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 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I
Algebra

1
Notes

COMPLEX NUMBERS

We started our study of number systems with the set of natural numbers, then the
number zero was included to form the system of whole numbers; negative numbers
were defined. Thus, we extended our number system to whole numbers and integers.
m
To solve the problems of the type p ÷ q we included rational numbers in the system

c o
of integers. The system of rational numbers have been extended further to irrational
.
numbers as all lengths cannot be measured in terms of lengths expressed in rational
a
numbers. Rational and irrational numbers taken together are termed as real numbers.

m
But the system of real numbers is not sufficient to solve all algebraic equations. There
are no real numbers which satisfy the equation x2+1 = 0 or x2 = − 1. In order to
a
yn
solve such equations, i.e., to find square roots of negative numbers, we extend the
system of real numbers to a new system of numbers known as complex numbers. In

d
this lesson the learner will be acquinted with complex numbers, its representation and

tu
algebraic operations on complex numbers.

OBJECTIVES
S
After studying this lesson, you will be able to:
• describe the need for extending the set of real numbers to the set of complex
numbers;
• define a complex number and cite examples;
• identify the real and imaginary parts of a complex number;
• state the condition for equality of two complex numbers;
• recognise that there is a unique complex number x + iy associated with the
point P(x, y) in the Argand Plane and vice-versa;
• define and find the conjugate of a complex number;
• define and find the modulus and argument of a complex number;

MATHEMATICS 1
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I • represent a complex number in the polar form;

Algebra • perform algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) on
complex numbers;
• state and use the properties of algebraic operations ( closure, commutativity,
associativity, identity, inverse and distributivity) of complex numbers; and
Notes • state and use the following properties of complex numbers in solving problems:
(i) | z| = 0 ⇔ z =
0 and z1 =
z2 ⇒
| z1 | | z 2=|
(ii) z = −z = z (iii) | z1 + z 2 |≤| z1 | +| z 2 |

z1 z
(iv) z1 . z2 = z1 . z2 (v) = 1 ( z2 ≠ 0)
z2 z2

EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

• Properties of real numbers.
• Solution of linear and quadratic equations m
o
.c
• Representation of a real number on the number line

a
• Representation of point in a plane.
1.1 COMPLEX NUMBERS m
Consider the equation xa
n + 1 = 0.
y as x = –1
2
...(A)

d or x = + − 1
2
This can be written

t u
SBut there is no real numbers which satisfy x = –1.In other words, we can say that
2

there is no real numbers whose square is − 1.In order to solve such equations, let
us imagine that there exist a number 'i' which equal to −1 .
In 1748, a great mathematician, L. Euler named a number 'i' as Iota whose square
is − 1. This Iota or 'i' is defined as imaginary unit. With the introduction of the new
symbol 'i', we can interpret the square root of a negative number as a product of a
real number with i.
Therefore, we can denote the solution of (A) as x = ± i
Thus, –4 = 4(–1)
∴ 4− =( 1−
)(4) =i 2 .2 2 2=i
Conventionally written as 2i.

So, we have −4 =2i, −7 = 7i

2 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

−4 , −7 are all examples of complex numbers. MODULE - I

Consider another quadratic equation:
Algebra

x 2 –6x + 13 = 0
This can be solved as under:
(x –3)2 + 4 = 0 Notes

or, (x –3)2 = –4
or, x – 3 = ± 2i
or, x = 3 ± 2i
We get numbers of the form x + yi where x and y are real numbers and i = −1 .
Any number which can be expressed in the form a + bi where a,b are real
numbers and i = −1 , is called a complex number..
A complex number is, generally, denoted by the leter z.

m
i.e. z = a + bi, 'a' is called the real part of z and is written as Re (a+bi) and 'b' is

o
called the imaginary part of z and is written as Imag (a + bi).

. c
If a = 0 and b ≠ 0, then the complex number becomes bi which is a purely imaginary
complex number.
1 a
If a ≠ 0 and b = 0 then the complex number a
2 m
–7i, i , 3i and πi are all examples of purely imaginary numbers.

5, 2.5 and 7 are all examples of real n

becomes 'a' which is a real number..

If a = 0 and b = 0, then the d

y numbers.

tuof complex numbers.

complex number becomes 0 (zero). Hence the real
numbers are particular cases

S each of the following using 'i'.

Example 1.1 Simplify

(i) −36 (ii) 25. −4

Solution: (i) −36 = 36( −1) = 6i

(ii) 25. −4 = 5 × 2i = 10i

1.2 POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF i
We know that
i2 = –1
i3 = i2.i = –1.i = –i
i4 = (i2)2 = (–1)2 = 1

MATHEMATICS 3
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I i5 = (i2)2.i = 1.i = i

Algebra i6 = (i2)3 = (–1)3 = –1
i7 = (i2)3(i) = –i
i8 = (i2)4 =1

Notes Thus, we find that any higher powers of 'i' can be expressed in terms of one of four
values i, –1, –i, 1
If n is a positive integer such that n>4, then to find in , we first divide n by 4.
Let m be the quotient and r be the remainder.
Then n = 4m + r. where 0 ≤ r < 4.
Thus,
in = i(4m+r) = i4m.ir
= (i4)m.ir
m
= ir ( i4=1)

c o
.
a
Note : For any two real numbers a and b, a × b = ab is true only when
atleast one of a and b is either 0 or positive.
m
a
yn
If fact −a × b−

d
= i a × i b = i2 ab

tu= − where a and b are positive real numbers.

SExample 1.2 Find the value of 1 + i
ab
10
+ i20 + i30
Solution: 1 + i10 + i20 + i30
= 1 + (i2)5 + (i2)10 + (i2)15
= 1 + (–1)5 + (–1)10 + (–1)15
= 1 + (–1) + 1 + (–1)
= 1 – 1 + 1 –1
= 0
Thus, 1 + i10 + i20 + i30 = 0.

4 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers
Example 1.3 Express 8i3 + 6i16 – 12i11 in the form of a + bi MODULE - I
Solution: 8i3 + 6i16 – 12i11 can be written as 8(i2).i + 6(i2)8 – 12(i2)5.i Algebra

= 8(–1).i + 6(–1)8 – 12(–1)5.i

= –8i + 6 – 12(–1).i
= –8i + 6 + 12i Notes

= 6 + 4i
which is of the form of a + bi where 'a' is 6 and 'b' is 4.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1.1

1. Simplify each of the following using 'i'.

(a) −27 (b ) − −9 (c) −13

m
o
2. Express each of the following in the form of a + bi
(a) 5 (b) –3i (c) 0
. c
3. Simplify 10i3 + 6i13 –12i10 a
m
Show that im + im+1 + im+2 + im+3 = 0 for all m ∈ N .
a
4.

yn
1.3 CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Consider the equation:
d...
t
x 2 – 6x + 25 = 0u (i)
or,
or,
S
(x – 3) + 16 = 0
2

(x – 3) = – 16
2

or, (x – 3) = ± −16 = ± 16.( −1) .

or, x = 3 ± 4i
The roots of the above equation (i) are 3 + 4i and 3 – 4i.
Consider another equation:
x 2 + 2x + 2 = 0 ... (ii)
or, (x + 1)2 +1 = 0
or, (x + 1)2 = – 1

or, (x + 1) = ± −1 = ±i
or, x=–1±i

MATHEMATICS 5
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I The roots of the equation (ii) are –1+i and –1–i.
Algebra Do you find any similarity in the roots of (i) and (ii)?
The equations (i) and (ii) have roots of the type a + bi and a – bi. Such roots are
known as conjugate roots and read as a + bi is conjugate to a – bi and vice-versa.

Notes
The complex conjugate (or simply conjugate) of a complex number z = a + bi is
defined as the complex number a – bi and is denoted by z .
Thus, if z = a + bi then z = a – bi.

Note : The conjugate of a complex number is obtained by changing the

sing of the imaginary part.

Following are some examples of complex conjugates:

(i) If z = 2 + 3i, then z = 2 – 3i
If z = 1–i, then z = 1 + i
m
(ii)
(iii) If z = –2 + 10i, then z = –2–10i
c o
.
1.3.1 PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX CONJUGATES
a
(i) m
If z is a real number then z = z i.e., the conjugate of a real number is the
number itself. a
yn
For example, let z = 5
d
tu
This can be written as

S ∴
z = 5 + 0i

z = 5 – 0i = 5
∴ z = 5 = z.

(ii) If z is a purely imaginary number then z= − z

For example, if z = 3i
This can be written as
z = 0 + 3i

∴ z = 0 – 3i = –3i
= – z
∴ z = – z.

6 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I
(iii) Conjugate of the conjugate of a complex number is the number itself.
Algebra
i.e., (z ) = z

For example, if z = a + bi then

z = a – bi Notes

Again (z) = (a − bi) = a + bi

=z

∴ (z) = z

Example 1.4 Find the conjugate of each of the following complex number:
(i) 3 – 4i (ii) 2i
i +1
(iii) (2 + i)2 (iv)
m
2
c o
Solution : (i) Let z = 3 – 4i
.
d
z = 3 − 4i i a
m
then = 3 + 4i

Hence, 3 + 4i is the conjugate of 3 – 4i. a

(ii) Let z = 2i or 0 + 2i
yn
then d tiud = 0 – 2i
z = 0 + 2i

S
Hence, –2i is the conjugate of 2i.
(iii) Let z = (2 + i)2
i.e. z = (2)2 + (i)2 + 2(2)(i)
= 4 – 1 + 4i
= 3 + 4i

(
Then z = 3 + 4i = 3 – 4i )
Hence, 3 – 4i is the conjugate of (2 + i)2

i +1 1 1
(iv) Let z = = + i
2 2 2

MATHEMATICS 7
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I
Algebra FG 1 + 1 iIJ = 1 1
then z=
H2 2 K − i
2 2

1 i −i +1 i +1
Hence, − or is the conjugate of
2 2 2 2
Notes
1.4 GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Let z = a + bi be a complex number. Let two mutually
perpendicular lines xox' and yoy' be taken as x-axis and y-axis y

respectively, O being the origin.

Let P be any point whose coordinates are (a,b). We say that the ...................... P(a,b)

complex z = a + bi is represented by the point P (a , b) as shown

in Fig. 1.1 xx' x
O

If b = 0, then z is real and the point representing complex Fig. 1.1

m
y
number z = a + 0i is denoted by (a, 0). This point (a, 0) lies y

on the x-axis.
c o
.
a
So, xox' is called the real axis. In the Fig. 1.2 the point
Q (a, 0) represent the complex number z = a + 0i.
m xx'
a
x

a
O Q(a,0)
If a = 0, then z is purely imaginary and the point representing

yn
complex number z = 0 + bi is denoted by (0, b). The point y Fig. 1.2
y
(0, b) lies on the y-axis.

R (0, u
d
So, yoy' is called the imaginary axis. In Fig.1.3, the point R(0,b)

t b) represents the complex number z = 0 + bi.

SThe
b

plane of two axes representing complex numbers as points is

xx' O
x
called the complex plane or Argand Plane. Fig. 1.3
The diagram which represents complex number in the y

Argand Plane is called Argand Diagram.

y
Example 1.5 4 A(2,3)
Represent complex numbers 2 + 3i and 3 + 2i in the 3
2 B(3,2)
same Argand Plane.
1
Solution :
x' x
O 1 2 3 4
1. 2+3i is represented by the point A (2,3)
2. 3+2i is represented by the point B (3, 2) Clearly, Fig. 1.4
y'
the points A and B are different

8 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

Example1.6 y MODULE - I
Algebra
Represent complex numbers 2 + 3i and 4
P(2,3)
–2 –3i in the same Argand Plane. 3
2
Solution: 1
x x
1. 2 + 3i is represented by the point O Notes
1
P (2, 3)
2
2. –2 –3i is represented by the point 3
Q (–2,–3)
Q( 2, 3 )
Fig. 1.5
y
Points P and Q are different and lie in the I
quadrant and III quadrant respectively. 4 y
R (2,3)
Example1.7 3
2
Represent complex numbers 2 + 3i and 2 –3i in 1
the same Argand Plan x' x
O
–1
1 2 3 4
m
Solution:

c o
1. 2 + 3i is represented b the point R(2, 3)
. S (2,-3)
2. 2 –3i is represtned by the point S(2, –3)
a
y'

m
Fig. 1.6
Example1.8
a
yn
Represent complex numbers 2 + 3i, –2–3i, y
2–3i in the same Argand Plane 4
d P(2,3)

tu
Solution: 3
2

S
(a) 2+3i is represented by the poin 1
P (2, 3)
x' x
O 1 2 3 4
(b) –2–3i is represented by the point –1
Q (–2,–3)
(c) 2–3i is represented by the point R(2,–3)
R (2, –3) Q(–2,–3)
y' Fig. 1.7

1.5 MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

We have learnt that any complex number z = a + bi can be represented by a point in the Argand
Plane. How can we find the distance of the point from the origin? Let P(a, b) be a point in the
plane representing a + bi. Draw perpendiculars PM and PL on x-axis and y-axis respectively.
Let OM = a and MP = b. We have to find the distance of P from the origin.

MATHEMATICS 9
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I y
Algebra
∴ OP = OM 2 + MP 2
L P(a,b)
= a 2 + b2
b

Notes OP is called the modulus or absolute value of the

x' x
complex number a + bi. O a M
∴ Modulus of any complex number z such
that z = a + bi, a∈R, b∈R is denoted by Fig. 1.8
y'
| z | and is given by a 2 + b 2

∴ | z | = | a + ib | = a 2 + b2
1.5.1 Properties of Modulus
| z | = 0 ⇔ z = 0.
m
(a)
Proof : Let z = a + bi, a∈R , b∈R
c o
.
then |z| = a 2 + b2
a
m
| z| = 0 ⇔ a 2
ab+2 =
0

⇔
y n
a = 0 and b = 0 (since a2 and b2 both are positive)
⇔ d
z=0

t(b)u | z|=| z|
S Proof : Let z = a + bi
then |z|= a 2 + b2
Now, z = a − bi

∴ | z| = a 2 +( b−2 ) =a 2 b+2

Thus, | z | = a 2 + b 2 =| z| ...(i)

(c) | z | = | –z |

Proof : Let z = a + bi then | z | = a 2 + b2

10 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I
– z = – a – bi then | –z | = ( −a ) 2 +( −b) 2 Algebra
= a 2 + b2

Thus, | z | = a 2 + b 2 = | –z | ...(ii)
Notes
By (i) and (ii) it can be proved that
|z|=|–z|= | z | ...(iii)
Now, we consider the following examples:

Example 1.9 Find the modulus of z and z if z = –4 + 3i

Solution : z = –4 + 3i, then | z | = ( −4) 2 + (3) 2

= 16 + 9 = 25 = 5

and z = –4 – 3i
m
c o
then, z = ( −4) 2 + ( −3) 2 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
.
a
Thus, | z | = 5 = | z |
m
a
yn
Example 1.10 Find the modulus of z and – z if z = 5 + 2i
Solution: z = 5 + 2i, then – z = –5 – 2i
d
tu
z = 52 + 22 = 29 and − z = (−5)2 +−( 2)2 = 29
S
Thus, | z | = 29 =|− z|

Example 1.11 Find the modulus of z, –z and z where z = 1 + 2i

Solution : z = 1 + 2i then –z = –1–2i and z = 1 –2i

| z| = 12 + 2 2 = 5

|− z| = ( −1) 2 +−
( 2) 2 = 5

and | z| = (1) 2 + ( −2) 2 = 5

Thus, | z | =| − z | = 5 =| z |

MATHEMATICS 11
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I Example 1.12 Find the modulus of :

Algebra
1
(i) 1 + i (ii) 2π (iii) 0 (iv) i
2

Solution: (i) Let z = 1 + i

Notes
then |z| = 12 + 12 = 2

Thus, | 1 + i |= 2

(ii) Let z = 2π or 2π + 0i

Then | z | = (2 π) 2 + (0) 2 = 2 π

Thus, | 2π | = 2π.
If z is real then | z | = z
m
(iii) z = 0 or 0 + 0i

c o
.
a
| z | = (0) 2 + (0) 2 = 0
then

Thus, | z | = 0
m
a
y1n
If z is 0 then | z | = 0

d
Let z = − i or 0 –
1

tu
(iv) i
2 2

S F 1I 2

+ G− J
1
|z |= 0 =
H 2K
2
then
2

1 1
Thus, − i = .
2 2

If z is purely imaginary number, then z ≠ | z | .

Example1.13 Find the absolute value of the conjugate of the complex number
z = –2 + 3i

12 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

Solution : Let z = –2 + 3i then z = –2 – 3i MODULE - I

Algebra
Absolute value of z = | z | = | –2 – 3i | = ( −2) 2 +( −3) 2 = 4 +9 = 13

Example 1.14 Find the modulus of the y

complex numbers shown in an Argand Plane Notes
(Fig. 1.9) P(4,3)
Q(–4,2)

Solution: (i) P(4, 3) represents the complex

number z = 4 + 3i x' x
4 −3 −2 −1O
− 1 2 3 4

∴ | z | = 4 2 +32 = 25 S(3,–3)
R(–1,–3)
or | z |= 5
Fig. 1.9
y'
(ii) Q(–4, 2) represents the complex
number z = –4 + 2i
m
∴ = ( 4−) + 2 = 16 + 4 =
c o
.
2 2
z 20

or z =2 5 a
R(–1, –3) represents the complex number z = –1 – 3i m
a
(iii)

∴ | z | = ( 1−) 2
(+−3) = 1 + 9
2
yn
| z | = 10 d
u
or
t
(iv)
S
S(3, –3) represents the complex number z = 3 –3i

∴ | z | = ( 3) 2 +( 3−) 2 =9 9+
or | z | = 18 = 3 2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1.2

1. Find the conjugate of each of the following:

(a) –2i (b) –5 –3i (c) − 2 (d) (–2 + i)2

2. Represent the following complex numbers on Argand Plane :

(a) (i) 2 + 0i (ii) –3 + 0i (iii) 0 – 0i (iv) 3 – 0i

MATHEMATICS 13
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I (b) (i) 0 + 2i (ii) 0 – 3i (iii) 4i (iv) –5i

Algebra (c) (i) 2 + 5i and 5 + 2i (ii) 3 – 4i and –4 + 3i
(iii) –7 + 2i and 2 –7i (iv) –2 – 9i and –9 – 2i
(d) (i) 1 + i and –1 – i (ii) 6 + 5i and –6 – 5i
Notes (iii) –3 + 4i and 3 –4i (iv) 4 – i and – 4 + i
(e) (i) 1 + i and 1 – i (ii) – 3 + 4i and – 3 – 4i
(iii) 6 – 7i and 6 + 7i (iv) –5 – i and – 5 + i
3. (a) Find the modulus of following complex numbers :

(i) 3 (ii) (i + 1)(2 – i) (iii) 2 – 3i (iv) 4 + 5i

(b) For the following complex numbers, verify that | z | = | z |
(i) – 6 + 8i (ii) –3 –7i

m
For the following complex numbers, verify that | z | = | – z |
o
(c)
(i) 14 + i (ii)
.
11 – 2i
c
(d) anumbers, verify that | z | = | – z | = | z |
For the following complex
2 – 3i m –6 – i 7 – 2i
a
(i) (ii) (iii)

.1.6 EQUALITY
y n OF TWO COMPLEX NUMBERS
d two complex numbers z = a + bi and z = c + di such that z = z
u
Let us consider
wet
1 2 1 2

Sor (a – c) + (b – d)i = 0 = 0 + 0i
have a + bi = c + di

Comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides, we have

a – c = 0, or a = c
⇒ real part of z1= real part of z2
and b–d=0 or b = d
⇒ imaginary part of z1 = imaginary part of z2
Therefore, we can conclude that two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts
and imaginary parts are respectivley equal.
In general a + bi = c + di if and only if a = c and b = d.

14 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

Properties: z1 = z2 ⇒ | z1 | = | z1 | MODULE - I
Algebra
Let z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di
z1 = z2 gives a = c and b = d

Now z1 = a 2 + b 2 and z 2 = c 2 + d 2
Notes

= a 2 + b 2 [since a = c and b = d]
⇒ | z1 | = | z2|
Example 1.15 For what value of x and y, 5x + 6yi and 10 + 18i are equal?
Solution : It is given that
5 x + 6y i = 10 + 18i
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we have
5x = 10 or x = 2 m
c o
.
and 6y = 18 or y = 3
For x = 2 and y = 3, the given complex numbers are equal.
a
m
.1.7 ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
a
yn
If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di are two complex numbers then their sum z1 + z2 is defined by
d
tu
z1 + z2 = (a + c) + (b + d)i

then
S
For example, if z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = –4 + 5i,
z1 + z2 = [2 + (–4)] + [3 + 5]i
= – 2 + 8i.
Example 1.16 Simplify
(i) (3 + 2i) + (4 –3i)
(ii) (2 + 5i) + (–3 –7i) + (1 – i)
Solution : (i) (3 + 2i) + (4 – 3i) = (3 + 4) + (2 – 3)i = 7 _ i
(ii) (2 + 5i) + (–3 – 7i) + (1 – i) = (2 – 3 + 1) + (5 – 7 – 1) i
= 0 – 3i
or (2 + 5i) + (–3 – 7i) + (1 – i) = –3i

MATHEMATICS 15
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I
Algebra 1.7.1 Geometrical Represention of Addition of Two Complex Numbers

Let two complex numbers z1 and z2 be represented by the points P(a, b) and Q(c, d).
Their sum, z1 + z2 is represented by the point R (a + c, b + d) in the same Argand Plane.

Notes Join OP, OQ, OR, PR and QR.

Draw perpendiculars PM, QN,
RL from P, Q, R respectvely on
X-axis.
Draw perpendicular PK to RL
In ∆QON

ON = c Y

and QN = d. R(a+c, b+d)

In ∆ROL In ∆POM m
c o Q(c,d)

.
RL = b + d PM = b
and OL = a + c OM = a
a K

m
P(a,b)
Also PK = ML
a
y= an
= OL – OM X'
O N M L
X

+c–a
d = c = ON
u
Fig. 1.10

t
Y'

SRK = RL – KL
= RL – PM
=b+d–b
= d = QN.
In ∆QON and ∆RPK,
ON = PK, QN = RK and ∠QNO = ∠RKP = 90o

∴ ∆ ON ≅ ∆RPK
Q
∴ OQ = PR and OQ || PR
⇒ OPRQ is a parallelogram and OR its diagonal.
Therefore, we can say that the sum of two complex numbers is represented by the
diagonal of a parallelogram.
16 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

Example 1.17 Prove that | z1 + z2 | < | z1 | + | z2 | MODULE - I

Algebra
Solution: We have proved that the sum of two complex numbers z1 and z2 represented
by the diagonal of a parallelogram OPRQ (see fig. 1.11).
In ∆OPR
OR< OP + PR Notes
or OR < OP + OQ (since OQ = PR )
or | z1 + z2 | < | z1 | + | z2 |

Example 1.18 If z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 1 + i,

verify that | z1 + z2 | < | z1 | + | z1 |
Solution: z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 1 + i represented by the points (2, 3) and (1, 1)
respectively. Their sum (z1 + z2) will be represented by the point (2+1, 3+1) i.e. (3, 4)
Verification

m
z1 = 22 + 32 = 13 = 3.6 approx.

c o
.
z1 = 2 2 + 32 = 13 = 3.6 approx.
a
m
z1 + z 2 = 32 + 4 2 = 25 = 5 a
yn
d
| z1 | + | z2 | = 3.6 + 1.41 = 5.01

∴
tu
| z1 + z2 | < | z1 | + | z2 |

S
1.7.2 Subtraction of the Complex Numbers

Let two complex numbers z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di be represented by the points (a, b)

and (c, d) respectively.
∴ ( z1 ) – ( z2 ) = (a + bi) – (c + di)
= (a – c) + (b – d)i
which represents a point (a – c, b – d)
∴ The difference i.e. z1– z2 is represented by the point (a – c, b – d).
Thus, to subtract a complex number from another, we subtract corresponding
real and imaginary parts separately.

MATHEMATICS 17
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I Example 1.19 Find z1 – z2 in each of following if:

Algebra (a) z1 = 3 – 4i, z2 = –3 + 7i
(b) z1 = – 4 + 7i z2 = –4 – 5i
Solution: (a) z1 – z2 = (3 – 4i) – (–3 + 7i)
Notes = (3 – 4i) + (3 – 7i)
= (3 + 3) + (–4 – 7)i
= 6 + (–11i) = 6 – 11i
(b) z1 – z2 = (–4 + 7i) – (–4 – 5i)
= (–4 + 7i) + (4 + 5i)i
= (–4 + 4) + (7 + 5)i
= 0 + 12i = 12i
Examle 1.20 What should be added to i to obtain 5?
m
c o
Solution: Let z = a + bi be added to i to obtain 5 + 4i
.
∴ i + (a + bi) = 5 + 4i
a
or, a + (b + 1)i = 5 + 4i
m
a
yn
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have
a =5 and b + 1 = 4 or b = 3
d
tu
∴ z = 5 +3i is to be added to i to obtain 5 + 4i

S1.8 PROPERTIES: WITH RESPECT TO ADDITION OF

COMPLEX NUMBERS.

1. Closure : The sum of two complex numbers will always be a complex number.
Let z1 = a1 + b1i and z2 = a2 + b2i, a1, b1, a2, b2 ∈R.
Now, z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2) + (b1 + b2)i which is again a complex nu mber.
This proves the closure property of complex numbers.
Thus, (1 + i) + (2 + 3i) = (1 + 2) + (1 + 3)i = 3 + 4i, which is again a complex number.
Similarly, the difference of two complex numbers will always be a complex number. For
example, (2 + 4i) – (1 – 4i) = (2 – 1) + {4 – (–4)}i = 1 + 8i, which is again a complex
number.

18 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

2. Commutative : If z1 and z2 are two complex n umbers then MODULE - I

Algebra
z 1 + z2 = z2 + z1
Let z1 = a1 + b1i and z2 = a2 + b2i
Now z1 + z2 = (a1 + b1i) + (a2 + b2i)
Notes
= (a1 + a2) + (b1 + b2)i
= (a2 + a1) + (b2 + b1)i [commutative property of real numbers]
= (a2 + b2i) + (a2 + b1i)
= z2 + z1
i.e. z 1 + z2 = z2 + z2
Hence, addition of complex numbers is commutative.
For example, if z1 = 8 + 7i and z2 = 9 – 3i then
z1 + z2 = (8 + 7i) + (9 – 3i)
m and z2 + z1 = (9 – 3i) + (8 + 7i)
= (8 + 9) + (7 – 3)i and
c o
= (9 + 8) + (–3 + 7)i
and z + z = 17 + .
or z + z = 17 + 4i
1 2
a 4i 2 1

We get, z +z =z +z
m
a
1 2 2 1

Now, z – z = (a + b i) – (a + a i)
1 2 1

= (a – a ) + (b – b )iy
1
n 2 2

1
d 2 1 2

and 2 1
t u
z – z = (a + b i) – (a + b i)
2 2 1 1

S
= (a – a ) + (b – b )i
2 1 2 1

= – (a1 – a2) – (b1 – b2)i

= _ (a + b i) + (a + b i)
1 1 2 2

∴ z1 – z2 ≠ z2–z1
Hence, s ubtraction of complex numbers is not commutative.
For example, if z1 = 8+7i and z2 = 9–3i then
z1 – z2 = (8 + 7i) – (9 – 3i) and z2 – z1 = (9 – 3i) – (8 + 7i)
= (8 – 9)+ (7 + 3)i and = (9 – 8) + (–3 – 7)i
or z1 – z2 = –1 + 10i and z2 – z1 = 1 – 10i
z 1 – z2 ≠ z 2 – z1

MATHEMATICS 19
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I 3. Associative
Algebra
If z1 = a1 + b1i, z2 = a2 + b 2i and z3 = a3 + b3i are three complex numbers, then
z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2) + z3
Now z1 + (z2 + z3)
Notes = (a1 + b1i) + {(a2 + b2i) + (a3 + b3i)}
= (a1 + b1i) + {(a2 + a3) + (b2 + b3)i}
= {a1+(a2 + a3)} + {b1+(b2 + b3)}i
= {(a1 + a2) + (b1 + b2)i} + (a3 + b3i)
= {(a1 + b1i) + (a2 + b2i)} + (a3 + b3i)
= (z1 + z2)+z3
Hence, the associativity property holds good in the case of addition of complex numbers.
For example, if
m
z1 = 2 + 3i, z2 = 3i and z3 = 1 – 2i, then
z + (z + z ) = (2 + 3i) + {(3i) + (1 – 2i)}o
1

= (2 + 3i) + (1 + i) .
2 3
c
a
m
= (3 + 4i)
a+ 3i) + (3i)} + (1 – 2i)
yn= (2 + 6i) + (1 – 2i)
and (z + z ) + z = {(2
1 2 3

d = (3 + 4i)
t u
SThus, z + (z + z ) = (z + z ) + z
1 2 3 1 2 3

The equality of two sums is the consequence of the associative property of addition of complex
numbers.
Like commutativity, it can be shown that associativity also does not hold good in the case of
subtraction.
4. Existence of Additive Identitiy
If x + yi be a complex number, then there exists a complex number (0 + 0i)
such that (x + yi) + (0 + 0i) = x + yi.
Let z2 = x + yi be the additive identity of z1 = 2 + 3i then
z 1 + z2 = z1
i.e. (2 + 3i) + (x + yi) = 2 + 3i

20 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I
or (2 + x) + (3 + y)i = 2 + 3i
Algebra
or (2 + x) = 2 and 3 + y = 3
or x = 0 and y = 0
i.e. z2 = x + yi = 0 + 0i is the additive identity.
Notes
i.e. if z = a + bi is any complex number, then
(a + bi) + (0 + 0i) = a + bi
i.e. (0 + 0i) is the additive identity.
z1 – z2 = (2 + 3i) – (0 + 0i)
= (2 – 0) + (3 – 0)i
= 2 + 3i = z1
∴ z2 = 0 + 0i is the identity w.r.t. subtraction also.
as (a + bi) – (0 + 0i) = a + bi m
c o
.
5. Existence of Additive Inverse

a
For every complex number a + bi there exists a unique complex number –a – bi such that
(a + bi) + (–a – bi) = 0 + 0i
m
a
yn
e.g. Let z1 = 4 + 5i and z2 = x + yi be the additive inverse of z1
Then, z1 + z2 = 0
d
tu
or (4 + 5i) + (x + yi) = 0 + 0i
or
or
S
(4 + x) + (5 + y)i = 0 + 0i
4 + x = 0 and 5 + y = 0
or x = –4 and y = –5
Thus, z2 = –4 –5i is the additive invese of z1 = 4 + 5i
In general, additive inverse of a complex number is obtained by changing the signs of real and
imaginary parts.
Consider z1 – z2 = 0
or (4 + 5i) – (x + yi) = 0 + 0i
or (4 – x) + (5 – y)i = 0 + 0i
or 4 – x = 0 and 5 – y = 0

MATHEMATICS 21
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I or x = 4 and y = 5
Algebra
i.e. z1 – z2 = 0 gives z2 = 4 + 5i
Thus, in subtraction, the number itself is the inverse.
i.e. (a + bi) – (a + bi) = 0 + 0i or 0
Notes

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1.3

1. Simplify:

2+i 2−i
(a) e 2 + 5i + j e 5 − 2i j (b)
3
+
6

(c) (1 + i) – (1 – 6i) (d) ( )

2 − 3i − ( −2 − 7i )

m
2.
o
If z1 = (5 + i) and z2 = (6 + 2i), then:
(b) find z + z c
(a) find z + z
(d) find z – z
1

(e) finda
2
.
z –z
(c) Is z + z = z + z ?
2 1

(f) Is z – z = z – z ?
1 2 2 1

If z = (1 + i), z = (1 –m
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

3. 1

(a) find z +n
a i) and z = (2 + 3i), then:
2 3

y
(z + z )
1 2 3
(b) find (z + z ) + z 1 2 3

d
(c) Is z + (z + z ) = (z + z ) + z ? (d) find z – (z – z )

tu(e) find (z – z ) – z
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

(f) Is z – (z – z ) = (z – z ) – z ?
S4. Find the additive inverse of the following:
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

(a) 12 – 7i (b) 4 – 3i
5. What shoud be added to (–15 + 4i) to obtain (3 –2i)?

6. o
Show that (3 + 7i) − (5 +2i) t =(3 +7i) − (5 + 2i)
1.9 ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Let P(a, b) represent the complex number z = a + bi, a ∈ R, b ∈ R, and OP makes an angle
θ with the positive direction of x-axis.
Draw PM ⊥ OX

22 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers
Let OP = r Y MODULE - I
In right ∆ OMP P(a,b) Algebra

OM = a r b

MP = b X
0
a M X
O
∴ r cos θ = a Notes
Fig. 1.11
r sin θ = b Y

Then z = a + bi can be written as z = r (cosθ + i sinθ) ...(i)

b
where r = a 2 + b 2 and tanθ =
a

θ = tan −1
FG b IJ
or
H aK
This is known as the polar form of the complex number z, and r and θ are respectively
m
o
called the modulus and argument of the complex number.

1.10 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO COMPLEX NUMBERS .c

a
m
Two complex numbers can be multiplied by the usual laws of addition and multiplication as is

a
done in the case of numbers.

yn
Let z1 = (a + bi) and z2 = (c + di) then,
z1.z2 = (a + bi).(c + di)
= a (c + di) + bi u
d
t (c + di)
or = ac +Sadi + bci + bdi 2

or = (ac – bd) + (ad + bc)i. [since i2 = - 1]

If (a + bi) and (c + di) are two complex numbers, their product is defined as the complex
number (ac – bd) + (ad + bc)i
Example 1.21 Evaluate:

(i) (1 + 2i)(1 – 3i), (ii) e 3+i je 3−i j (iii) (3 – 2i)2

Solution:
(i) (1 + 2i) (1 – 3i) = {1 – (–6)} + (–3 + 2)i
=7– i

MATHEMATICS 23
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I (ii) e 3+i je j

3 − i = {3 – (–1)} + − 3 + 3 i ( )
Algebra
= 4 + 0i
(iii) (3 – 2i)2 = (3 – 2i) (3 – 2i)
= (9 – 4) + (–6 –6)i
Notes
= 5 – 12i
1.10.1 Properties of Multiplication
| z1.z2 | = | z1 | . | z2 |
Let z1 = r1(cosθ1 + i sinθ1) and z2 = r2(cosθ2 + isinθ2)

∴ | z1 | = r1 cos2 θ1 +sin 2 θ1 =r1

Similarly, | z2 | = r2.
Now,
m
z1 z2 = r1(cosθ1 + i sinθ1). r2(cosθ2 + i sinθ2)
o
.c
= r r [(cosθ cosθ – sinθ sinθ ) + (cosθ sinθ + sinθ cosθ )i]
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1
a
= r r [cos(θ + θ ) + i sin (θ + θ )]
1 2 2 1 2

sin(θ + θa
m
[Since cos(θ + θ ) = cosθ cosθ – sinθ sinθ and
1 2
) = sinθ cosθ + cosθ sinθ ]
1 1 1 2

n
1 2 1 2 1 2

| z . z |y
d = r r cos (θ + θ ) + sin ( θ + θ) = r r2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

u
∴ t | z . z | = r r =| z |.| z |
Sand argument of z z = θ + θ = arg (z )+ arg (z )
1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

Example 1.22 Find the modulus of the complex number (1 + i) (4 – 3i)

Solution: Let z = (1 + i) (4 – 3i)
then | z | = | (1 + i) (4 – 3i)|
= | (1 + i) | . | (4 – 3i) | (since |z1z2| = |z1|.|z2| )

But |1+i|= 12 + 12 = 2

| 4 – 3i | = 4 2 + ( −3) 2 =5

∴ | z | = 2 .5 =5 2

24 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

1.11 DIVISION OF TWO COMPLEX NUMBERS MODULE - I

Algebra
Division of complex numbers involves multiplying both numerator and denominator
with the conjugate of the denominator. We will explain it through an example.

Let z1 = a + bi and z2 = c+di then.

Notes
z1 a + bi
= ( c + di ≠ 0 )
z2 c + di

a + bi = (a + bi) (c - di)
c + di (c + di)(c − di)

(multiplying numerator and denominator with the conjugate of the denominator)

=
( ac + bd ) + ( bc − ad ) i
c2 + d 2
m
a + bi ac + bd bc − ad
= +
c o
.
Thus, i
c + di c 2 + d 2 c 2 + d 2

Example 1.23 Divide 3+i by 4–2i a

m
( 3 + i )( 4 + 2i ) a
yn
3+ i
4 − 2i ( )( )
Solution: = 4 − 2i 4 + 2i

d
tu
Multiplying numerator and denominator by the conjugate of (4 − 2i) we get

=
10 + 10i S
20
1 1
= + i
2 2

3+ i 1 1
Thus, = + i
4 − 2i 2 2

1.11.1 Properties of Division

z1 |z |
= 1
z2 |z2 |

MATHEMATICS 25
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I Proof: z1 = r1(cosθ1 + i sinθ1)

Algebra
z2 = r2(cosθ2 + i sinθ2)

| z 1 | = r1 cos 2 θ 1 + sin 2 θ1 = r1

Notes Similarly, | z2 | = r2
and arg(z1)= θ1 and arg(z2)= θ2

z1 r (cos θ 1 + i sin θ1 )
Then, = 1
z 2 r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ2 )

r1 ( cos 1 + i sin 1 )( cos  2 − i sin  2 )

=
r2 ( cos  2 + i sin  2 )( cos  2 − i sin  2 )

=
r1 (cos θ1 cos θ2 − i cos θ
1 sin 2θ+ i sin 1 cos
θ
m+θ sin θ
sin ) θ
o
2 1 2
r2 (cos θ 2 + sin θ2 )
2 2

. c
r a
= 1 ( cos 1 cos  2 + sin 1 sin  2 ) + i ( sin 1 cos  2 − cos 1 sin  2 )
r2
m
a
=
r1
yn
cos(θ1 − θ2 ) +isin( 1θ − 2θ)
d
r2

t uz
SThus, = z
r1 r1
1
= cos 2 (θ1 − θ2 ) +sin 2 ( 1θ − 2θ) =
2 r2 r2

z1 r1
∴ Argument of = = 1 −  2
z2 r2

Example 1.24 Find the modulus of the complex number

2+i
3−i

2+i
Solution : Let z =
3−i

26 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I
2+i 2+i  z 
∴ | z| = =  sin ce
z1
= 1÷ Algebra
3− i 3−i  z2 z2 ÷


22 + 12 5 1
= = =
32 + ( −1)
2 Notes
10 2

∴ z =1
2

1.12 PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION OF TWO

COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. Closure

m
If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di be two complex numbers then their product z1z2 is also

o
a complex number.
2. Cummutative
.c
a
If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di be two complex numbers then z1z2 = z2z1.
For example, let z1 = 3 + 4i and z2 = 1 – i m
a
yn
then z1z2 = (3 + 4i) (1 – i)
= 3(1 – i) + 4i(1 – i)
d
= 3 – 3i + 4i – 4i
tu 2

S
= 3 – 3i + 4i – 4(–1)
=3+i+4 =7+i
Again, z2z1 = (1 – i) (3 + 4i)
= (3 + 4i) – i(3 + 4i)
= 3 + 4i – 3i – 4i2
=3+i+4=7+i
∴ z 1z 2 = z 2z 1
3. Associativity
If z1 = (a + bi), z2 = c + di and z3 = (e + fi) then
z1(z2.z3) = (z1.z3).z3

MATHEMATICS 27
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I Let us verify it with an example :

Algebra If z1 = (1 + i), z2 = (2 + i) and z3 = (3 + i) then
z1(z2.z3) = (1 + i){(2 + i) (3 + i)}
= (1 + i) {(6 – 1) + (3 + 2)i}

Notes = (1 + i) (5 + 5i)
= (5 – 5) + (5 + 5)i
= 0 + 10i = 10i
and (z1.z2)z3 = {(1 + i)(2 + i)} (3 + i)
= {(2 – 1) + (1 + 2)i} (3 + i)
= (1 + 3i) (3 + i)
= (3 – 3) + (1 + 9)i

m
= 0 + 10i = 10i

∴ z1 ( z2 .z3 =) ( z1.z2 ) z3
c o
.
a
4. Existence of Multiplicative Identity: For every non-zero complex number z1 = a + bi

m
there exists a unique complex number (1 + 0i) such that

a
(a + bi).(1 + 0i) = (1 + 0i) (a + bi) = a + bi

yn
Let z1 = x + yi be the multipicative identity of z = a + bi
d
tu(a + bi) (x + yi) = a + bi
Then z.z1 = z.

Sor
i.e.
(ax – by) + (ay + bx)i = a + bi
or ax – by = a and ay + bx = b
pr x = 1 and y = 0
i.e. z1 = x + yi = 1 + 0i is the multiplicative identity.
The complex number 1 + 0i is the identity for multiplication.
Let us verify it with an example:
If z = 2 + 3i then
z.(1 + 0i) = (2 + 3i) (1 + 0i)
= (2 – 0) + (3 + 0)i
= 2 + 3i
28 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers
5. Existence of Multiplicative inverse: Multiplicative inverse is a complex number that MODULE - I
when multiplied to a given non-zero complex munber yields one. In other words, for every Algebra
non-zero complex number z = a + bi, there exists a unique complex number (x + yi) such that
their product is (1 + 0i).
i.e. (a + bi) (x + yi) = 1 + 0i
Notes
or (ax – by) + (bx + ay)i = 1 + 0i
Equating real and imaging parts, we have
ax – by = 1 and bx + ay = 0
By cross multiplication

x= y = 1
a − b a 2 + b2

a Re ( z ) −b Im ( z )
⇒ x= = y= 2 =−
a +b
2 2
z
2 and a +b 2
z
2
m
o
.c
Thus, the multiplicative inverse of a non-zero compelx number z = (a + bi) is
a
 Re ( z ) Im ( z )  z m
x + yi = 
 z 2
− i ÷=
2
÷ 2
a
n
 z  z
y
d
Example 1. 25 Find the multiplication inverse of 2 − 4i.

Solution: i u
Let z = 2 − 4t
S 2 2
We have, z = 2 + 4i and z = 2 + (- 4) = 20 2

∴ Required multiplicative inverse is

z = 2 + 4i = 1 +1i
z
2
20 10 5

Verification:
1 1
If + i be the muliplicative inverse of 2 - 4i, there product must be equal to 1+ 0i
10 5

 1 1   2 4 2 4 
We have, ( 2 − 4i )  + i ÷ = + ÷ + + ÷ i
 10 5   10 5   5 10 
= 1 + 0i which is true.

MATHEMATICS 29
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I 6. Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition

Algebra Let z1 = a1 + b1i, z2 = a2 + b2i and z3 = a3 + b3i
Then z1(z2 + z3) = z1z2 + z1z3
Let us verify it with an example:

Notes If z1 = 3 – 2i, z2 = – 1 + 4i and z3 = –3 – i then

z1(z2 + z3) = (3 – 2i){(–1 + 4i) + (–3 – i)}
= (3 – 2i) (–1 + 4i – 3 – i)
= (3 – 2i) (–4 + 3i)
= (–12 + 6) + (9 + 8)i
= –6 + 17i
and z1z2 = (3 – 2i)(–1 +4i)
= (–3 + 8) + (12 + 2)i
m
= 5 + 14i
c o
z1z3 = (3 – 2i) (–3 – i) .
a
Again

m
= (–9 – 2) + (– 3 + 6)i
= – 11 + 3i a
Now
yn
z1z2 + z1 z3 = (5 + 14i) + (– 11 + 3i)
d
u = – 6 + 17i
∴ t z (z + z ) = z z + z z
S 1 2 3 1 2 1 3

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1.4

1. Simplify each of the following:

(a) (1 + 2i)( 2 − i) (b) ( 2 + i) 2

(c) (3 + i)(1 – i)(–1 + i) (d) (2 + 3i) ÷ (1 –2i)

(e) (1 + 2i) ÷ (1 + i) (f) (1 + 0i) ÷ (3 + 7i)
2. Compute multiplicative inverse of each of the following complex numbers:
3 + 5i
(a) 3 – 4i (b) 3 + 7i ( c)
2 − 3i

30 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers
3. If z1 = 4 + 3i, z2 = 3 –2i and z3 = i + 5, verify that z1(z2 + z3) = z1z2 + z2z3. MODULE - I
4. If z1 = 2 + i, z2 = –2 + i and z3 = 2 – i then verify that (z1.z2)z3 = z1(z2.z3) Algebra

LET US SUM UP
Notes
• z = a + bi is a complex number in the standard form where a,b ∈ R and i = −1 .

• Any higher powers of 'i' can be expressed in terms of one of the four value i, –1, –i, 1.

• Conjugate of a complex number z = a + bi is a – bi and is denoted by z .

• Modulus of a complex number z = a + bi is a 2 + b 2 i.e. |z|=|a + bi|= a 2 + b 2

(a) | z | = 0 ⇔ z = 0 (b) | z | = | z | (c) z1 + z 2 < z1 + z 2

• z = r (cosθ + i sinθ) represents the polar form of a complex number z = a + bi where

FG b IJ is its argument. m
−1
o
.c
r = a 2 + b 2 is modulus and θ = tan
H aK
a
m
z
• Multiplicative inverse of a complex number z = a + bi is | z|2
a
yn
d
tu
SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES

S
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://mathworld.wolfram.com

TERMINAL EXERCISE

1. Find real and imaginary parts of each of the following:

1
(a) 2 + 7i (b) 3 + 0i (c) −
2

1
(d) 5i (e)
2 + 3i

MATHEMATICS 31
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I 2. Simplify each of the following:

Algebra − 3 .(a)−27− 3 . −27 (b)
(b) ( b ) − 4–3 −72
–3 −4 −72 (c) 3i15 – 5i8 + 1

3. Form complex number whose real and imaginary parts are given in the form of ordered
pairs.

Notes (a) z(3, –5) (b) z(0 , –4) (c) z(8, π)

4. Find the conjugate of each of the following:

(a) 1 – 2i (b) – 1 – 2i (c) 6 – 2i

(d) 4i (e) – 4i
5. Find the modulus of each of the following:

3
(a) 1– i (b) 3 + πi (c) − i (d ) − 2 + 3i
2
6. Express 7i17 – 6i6 + 3i3 – 2i2 + 1 in the form of a + bi. m
c o
7. Find the values of x and y if:
.
(a) (x – yi) + 7 – 2i = 9 – i a
(b) 2x + 3yi = 4 – 9i m
a
n
(c) x – 3yi = 7 + 9i
y
d
8. Simplify each of the following:

tu(a) (3 + i) – (1 – i) + (–1 + i) 1  2  3 
S (b)  + i÷ − − i÷+  − 2÷i
7  7  7 

9. Write additive inverse and multiplicative inverse of each of the following:

1 + 5i
(a) 3 – 7i (b) 11 – 2i (c) 3 + 2i (d) 1 − 2i (e)
1− i

10. Find the modulus of each of the following complex numbers:

1+ i 5 + 2i
(a) ( b)
3− i 2 + 3i

(c) (3 + 2i) (1 – i) (d) (1 –3i) (– 2i3 + i2 + 3)

32 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

11. For the following pairs of complex numbers verify that | z1z2 | = | z2 | | z1 | MODULE - I
Algebra
(a) z1 = 3 – 2i, z2 = 1 –5i
(b) z1= 3 – 7i , z2 = 3−i

z1 |z |
12. For the following pairs of complex numbers verify that = 1 Notes
z2 |z2 |
(a) z1 = 1 + 3i, z2 = 2 + 5i
(b) z1 = – 2 + 5i, z2 = 3 – 4i

m
c o
.
a
m
a
yn
d
tu
S

MATHEMATICS 33
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I
Algebra
ANSWERS
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1.1

1 (a) 3 3i (b) –3i (c) 13i

Notes
2. (a) 5 + 0i (b) 0 –3i (c) 0 + 0i
3. 12 –4i

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1.2

1 (a) 2i (b) – 5 + 3i (c) − 2 (d) 3 + 4i

m
(–3, 0) (0, 0)
c o (2, 0) (3, 0)

.
2. (a) x' x
a
O

m
a
yn
y'

d
tu
S
y
(0, 4)
(0, 2)

x' x
O
(b)
(0, –3)
(0, –5)

y'

34 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I
y Algebra
(2,5)
(c)
(–4,3)
(–7,2) (5,2)
Notes

x' x

(–9,–2)
(3,–4)

(2,–7)

(–2,–9)

m
y'
c o
.
a
m
a
y

yn
(d) (6, 5)
(_3, 4)
d (1, 1)
(–4, 1)tu
x' S(–1, –1) (4, –1)
x

(3,–4)
(–6,–5)
o

y'

MATHEMATICS 35
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I y
Algebra (e) (6,7)

(–3,4)

Notes (1,1)
(–5,1) x
x' 0
(–5,–1) (1,–1)

(–3,–4)
(6,–7)

m
c
y' o
.
3. (a) (i) 3 (ii) 10
a (iii) 13 (iv) 21

m
a
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1.3

e(a)2 e+ 2y n
5+j + 5e j 5+ −e 52−ji 2 ji
1 1
b) ( b(6) + i()6 + i)
d
1. ((b)
6 6

tu(c) 7i ( )
S (d) 2 2 + 1 + (7 − 3)

2. (a) 11 + 3i (b) 11 + 3i (c) Yes

(d) –1 – i (e) 1 + i (f) No
3. (a) 4 + 3i (b) 4 + 3i (c) Yes
(d) 2 + 5i (e) – 2 – i (f) No.
4. (a) –12 + 7i (b) –4 + 3i
5. 18 – 6i

36 MATHEMATICS
 Complex Numbers

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1.4 MODULE - I

Algebra
1. (a) e j e j
2 + 2 + 2 2 − 1 i (b) 1 + 2 2i (c) –2 + 6i

1 1 1
(d) ( −4 +7i) (e) ( 3 + i) (f) ( 3 − 7i )
5 2 58 Notes

2. (a)
1
25
b
3 + 4i g (b)
1
52
( 3 − 7i) (c)
1
34
b
−9 −19i g
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. (a) 2, 7
(b) 3, 0

(c) − 1 , 0
2
m
(d) 0, 5
c o
.
(e)
2 ,− 3
13 13 a
m
2. (a) –9
a
(b) −12 6i
yn
d
tu
(c) –4 – 3i
3. (a) 3 – 5i
S
(b) 0 – 4i
(c) 8 + πi
4. (a) 1 + 2i
(b) –1 + 2i

(c) 6 + 2i
(d) –4i
(e) 4i

MATHEMATICS 37
 Complex Numbers

MODULE - I 5. (a) 2
Algebra
(b) 9 + π2

3
Notes (c) (d) 7
2
6. 9 + 4i
7. (a) x = 2, y = –1
(b) x = 2, y = –3
(c) x = 7, y = – 3
8. (a) 1 + 3i

2
(b) + 0i
m
o
7

.c
a
1
9. (a) –3 + 7i, ( 3 + 7i )
58
m
a
yn125
1
(b) −11 +2i, ( −11 + 2i)

d
tu(c) − 3 − 2i, 17 ( 3 − 2i )
S
1
(d) −1 + 2i, (1 + 2i)
3

1
(e) 2 − 3i, ( 2 + 3i )
13

1 1
10. (a) ( b) 145 (c) 26 (d ) 4 5
5 5

38 MATHEMATICS