largest eigen values and its corresponding vector of the matrix (A.U N/D 2011)

A=[ ] by power method.

3. Solve by Gauss-seidel iterative procedure the system 8x-3y-2z=20: 6x+3y+12z=35: 4x+11y-z=33.

(A.U N/D 2011)

4. Solve by Gauss Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix[ ] (A.U N/D 2011)

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5. Apply Gauss STUCOR
elimination methodAPP
to find the solution of the following system :
x+y+z=9 : 2x - 3y + 4z=13: 3x + 4y+5z=40. (A.U.N/D 2012)

6. Find the dominant eigen value of [ ] by power method. (A.U.N/D 2012)

7. Solve by Gauss Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix[ ] (A.U.N/D 2012)

8. Solve the following equations by Gauss-seidel method x+y+54z=110: 27x+6y-z=-85: 6x + 15y+2z=72.

(A.U.N/D 2012)

9. Solve the system of equations by Gauss Jordan method x + y+ z +w = 1, 2x – y + 2z – w = - 5,

3x + 2y += 3z + 4w= 7, x – 2y - 3z + 2w = 5. (A.U.A/M 2013)
10. Apply Gauss elimination method to find the solution of the following system :
2x- y+8z=13 : 3x + 4y + 5z=18: 5x - 2y+7z=20. (A.U.A/M 2013)
11. Solve by Gauss-seidel iterative procedure the system 28x+4y-z=32: x+3y+10z=24: 2x+17y+4z=35

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(A.U.A/M 2013)

12. Find all the eigen value of [ ] by using Power method. (A.U.A/M 2013,N/D 2014)

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13. Find a positive root for the equation 3x – cosx = 1 by N-R method. (A.U.N/D 2013)

14. Find the inverse of the matrix[ ] by Gauss Jordan method. (A.U.N/D 2013)

]
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15. Find the largest eigen value of the matrix[ by power method .Also find its

corresponding eigen vector. (A.U.N/D 2013)

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16. Find the inverse of the matrix[ ] by Gauss Jordan method. (A.U A/M 2014)

17. Solve by Gauss-seidel iterative procedure the system - 10x+2y+2z=4: x- 10y+2z=18:

x+y - 10z=45 (A.U A/M 2014)

]
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18. Find the largest eigen value of the matrix[ by power method. (A.U A/M 2014)

19. Find the inverse of the matrix[ ] by Gauss Jordan method. (A.U N/D 2014)
ST

20. Find the solution , to three decimals, of the system using Gauss-seidel method
8x + 11y – 4z = 95 , 7x +52y +13z = 104, 3x + 8y + 29z = 71. (A.U N/D 2014)

UNIT IV
INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
PART - A

1.State the properties of divided differences. (A.U N/D 2011) (A.U A/M 2014)
1 1
2. Show that 3 ( )  . (A.U N/D 2011)
bcd a abcd
3. What is need of Newton‟s and Lagrange‟s interpolation formula? (A.U.N/D 2012)
4.Find the area under the curve passing through the points (0,0),(1,2),(2,2.5),(3, 2.3),(4,2),(5,1.7)
and (6, 1.5) . (A.U.N/D 2012)

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5. Show that the divided difference of second order can be expressed as the quotient of two
determinants of third order. (A.U.A/M 2013)
6. Use Lagrange‟s formula to fit a polynomial to the data and find y at x = 1.
X -1 0 2 3

Y -8 3 1 12 (A.U.A/M 2013)
7 State the use of Lagrange‟s interpolation form. (A.U.N/D 2013) (A.U N/D 2014)
8. Evaluate ∫ , using Trapezoidal rule, taking h = 0.5. (A.U.N/D 2013)
9. What is „inverse interpolation‟ ? (A.U A/M 2014)
10. State Newton‟s forward and backward interpolating formula. (A.U N/D 2014)

PART – B
1. Using Lagranges interpolation formula find y(10) given that y(5) = 12, y(6) = 13,
y(9) = 14 and y(11) = 16. (A.U N/D 2011)


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2
2.Evaluate  sin xdx
0
by using (i) Trapezoidal rule (ii) Simpson‟s rule taking 11 ordinates. (A.U N/D 2011)

AP
3. Find the rate of growth of the population in 1931 using Newton‟s interpolation formula.(A.U N/D 2011)

Year 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971

Population 40.62 60.8 79.95 103.56 132.65

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(A.U.N/D 2013)

4. Using Newton‟s backward interpolation formula find a polynomial of degree 3 passes through
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(3,0),(4,24),(5,60)and(6,120). (A.U N/D 2011)

5.Find y(22) given that (A.U.N/D 2012)

X: 20 25 30 35 40 45
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Y(x): 354 332 291 260 231 204


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6.Eevaluate  sin xdx by trapezoidal rule and Simpson‟s rule by dividing into 10 equal parts.
0

(A.U.N/D 2012) (A.U.N/D 2013)

7.Find y‟(1), if
X : 0 2 3 4 7 9

Y(x) : 4 26 58 112 466 922 (A.U.N/D 2012)

8.Using Newton‟s divided difference formula, find the value of f(2) ,f(8) and f(15) given the following table

x: 4 5 7 10 11 13

f(x): 48 100 294 900 1210 2928 (A.U.A/M 2013) (A.U.N/D 2013)

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9.Using Lagrange‟s method , find the value of f(3) from the following table.

x: 0 1 2 3

y: 2 3 12 147 (A.U.N/D 2013)

1 1
dx dy
10. Evaluate I = 0 0 1  x  y by using Trapezoidal rule. (A.U.N/D 2013)

11. Find the polynomial f(x) by using Lagrange‟s formula and hence find f(4) for

x: 1 3 5 7

f(x): 24 120 336 720 (A.U A/M 2014)

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12. Evaluate ∫ by using Simpson‟s one –third rule. (A.U A/M 2014)
13. Construct Newton‟ forward interpolation polynomial for the following data

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x: 1 2 3 4 5 (A.U A/M 2014)

y: 1 -1 1 -1 1 and hence find f(3.5),f‟(3.5)

14.The velocity v of a particle at a distance s from appoint on its path is given as follows:

S in meter : 0
R 10 20 30 40 50 60

V m/sec : 47 58 64 65 61 52 38 (A.U A/M 2014)

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Estimate the time taken to travel 60 meters by using Trapezoidal rule and Simpson‟s 3/8 rule.

15. Find the first and second derivatives of f(x) at x = 1.5 if (A.U N/D 2014)

x: 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

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f(x): 3.375 7.000 13.625 24.000 38.875 59.000

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UNIT V

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART - A

1. State Modified Euler algorithm to solve y‟= ( ),y(x0)=y) at x=x0 +h. (A.U.N/D 2011,2012, M/J 2013)
2. State the disadvantage of Taylor series method. (A.U N/D 2009,M/J 2012,2014)
3.Write the merits and demerits of the Taylor method of solution. (A.U.N/D 2010, M/J 2012)
4. Which is better Taylor‟s method or R. K. Method?(or) State the special advantage of
Runge-Kutta method over taylor series method (A.U M/J 2011)
5. Compare Runge-Kutta methods and predictor – corrector methods for solution of initial value problem.
(A.U M/J 2011)
6. What is a Predictor-corrector method of solving a differential equation? (A.U M/J 2009)

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7. State the third order STUCOR APP to find the numerical solution of the
R.K method algorithm
first order differential equation. (A.U M/J 2011,N/D 2012)
8. Write Milne‟s predictor formula and Milne‟s corrector formula. (A.U M/J 2012,N/D 2014)
9. Write down Adams-bashforth Predictor and Adams-bashforth corrector formula.
10. State Euler formula (A.U M/J 2013)
11. Write down finite difference formula for y‟(x) and y‟‟(x) (A.U M/J 2012,N/D 2014)

PART - B
1.Using Taylor‟s series method find y at x = 0.1 if = x2y – 1,y(0) = 1. (A.U N/D 2010,N/D 2014)
2.Solve: y‟ = x+ y ; y(0) = 1, by Taylor‟s series method. Find the values y at x = 0.1 and x = 0.2
(A.U M/J 2010,M/J 2013)
3. Using Taylor‟s series method find y(1.1) given y‟= x + y ,y(1) = 0 (A.U M/J 2011,2012,M/J 2013)
4.Using Euler‟s method find y(0.2) and y(0.4) from y‟ = x + y ,y(0) = 1 with h = 0.2
(A.U M/J 2010,2011,M/J 2012)
2
5.Consider the initial value problem y‟ = y – x + 1, y(0) = 0.5 using the modified Euler‟s method,

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find y(0.2) (A.U N/D 2013,N/D 2014)

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6.Using R.K method of fourth order, Solve = with y(0) = 1 at x = 0.2.
(A.U M/J 2010,2011,M/J 2012)
2
7.Using Milne‟s method find y(4.4) given 5xy‟ + y – 2 = 0 given y(4) = 1, y(4.1) = 1.0049,y(4.2) = 1.0097
and y(4.3) = 1.0143. R (A.U N/D 2010,N/D 2014)
CO
U
ST

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MA8452 STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS

TWO MARK QUESTION AND ANSWERS

UNIT I
TESTING HYPOTHESIS

1. Mention the various steps involved in testing of hypothesis. (A.U.A/M 2010)

Solution:
(i) Set up a null hypothesis H0.
(ii) Set up the alternative hypothesis H1.
(iii) Select the appropriate level of significance (α).
()
(iv) Compute the test statistic z = under H0
()

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(v) We compare the “calculate z” with “critical value zα” at given level of significance (α).

2. Define Chi–Square test for goodness of fit. (A.U.A/M 2010)

AP
Solution:
Chi–Square test of goodness of fit is a test to find if the deviation of the experiment from theory
is just by chance or it is due to the inadequacy of the theory to fit the observed data. By this test,
we test whether difference between observed and expected frequencies are significant or not.
( )
Chi–Square test statistic of goodness of fit is defined by ψ2 =Σ , where O is the
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observed frequency and E expected frequency.

3. What are the parameters and statistics in sampling? (A.U.N/D 2010, 2011)
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Solution:
Parameters : μ - mean, σ - standard deviation of population
Statistics : x - mean, s - standard deviation of sample.

4. Write two applications of ψ2 _test. (A.U.N/D 2010, M/J 2012)

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Solution:
(i) To test the goodness of fit
(ii) To test the independent of attributes
(iii) To test the homogeneous of independent estimations
ST

5. What are the applications of t-distributions? (A.U.A/M 2011)

Solution:
(i) To test the significance of a single mean.
(ii) To test the significance of the difference between two sample means.
(iii) To test the significance of the coefficient of correlation.

6. Define Type I and Type II errors in taking a decision.(A.U.A/M 2011,M/J 2012,N/D 2013,
M/J 2014)
Solution:
Type I error : Reject H0 when it is true.
Type II error : Accept H0 when it is wrong.
(i.e) accept H0 and H1 is true.

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7. Define Null and Alternate Hypothesis. (A.U. M/J 2012)

Solution:
For applying the test of significance, we first set up of a hypothesis a definite statement
about the population parameter. Such a hypothesis is usually a hypothesis of no difference and
it is denoted by H0.
Any hypothesis which is complementary to the null hypothesis (H0) is called an alternative
hypothesis, denoted by H1.

8. Define Level of significance. (A.U M/J 2011,A.U.N/D 2013)

Solution:
The probability that the value of the statistic lies in the critical region is called the level of
significance.
In general, these levels are chosen as 0.01 and 0.05, called 1% level and 5% level of

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significance respectively.

9. State the conditions for applying ψ2 –test . (A.U.M/J 2014)

AP
Solution:
(i) The sample observations should be independent.
(ii) Constraints on the cell frequencies, if any, must be linear.
(iii) N, the total frequency, should be at least 50.
(iv) No theoretical cell frequency should be less a b than 50.
c d
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10. Give the formula for the ψ2 –test of independence for (A.U.N/D 2012,N/D2014)

Solution:
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( )( )
Formula is ( )( )( )( )

11. The heights of college students in Chennai are normally distributed with S.D 6cm and sample of
100 students had their mean height 158cm. Test the hypothesis that the mean height of college
students in Chennai is 160cm at 1% level of signifince. (A.U.N/D 2011)
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Solution:

H0 : μ = 160 ; H1 : μ ǂ 160
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z= = = - 3.33 > 2.58

√ √

H0 is rejected.
12. Define Error. (A.U.N/D 2009)
Solution:
In sampling theory to draw valid inferences about the population parameter on the basis of the
sample results we decide to accept or to reject the H0 after examining a sample from it.
Type I error : Reject H0 when it is true.
Type II error : Accept H0 when it is wrong.

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UNIT II
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Randomized block design. (A.U.A/M 2010)
Solution:
Advantage:
(i) Analysis is possible, even if some observations are missing.
(ii) The analysis of the design is sample as it result in a two-way classification analysis of variance.
Disadvantage:

(i) If the interactions are large, the experiment may yield misleading results.
(ii) The shape of the experimental material should be rectangular.

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2. State the advantages of a factorial Experiment over a simple experiment. (A.U.A/M 2010, 2014)

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Solution:
Factorial experiment is the procedure of varying all factors simultaneously.
A major conceptual advancement in experimental design is exemplified by factorial design.
In factorial designs, an assessment of each individual factor effect is based on the whole set of
measurements so that a more efficient utilization of experimental resources is achieved in the these
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designs.
3. Compare one-way classification model with two-way classification model. (A.U.N/D 2010, 2011)
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Solution:
One way classification Two way classification
1. One factor is involved Two factors involved
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2. One set of hypothesis Two set of hypothesis

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4. What is meant by Latin square? (A.U.N/D 2010)

Solution:
The Latin Square model assumes that interactions between treatments and row and column
groupings non-existent. Since each treatment occurs only once in each row or column, if
interactions are present, it is possible for them to cause an apparently significant difference
between treatment.
5. What are the applications of t-distributions? (A.U.A/M 2011)
Solution:
(i) To test the significance of a single mean.
(ii) To test the significance of the difference between two sample means.
(iii) To test the significance of the coefficient of correlation.
6. State the assumptions involved in ANOVA. (A.U.M/J 2012)
Solution:
1. Normality 2. Homogeneity 3. Independence of error.

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7. What are the advantages of a Latin square design? (A.U.M/J 2012)

Solution:
(i) The analysis is simple, it is only slightly more complicated than that for the randomized
complete block design.
(ii) The analysis remains relatively simple even with missing data. Analytical procedures are
available for omitting one or more treatment, rows or columns.
8. State the basic principles of design of Experiments. (A.U.N/D 2012), (A.U.M/J 2014)

Solution:

The basic principles of the design of experiments are

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(i) Replication (ii) Randomization (iii) Local control.

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9. Define :RBD (A.U.N/D 2012)
Solution:
Let us consider an agricultural experiment using which we wish to test the effect of „k‟
fertilisting treatment on the yield of crops. We assume that we know some information about the
soil fertility of the plots. Then we divide the plots into „h‟ blocks, according to the soil fertility each
block containing „k‟ blocks. Thus the plots in each block will be of homogeneous fertility as far as
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possible within each block, the „k‟ treatments are given to the „k‟ plots in a perfectly random
manner, such that each treatment occurs only once in any block. But the same k treatment are from
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block to block. This design is called Randomized Block Design.

10. What do you understand by “Design of Experiments”? (A.U.A/M 2013)

Solution:
The design of experiment may be defined as the logical construction of the experiment in which
the degree of uncertainty with which the inference is drawn may be well defined.
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11. Write down the ANOVA table for one way classification. (A.U.A/M 2013)
Solution:
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Source of SS(Sum of Degree of Mean Square Variance Ratio of F

Variation Squares) Freedom
Between
SSC V1 = c - 1 MSC =
Sample ( )

Within
FC =
Sample SSE V2 = n - c
MSE =
( )

Total TSS n- 1

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12. Define 22 factorial design. (A.U.N/D 2013)

Solution:
A complete replicate of such a design requires 2 × 2 × …….. × 2 = 2k observations is called a
2k factorial design.
22 is the simplest design 2k.
i.e., Two factors A and B each at two level that it may be low and high levels of the factor.
13. State any two advantages of a CRD . (A.U.M/J 2014)
Solution:
(i) It has a simple lay out.

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(ii) There is complete flexibility as the number of replication is not fixed.
(iii) Analysis can be performed, if some observation are missing.

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R UNIT III
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS
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1. What is the order of convergence of Newton-Raphson methods if the multiplicity of the root is
one.
Solution: (A.U M/J 2009) (A.U M/J 2010)
Order of convergence of N.R method is 2
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2. What is the rate of convergence in N.R method? (A.U M/J 2011) (A.U M/J 2009)

Solution:
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The rate of convergence in N.R method is of order 2

3. Define round off error. (A.U M/J 2010)

Solution:
The round off error is the quantity R which must be added to the finite representation of a
computed number in order to make it the true representation of that number.
4. State the principle used in Gauss-Jordan method. (A.U M/J 2012)

Solution:
Coefficient matrix is transformed into diagonal matrix.

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5. Compare Gaussian elimination method and Gauss- Jordan method. (A.U M/J 2009)

Solution:
Gaussian elimination method Gauss- Jordan method
1 Coefficient matrix is transformed Coefficient matrix is
into upper triangular matrix transformed into diagonal matrix
2 Direct method Direct method
3 We obtain the solution by back No need of back substitution
substitution method method

6. Determine the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen value vector of the matrix * +
correct to two decimal places using power method. (A.U M/J 2012)
Solution:

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AX1 = * + ( ) = ( ) = 2( ) = 2X2

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AX2 = * + ( ) = ( ) = 2( ) = 2X3

This shows that the largest eigen value = 2, The corresponding eigen value = ( )
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7. Write the Descartes rule of signs. (A.U M/J 2011)
Solution:
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1) An equation f (x) = 0 cannot have more number of positive roots than there are
changes of sign in the terms of the polynomial f (x) .
2) An equation f (x) = 0 cannot have more number of positive roots than there are
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changes of sign in the terms of the polynomial f (x) .

8. Write a sufficient condition for Guass siedel method to converge .(or)
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State a sufficient condition for Guass Jacobi method to converge. (A.U M/J 2010)

Solution:
The process of iteration by Guass siedel method will converge if in each equation of the system
the absolute value of the largest coefficient is greater than the sum of the
absolute values of the remaining coefficients.
9. State the order of convergence and convergence condition for NR method

Solution: (A.U M/J 2009)

The order of convergence is 2

Condition of convergence is | ( ) ( )| < | ( )|2

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10. CompareFROM STUCOR
Guass Siedel APP
and Guass elimination method? (A.U M/J 2012)

Solution:
Guass Jacobi method Guass siedel method
1. Convergence method is slow The rate of convergence of
Guass Siedel method is
roughly twicethat of Guass
Jacobi.
Indirect method
2. Direct method
Condition for convergence is
3. Condition for convergence is
the coefficient matrix
the coefficient matrix
diagonally dominant
diagonally dominant
11. Is the iteration method a self correcting method always? (A.U M/J 2011)

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Solution:

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In general iteration is a self correcting method since the round off error is smaller.
12. If g(x) is continuous in [a , b] then under what condition the iterative method x = g(x) has a
unique solution in [a , b]. (A.U M/J 2010)
Solution:
Let x = r be a root of x = g(x) .Let I = [a , b] be the given interval combining the
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point x = r. if g′(x) for all x in I, the sequence of approximation x0 , x 1,......x nwill
converge to the root r, provided that the initial approximation x0 is chosen in r.
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13. When would we not use N-R method . (A.U M/J 2012)

Solution:
If x1 is the exact root and x0 is its approximate value of the equation
( )
f (x) = 0.we know that x 1= x0 – ( )
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( )
If ( ) is small,the error ( )
will be large and the computation of the root by
this,method will be a slow process or may even be impossible.
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Hence the method should not be used in cases where the graph of the function when it
crosses the x axis is nearly horizontal.

14. Write the iterative formula of NR method. (A.U M/J 2010)

Solution:
( )
Xn+1 = xn ( )
, n = 0,1,2,…….

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UNIT IV
INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

1. What is the assumption we make when Lagrange‟s formula is used? (A.U M/J 2012)

Solution:
Lagrange‟s interpolation formula can be used whether the values of x, the independent
variable are equally spaced or not whether the difference of y become smaller or not.

2. When Newton‟s backward interpolation formula is used. (A.U M/J 2009)

Solution:

The formula is used mainly to interpolate the values of y near the end of a set of tabular

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values and also for extrapolation the values of y a short distance ahead of y0

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3. What are the errors in Trapezoidal rule of numerical integration? (A.U M/J 2011)

Solution:

The error in the Trapezoidal rule is

( )
y”( )
R E<

4. Why Simpson‟s one third rule is called a closed formula? (A.U M/J 2012)
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Solution:

Since the end point ordinates y0 and yn are included in the Simpson‟s 1/3 rule, it is called closed
formula.
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5. What are the advantages of Lagrange‟s formula over Newton‟s formula

(A.U M/J 2009)
Solution:
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The forward and backward interpolation formulae of Newton can be used only when the
values of the independent variable x are equally spaced and can also be used when the differences
of the dependent variable y become smaller ultimately. But Lagrange‟s interpolation formula
can be used whether the values of x, the independent variable are equally spaced or not and whether
the difference of y become smaller or not.

6. When do we apply Lagrange‟s interpolation? (A.U M/J 2013)

Solution:
Lagrange‟s interpolation formula can be used when the values of “x” are equally spaced or not.
It is mainly used when the values are unevenly spaced.

7. What are the disadvantages in practice in applying Lagrange‟s interpolation formula?

Solution: (A.U N/D 2010)
1. It takes time.
2. It is laborious

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8. When Newton‟s backward interpolation formula is used. (A.U M/J 2010)
Solution:
The formula is used mainly to interpolate the values of „y‟ near the end of a set of tabular values.

9. When Newton‟s forward interpolation formula is used. (A.U M/J 2011)

Solution:

The formula is used mainly to interpolate the values of „y‟ near the beginnig of a set of tabular values.

10. When do we use Newton‟s divided differences formula? (A.U M/J 2009)
Solution:

This is used when the data are unequally spaced.

11. Write Forward difference operator. (A.U M/J 2009) (A.U M/J 2012)
Solution:

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Let y = f (x) be a function of x and let of the values of y. corresponding to
of the values of x. Here,the independent variable (or argument), x proceeds at

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equally spaced intervals and h (constant),the difference between two consecutive values of x is called
the interval of differencing. Now the forward difference operator is defined as
=
=
......................
=
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These are called first differences.

12. Write Backward difference operator. (A.U N/D 2009)

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Solution:
The backward difference operator is defined as
=
For n=0,1,2 …
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=
=
=
………………….
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These are called first differences

UNIT V

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. State Modified Euler algorithm to solve y‟= ( ),y(x0)=y) at x=x0 +h. (A.U.N/D 2011,2012, M/J 2013)

Solution:

* ( )+

* ( )+

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2. State the disadvantage of Taylor series method. (A.U N/D 2009,M/J 2012,2014)
Solution:
In the differential equation f (x, y), = f (x, y), the function f (x, y),may have a
complicated algebraical structure. Then the evaluation of higher order derivatives may
become tedious. This is the demerit of this method.

3. Write the merits and demerits of the Taylor method of solution. (A.U.N/D 2010, M/J 2012)
Solution:
The method gives a straight forward adaptation of classic to develop the solution
as an infinite series. It is a powerful single step method if we are able to find the
successive derivatives easily. If f (x.y) involves some complicated algebraic structures
then the calculation of higher derivatives becomes tedious and the method fails.This is

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the major drawback of this method. However the method will be very useful for finding
the starting values for powerful methods like Runge - Kutta method, Milne‟s method etc.

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4. Which is better Taylor‟s method or R. K. Method?(or) State the special advantage of
Runge-Kutta method over taylor series method (A.U M/J 2011)
Solution:

R.K Methods do not require prior calculation of higher derivatives of y(x) ,as the
Taylor method does. Since the differential equations using in applications are often
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complicated, the calculation of derivatives may be difficult.
Also the R.K formulas involve the computation of f (x, y) at various positions, instead
of derivatives and this function occurs in the given equation.
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5. Compare Runge-Kutta methods and predictor – corrector methods for solution of

initial value problem. (A.U M/J 2011)
Solution: Runge-Kutta methods

1.Runge-methods are self starting,since they do not use information from previously
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calculated points.
2.As mesne are self starting,an easy change in the step size can be made at any stage.
3.Since these methods require several evaluations of the function f (x, y), they are time
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consuming.
4.In these methods,it is not possible to get any information about truncation error.
Predictor Corrector methods:
1.These methods require information about prior points and so they are not self starting.
2.In these methods it is not possible to get easily a good estimate of the truncation error.

6. What is a Predictor-corrector method of solving a differential equation? (A.U M/J 2009)

Solution:

Predictor-corrector methods are methods which require the values of y at xn,xn-1,xn-2,…

for computing the value of y at . x n+1 We first use a formula to find the
value of y at . x n+1 and this is known as a predictor formula.The value of y so got is
improved or corrected by another formula known as corrector formula.

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7. State the third order R.K method algorithm to find the numerical solution of the
first order differential equation. (A.U M/J 2011,N/D 2012)
Solution:

To solve the differential equation y′ = f (x, y) by the third order R.K method, we use
the following algorithm.
( )
( )
( )
and ( )

8. Write Milne‟s predictor formula and Milne‟s corrector formula. (A.U M/J 2012,N/D 2014)
Solution:

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Milne‟s predictor formula is
[ ]

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Milne‟s corrector formula is
[ ]

9. Write down Adams-bashforth Predictor and Adams-bashforth corrector formula.

Solution: (A.U N/D 2011)
Adams-bashforth predictor formula is
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[ ]
Adams –bashforth corrector formula is
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[ ]
10. State Euler formula (A.U M/J 2013)

Solution:
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[ ] when n = 0,1,2………..

11. Write down finite difference formula for y‟(x) and y‟‟(x) (A.U M/J 2012,N/D 2014)
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Solution:

y‟(x) = , y‟‟(x) =

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