MODULE 7: THEORIES IN URBAN PLANNING affluent residential outer ring, and

midtown in between.
THEORIES OF URBAN SPACE ORGANIZATION
 based on the Bid Rent Curve which
states that the concentric circles are
based on the amount that people will
pay for the land.

Identified Zones

1. The center was the CBD

2. The transition zone of mixed residential
and commercial uses
3. Low-class residential homes (inner
suburbs), in later decades called inner
city
4. Better quality middle-class homes
(Outer Suburbs)
5. Commuters zone

Criticisms
Source: Concentric Zone Model
 It describes the peculiar American
Concentric Zone Model geography, where the inner city is poor
 also known as the Burgess model while suburbs are wealthy; the
converse is the norm elsewhere
 one of the earliest theoretical models to
explain urban social structures  It assumes an isotropic plain - an even,
unchanging landscape
 created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in
1925  Physical features - land may restrict
growth of certain sectors; hills and
 was the first to give the explanation of
water features may make some
distribution of social groups within
locations
urban areas.
 unusually desirable for residential
 depicts urban land use in concentric
purposes
rings: the Central Business District (or
CBD) was in the middle of the model,  Commuter villages defy the theory,
and the city expanded in rings with being in the commuter zone but located
different land uses. far from the city
 there was a correlation between the  Decentralization of shops,
distance from the CBD and the wealth manufacturing industry, and
of the inhabited area; wealthier families entertainment
tended to live much further away from  Urban regeneration and gentrification -
the Central Business District more expensive property can be found
 more detailed than the traditional in 'low class' housing areas
down-mid-uptown divide by which  Many new housing estates were built
downtown is the CBD, uptown the on the edges of cities in Britain
 It does not address local urban politics
and forces of globalization
  The model does not fit polycentric  Recognizing that transportation routes
cities, for example Stoke-on-Trent (and later metropolitan expressways
and interstate highways) represented
Source: CHANGING CITIES: Three Models of
lines of greater access, Hoyt theorized
Urban Growth (Land Use)
that cities would tend to grow in
Concentric Zone Model wedge-shaped patterns, or sectors,
eminating from the CBD and centered
 depicts the use of urban land as a set of on major transportation routes
concentric rings with each ring devoted  Higher levels of access translate to
to a different land use higher land values.
 Major routes of transportation  many commercial functions would
emanated from the city’s core, making remain in the CBD, but manufacturing
the CBD the most accessible location in activity would develop in a wedge
the city. surrounding transport routes
 Five Rings: (1) central business district,  Residential land use patterns also would
(2) zone of transition, (3) zone of grow in wedge-shaped patterns with a
independent workers’ homes, (4) zone sector of lower-income households
of better residences and (5) zone of bordering the manufacturing/
commuters. warehousing sector (traffic, noise and
 positive correlation of socio-economic pollution making these less desirable
status of households with distance from locations to live) and sectors of middle-
the CBD -- more affluent households and higher-income households located
were observed to live at greater away from industrial sites.
distances from the central city
 described the changing spatial patterns Multiple Nuclei Model
of residential areas as a process of
 Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
"invasion" and "succession"
(1945)
 Outward expansion of the CBD would
 Cities of greater size were developing
invade nearby residential
substantial suburban areas and some
neighborhoods causing them to expand
suburbs, having reached significant size,
outward.
were functioning like smaller business
 inner-city housing was largely occupied
districts.
by immigrants and households with low
 These smaller business districts acted as
socio-economic status.
satellite nodes, or nuclei, of activity
Sector Model around which land use patterns formed
 While Harris and Ullman still saw the
 Homer Hoyt CBD as the major center of commerce,
 it was common for low-income they suggested that specialized cells of
households to be found in close activity would develop according to
proximity to railroad lines, and specific requirements of certain
commercial establishments to be found activities, different rent-paying abilities,
along business thoroughfares and the tendency for some kinds of
 modified the concentric zone model to economic activity to cluster together
account for major transportation routes
  center of their model is the CBD, with Zone of Transition - residential deterioration
light manufacturing and wholesaling and encroachment by business and light
located along transport routes. manufacturing.
 Heavy industry was thought to locate
Zone of Independent Workers’ Home -
near the outer edge of city, perhaps
primarily occupied by the blue-collar (wage-
surrounded by lower-income
earners, manual laborers) labor force
households, and suburbs of commuters
and smaller service centers would Zone of Better Residences - consisted mainly of
occupy the urban periphery. the middle-class
Source: Models of Urban Structure Zone of Commuters - suburban ring, consisting
mostly of white-collar workers who could afford
Central Business District (CBD) – core of the city
to live further from the CBD.
Urban Zone - a sector of a city within which
Sector Model
land use is relatively uniform (e.g., an industrial
or residential zone)

Central City - part of an urban area that lies

within the outer ring of residential suburbs.

Suburb - an outlying, functionally uniform part

of an urban area, often (but not always)
adjacent to the central city.

Concentric Zone Model

 As technology dealing with

transportation and communication was
improving, growth alone created more
of a pie-shaped urban structure.
 Land rent (for residential, commercial,
or industrial) could remain consistent all
the way from the CBD to the city ’’s
outer edge.

Multiple Nuclei Model

  based on the notion the CBD was losing  By the 1970s, outer cities were
its dominant position and primacy as becoming increasingly independent of
the nucleus of the urban area. the CBD to which these former suburbs
 Several of the urban regions would have had once been closely tied.
their own subsidiary but competing  Regional shopping centers (e.g., malls)
““nuclei.”” in the suburban zone were becoming
 As manufacturing cities became modern the new CBDs of the outer nuclei.
cities and modern cities became
increasingly complex, these models
became less and less accurate.

Edge City - new suburban cities which are home

to glistening office towers, huge retail
complexes, and are always located close to
Urban Realms Model
major highways.
Urban Realms - components of giant
Requirements to be Considered as an Edge City
conurbations (connected urban areas) that
function separately in certain ways but are 1. The area must have substantial office
linked together in a greater metropolitan space (about the space of a good-sized
sphere. downtown) & substantial retail space
(the size of a large regional shopping
 In the early postwar period (1950s),
mall)
rapid population diffusion to the outer
2. The population must rise every morning
suburbs created distant nuclei, but also
and drop every afternoon (i.e., there
reduced the volume and level, of
are more jobs than homes)
interaction between the central city and
these emerging suburban cities.
 3. The place is known as a single end towns, cities, …) would be functionally
destination (the place "has it all;" and spatially distributed
entertainment, shopping, recreation)  ideal region would have flat terrain with
4. The area must not have been anything no physical barriers.
like a "city" in 1960 (cow pastures  Soil fertility, population distribution,
would have been nice). purchasing power, and transportation
networks would all be uniform.
Rank-Size Rule
 constant maximum distance or range of
 George Zipf in 1949 sale of any good or service produced in
 In a model urban hierarchy, the a central place would prevail in all
population of a town or city will be directions from that urban center.
inversely proportional to its rank in the  each central place has a surrounding
urban hierarchy. complementary region, an exclusive
hinterland within which the town has a
Basic Sector - their work produces goods for
monopoly on the sale of certain goods
export and generates an inflow of money
or services because it alone can provide
Non-Basic Sector - responsible for the these within the range of sale.
functioning of the city itself (e.g., teachers,  A nesting pattern is revealed (region-
street cleaners, office clerks, etc.) within region); each larger region is
centered on a higher-order urban place.
Economic Base – ratio of basic to non-basic
workers Conclusions of CPT

Urban Functions  Ranks of urban places do in fact form an

orderly hierarchy of central places in
 Economic expansion of this kind spatial balance
therefore has a multiplier effect on the  Places of the same size with the same
workforce and the urban population number of functions would be spaced
(most workers have dependents (e.g., the same distance apart.
children) who consume goods and  Larger cities would be spaced farther
services). from each other than smaller towns and
 Data on the number of people villages.
employed in basic and non-basic jobs
(the employment structure) can help THEORIES OF SPATIAL INTERACTION
discern the primary functions of a city.
Source: Gravity Model Video
 Although it is becoming increasingly
more uncommon, some cities are Gravity Model
dominated by one particular activity
 William J. Reilly (1931)
(functional specialization)
 Predicts the movement of people and
Central Place Theory goods between two places
 Distance and population size determine
 Walter Christaller (1933)
the likelihood of migration
 a model that would show how and
 The larger the population of two cities,
where central places (hamlets, villages,
the more they interact
  The shorter their distances, the more
they interact
 It will not show where exactly within
the city will the interaction occur

Formula

Likelihood of Interaction = (Population 1 x

Population 2)/(Distance)^2

Assumptions

 Uniform topography
 Uniform political boundaries, consumer
preferences, and transportation
 No man-made boundaries

Source: The City-Country Rule: An Extension to

the Rank-Size Rule Source: Land Use – Transportation Model
Rank-Size Rule Land Use – Transportation Model
 describes the empirical relationship  couple two distinct systems: land-use
between a city’s or town’s population and transport
and its ranking relative to other cities  lies an interconnected web of sub-
within an interacting geographical area. models representing various sub-
 If R is the rank in size of a given city, P R systems and processes at work within
is its population, and PI is the the city.
population of the largest city, the
simplest form of the rank-size rule is:
RPR = constant = Pl(1)

City-Country Rule

 enables us to make a rough estimate of

the population of the largest cities
when the population of the entire
country is known
 quickly tells us whether the actual city
populations are large or small,
compared to the world average for
similarly ranked cities in countries of
comparable size.