CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Module 1 CARPENTRY residential construction is now limited to floor, roof framing,

Topics a. Introduction to Carpentry studs,stairs, joist, ceiling and paneling(partitions).
b. Wood Framing System
c. Light Steel Frames Lumber material is fast becoming limited and costly
despite of its becoming inferior (low grade) from small
Overview: The lesson will cover the basic
younger or different species of trees. The most abundant
concepts of carpentry.
wood and cheapest construction material sometime ago is
Understanding different parts of
now considered a costly commodities and prohibitive due
the wood framing system. Also,
to government policies.
part of this lesson
discusses the components of light
steel frames.
B. Wood Framing

1. Post - is a main vertical or leaning support in a structure

A. Introduction similar to a column or pillar, the term post generally refers
Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the to a timber. Wooden post directly resting on the ground or
primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and concrete footing drilled and bolted on post strap.
installation of building materials during the construction
of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, 2.Girder – is a principal beam extending from wall to wall
etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood or the structural member that supports the floor joists. Its
and did rougher work such as framing, but today many is also defined as the major horizontal support member
other materials are also used. upon which the floor system is laid. The girder can be solid
or built-up member.
Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood
which has been prepared by splitting (riving), hewing, or 3.Floor Joist – is the part of the floor system that supports
sawing with a pit saw or sawmill called lumber (American the floor boards. Floor joists are fastened on the girders at
English) or timber (British English). Today natural and a distance from 0.3 to 0.4 meter rigidly secured by bridging
engineered lumber and many other building materials to prevent from turning sideways.
carpenters may use are typically prepared by others and
4.Sill – is that part of a house that rest horizontally upon
delivered to the job site. In 2013 the carpenters union in
the foundation. Sill or wood plate as those wood member
America used the term carpenter for a catch-all position. fastened with anchor bolts to the foundation wall or beam.
Tasks performed by union carpenters include installing
"...flooring, windows, doors, interior trim, cabinetry, solid 5.Header – is a short traverse joist that supports the end
surface, roofing, framing, siding, flooring, insulation, of the cut-off joist a stair well hole.
...acoustical ceilings, computer-access flooring, metal
framing, wall partitions, office furniture systems, and both 6.Trimmer -is a supporting joist which carries an end
custom or factory-produced materials, ...trim and portion of a header.
molding,... ceiling treatments, ... exposed columns and
beams, displays, mantels, staircases...metal studs, metal 7.Flooring – refers to the wooden board commonly used
lath, and drywall. in wood flooring materials. It can be tongue and groove
(T&G) board, wood board or planks (plywood or ply board)
The traditional method of construction utilizing wood with thickness of ¾” to 1 inch.
for building structures have been superseded by reinforced
concrete and steel. The use of wood or lumber in most
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
C. Light Steel Frames
Module 2 MASONRY
Light gauge steel frame construction is an
innovative and reliable construction method which is Topics a. Introduction to Masonry
broadly used in the world and has surpassed wood b. Masonry Building Materials
frame construction in many design and construction c. Cement, Mortars and Concrete
aspects.
Overview: The lesson will cover the basic concepts
of masonry, materials used in
It offers several advantages such as buildability, masonry. Differentiate cement, mortars
strength, design flexibility, sustainability, and light in and concrete.
weight which makes it easy to handle and hence increase
speed; safety; and quality of construction. Nonetheless, it
is easily influence by fire, that is why fire protection coating A. Introduction
shall be provided. Masonry is the art of building with stone, bricks, concrete
blocks and other similar materials. This art of building has is
Light gauge steel frame elements are manufactured,
based on ASTM standard A1003, from structural steel its origin from the land of Mesopotamia, China and Egypt as
sheet that formed into strong C or Z or S shapes which manifested from some stone edifice still existing today.
are able to support heavy loads. The light gauge steel is
also called cold formed steel which comes from the In the development of masonry construction dry stones and
process by which steel members are formed. mortar less construction were widely used in their construction
of public buildings, monuments and building use for religious
1. Wall System - A load bearing wall is one which
sites.
carries vertical loads from the construction above or lateral
loads resulting from the wind. These loads may act
separately or in combination. Both internal and external Stones is relatively strong under compression, but weak
walls may be load bearing. Other types of walls include under tension. Meaning, it is good for making walls and pillars
non-load bearing walls, wall cladding, and partitions. but poor as beam and roof structures. For this reason all early
large building were roof with timber or timber in combination
2. Flooring System - The flooring system can be made
with other materials.
up of C-sections as joists connected to C section bearers.
The floor joists can be designed from a range of C-section
sizes depending on loading parameters. B. Masonry Building Materials
1. Stones
• Rubble Stone - generally consists of irregular stones
3. Roof System - The roof structure is generally a steel
with good face for the wall surface. The gaps between
truss system which can be designed for metal sheets or
tiles. The steel roof framing system can suit all types of roof stones are filled with small or broken stone or cement
design – hip, gable, dutch dable, steel roof sheeting or tile mortar.
and would be screwed directly onto the wall frame. • Course Rubble – is made with roughly squares
blocks leveled up to 30 to 45cm thick course
4. Connections - Light gauge steel members are • Bricks – are manufactured from clay and other
usually joined with self-drilling, self-tapping screws, which materials processed into a workable consistency
drill their own holes and form helical threads in the holes
molded to sizes and fired in a kiln to make them
as they are driven. Welding is often employed to assemble
panels of light gauge steel framing that are prefabricated strong, durable and attractive.
in a factory, and it is sometimes used on the building site Bricks – are made from clay commonly termed
where. commercial bricks
Face Bricks – are made from clay material used
on exposed exterior and interior masonry walls
 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
and other architectural applications where the is resistant to disintegration in water. Most
size, color and texture of bricks are given hydraulic cement has specific combinations of
importance silicate and aluminates of lime. Cement is the
Calcium Silicate Bricks – are made from clay or bonding agent of rock materials called aggregates
non clay materials with alumina and silica used in which as a filler.
furnace construction where resistance to
temperature as high as 178 oC is required. Portland Cement – widely used in various small
and large constructions including roads and
2. Concrete Hollow Blocks highways. Portland cement is not a brand but a type
Otherwise called CHB for short. It is the most of hydraulic cement. In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a brick
widely used masonry material for all types of construction layer of Leeds, England introduced the name
such as walls, partitions, dividers, fences etc. It is a
Portland a hydraulic lime that he patented for
building module resembling large bricks that are molded
from sand and cement. Types of CHB are shown below. resemblance to the natural limestone quarried on
the isle of Portland in England. In 1876, the first
Portland cement in the US was produced by David
Saylor of Coplay, Pennsylvania.
-a hydraulic cement produced by
pulverizing portland-cement clinker, and usually
containing calcium sulfate. (ASTM C219)

Types of Porland Cement as per ASTM C150

Type I—For use when the special properties specified for

any other type are not required. (for general use, most
buildings, bridges pavements and others0

Type IA—Air-entraining cement for the same uses as

Type I, where air-entrainment is desired.

Type II—For general use, more especially when moderate

• Common Types of CHB Laying
sulfate resistance or moderate heat of hydration is desired.
(for structures exposed to soil or water containing sulfate
Running Bond - This process of masonry works
ions)
the most common pattern of CHB laying, in which
the hollow blocks are arranged in a running
Type IIA—Air-entraining cement for the same uses as
pattern, never aligning with each other when
Type II, where air-entrainment is desired.
stacked. It gives the wall a lot of structural
strength.
Type III—For use when high early strength is desired. (for
Stack Bond - where the CHB is placed precisely
rapid construction or cold weather concreting)
on top of each other and the joints line. Requires
more reinforcements compared to running bond.
Type IIIA—Air-entraining cement for the same use as
Type III, where air-entrainment is desired.
C. CEMENT, AGGREGATES, MORTARS and CONCRETE
1. CEMENT Type IV—For use when a low heat of hydration is desired.
Hydraulic Cement – is a bonding agent that reacts ( for massive structures such as dam)
with water to form a hard stone-like substance that
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Type V—For use when high sulfate resistance is desired. required to produce concrete of a given consistency by
Structures exposed to high levels of sulfate ions) 12 % or greater.

Pozzolan Cement – is an amorphous silica hardened as Type G Water-reducing, high range, and retarding
silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in the presence admixture—an admixture that reduces the quantity of
of water. The name Pozzolan is derived from Pozzuoli, an mixing water required to produce concrete of a given
Italian town where Pozzolana a composition of glassy tuff consistency by 12 % or greater and retards the setting of
was found. concrete.
-a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material,
which in itself possesses little or no cementitious Air Entraining Admixtures – materially improves the
value but which will, in finely divided form and in durability of concrete in entraining billions of microscopic
the presence of moisture, chemically react with air bubbles distributed all through out the matrix of the
calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to concrete. These tiny air bubbles are large in volume
form cementitious hydrates. (ASTM C 219) compared with the capillary voids and gel pores in Portland
cement paste. These air bubbles create space for the relief
Admixture – as defined by ASTM, a material other of pressure built up in the smaller cavities when duly filled
than water, aggregates, hydraulic with water that expand when it freezes.
cementitious material, and fiber reinforcement that is
used as an ingredient of a cementitious mixture to 2. AGGREGATES
modify its freshly mixed, setting, or hardened
properties and that is added to the batch before or - Aggregates are inert materials when bound together
during its mixing. into a conglomerated mass by cement and water
form concrete, mortar. The aggregate component
Types of Admixtures is about 75% of the total mass of concrete.

Type A water-reducing admixture—an admixture - granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed
that reduces the quantity of mixing water required to stone, or iron blast-furnace slag, used with a
produce concrete of a given consistency. cementing medium to form hydraulic-cement
concrete or mortar (ASTM C125)
Type B Retarding admixture—an admixture that
retards the setting of concrete. Two Categories of Aggregates

Type C Accelerating admixture—an admixture that 1. Course Aggregate (Gravel) – is that portion of an
accelerates the setting and early strength development aggregates that is greater than 4.76mm and less than
of concrete. 75mm in size (ASTM D2487) that usually come from
(a) natural gravel deposits which are formed by water,
Type D Water-reducing and retarding admixture— wind or glacial action, (b) manufactured by crushing
an admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing water rock, stone, boulder and large cobble stone.
required to produce concrete of a given consistency
and retards the setting of concrete.

Type E Water-reducing and accelerating

admixture—an admixture that reduces the quantity of
mixing water required to produce concrete of a given
consistency and accelerates the setting and early
strength development of concrete.

Type F Water-reducing admixture, high range—an

admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing water
Common Coarse Aggregates
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1. Limestone or calcium bearing materials paste is useful to hold building materials such as stone or
brick together.

Types of Mortars Used in Masonry Construction

1. Based on Applications
a. Brick Laying or Stone Laying Mortar - This type of
mortar used to bind bricks and stones in masonry
construction.

b. Finishing Mortar - Finishing mortar is used for

pointing and plastering works. It is also used for
2. Basalts, granite and relates igneous rocks
architectural effects of building to give aesthetic
appearances. The mortar used for ornamental
finishing should have great strength, mobility and
resistance against atmospheric action like rain, wind,
etc.

2. Based on Binding Material

a. Cement Mortar - Cement is used as a binding

material in this type of mortar and sand is employed as
aggregate. The proportion of cement and sand is decided
based on the specified durability and working conditions.
Cement mortar will give high strength and resistance
3. Sandstone and quartzites
against water. The proportion of cement to sand may
varies from 1:2 to 1:6.

b. Lime Mortar - In this case, lime is used as binding

material. There are two types of limes namely fat lime and
hydraulic lime. Fat lime in lime mortar requires 2 to 3 times
of sand and it is used for dry work. Hydraulic lime and sand
in 1:2 ratios will give good results in damp conditions and
also suitable for water logged areas. Finally, the lime
mortar has a high plasticity so it can be placed easily. The
pyramids at Giza are plastered with lime mortar.

4. Rock, composed mainly of amorphous silicon dioxide

Other Applications of Mortar
2. Fine Aggregate (Sand) – are aggregate material that
3. Based on Bulk Density – heavy mortar and
with size between 0.074mm to 4.75mm. Generally
lightweight mortar
product of natural disintegration of rocks. It is also
manufactured from large pieces of aggregates by
4. Based on Strength(ASTM C270) - type M, S, N, and
crushing, grinding and rolling.
O (17.2 MPa(2500psi) to 2.5MPa (350psi)
3. Mortars
5. Based on Special Purpose – fire resistant, packing
Mortar is a workable paste prepared by adding water to a
mortar, sound absorbing mortar, X-ray shielding mortar,
mixture of binding material and fine aggregate. This plastic
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
chemical resistant Mortar 3. Proportioning of Concrete

4. Concrete Module 3 FORMWORKS, SCAFFOLDING AND

-Concrete is an artificial stone as a result of mixing STAGING
cement, fine and coarse aggregates and water. Topics a. Types of Formworks
The conglomeration of these materials producing b. Scaffolding and Staging
solid mass is called plain concrete. Concrete with
embedded reinforcement such as steel is called Overview: The lesson will cover the basic
reinforced concrete. methodology in formworks, concepts
of
scaffolding and staging
-a composite material that consists essentially of a
binding medium within which are embedded particles
or fragments of aggregate; in hydraulic-cement A. Introduction
concrete, the binder is formed from a mixture of Concrete mixture is generally semi-fluid material that
hydraulic cement and water. (ASTM ) produces the shape of anything to which it is poured. Thus,
construction form is used to produce desired size, shape
Basic Consideration in Mixing Concrete and form of concrete. Forms must be substantially strong
and rigid enough to sustain the weight and horizontal
1. Workability of Concrete pressure of fresh concrete.
-that property determining the effort required to
manipulate a freshly mixed quantity of concrete with Forms must be watertight, simple and economically
minimum loss of homogeneity. (ASTM) designed to be removed and reassembled easily without
damaging to the forms and concrete.
-is the ability of fresh concrete to flow freely around
the reinforcements and fill up the voids inside the Basic Considerations in Selection of Formworks
form. Workability of concrete are based from:
1. Cost of Materials – is the primary consideration in all
(a)Consistency-is the degree of wetness or kind of construction works. Indeed, most of the form should
slump of the concrete mixture. It varies directly be viewed in totality of its service rather than the unit cost
with the amount of water in the mixture. of the materials alone. Computing the over-all cost must
(b)Plasticity – is the ease of with which fresh be considered.
concrete can be molded or deformed without
segregation 2. Construction and Assembling Cost – Construction
(c.) Mobility – is the capacity of concrete to flow and assembling cost refers to the ease of assembling the
particularly during vibration. forms. Cost under this consideration refers to the kind of
materials, the manner of assembling and the cost of labor.
2. Strength of Concrete – is measured in its ability
to resist stresses caused by different forces
(compression, tension, shear and flexure). Grades of 3. The Number of Times it could be used – A certain
concrete are defined by the strength and composition form of material cost much higher than the other but could
of the concrete, and the minimum strength the concrete be used for multiple times compared with that of a cheaper
should have following 28 days of initial construction. one that could be utilized only once or twice.
The grade of concrete is understood in measurements
of MPa, where M stands for mix and the MPa denotes 4. Strength and Resistance to Pressure, Wear and
the overall strength. Tear – refers to the quality of the form to resist the weight
and horizontal pressure of fresh concrete. Forms must be
Other Considerations in Concrete Mixing guarded against bulging and sagging failure that usually
1. Curing of Concrete occur during the process of pouring.
2. Density of Concrete
Different Formwork Materials
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
➢ Provides uniform and smooth surface finish to the
1. Plywood - Plywood which is a manufactured product structure.
of timber is also used for formworks. It consists number of ➢ Great reusability.
veneer sheets or plies in layers. Now a days, the use of ➢ Easy to fix the formwork and also easy to
plywood formwork increases especially for facing panels. dismantle.
The reason behind it is that the plywood formwork provides Disadvantages
smooth finish when compared to normal timber formwork. ➢ Cost is very much higher.
Hence, finishing cost may reduce by the use of plywood. ➢ It is heavy in weight and requires lifting equipment
For formwork, special type of plywood called exterior for large structure formworks.
plywood is used. The veneer sheets of exterior plywood ➢ Corrosion will occur when there is a frequent
are bonded with strong adhesive to make it watertight. The contact with water.
plywood boards are available in thicknesses from 7mm to ➢ The size and shapes of forms available are
32mm. In general, plywood of size 1220 x 2440 and 18mm limited.
thick boards are sufficient for most of the works. For curved
structures, special types of plywood with sufficient 3. Aluminum - Aluminum formwork is used often for
thickness are also available. pre-fabricated formworks. It is getting more popular
because of its light weight and good strength. It requires
Advantages: fewer supports and ties.
➢ Plywood can also be cut into required size easily.
➢ Plywood Strong, durable and light in weight. Advantages:
➢ Provides smooth finish on the surface. ➢ Easy to fix and easy to dismantle.
➢ Very Large size plywood sheets are available ➢ It can be handled easily because of its light weight.
which makes the construction of formwork quicker ➢ It can be re-used for many times.
and easier. ➢ The walls and slabs of structures can be casted
➢ Curved formworks can also be prepared using simultaneously.
plywood. ➢ Monolithic crack free structures can be built using
aluminum formwork.
Disadvantages
➢ Dry timber may absorb water from wet concrete Disadvantages:
which result in the reduction of strength in ➢ When the load reaches its maximum limit, the
concrete structure. lighter sections may deflect.
➢ Wet timber having high moisture content ➢ Architectural modifications are not possible when
compress the wet concrete and forms cracks in aluminum formwork is used.
the structure and grout may leaked through joints
when shrinking occurs. 4. Plastics - Plastic is another type of formwork material
➢ Timber forms have limited usage. So, they cannot which is used for small concrete structures or for complex
be useful for more times. portions of the structure. It is light in weight and durable for
➢ Thin plywood sheets cannot sustain the weight of long periods. For complicated concrete structures, Glass
concrete they may bow out if proper thickness is reinforced plastics (GRP) and vacuum formed plastics are
not provided. used.

2. Steel - Steel can also be used as formwork Advantages:

material. It is very costly but it can be used for more ➢ Plastic is light in weight and can be easily handled.
number of times than others. They provides excellent finish ➢ Formwork for complex shaped structures can be
to the concrete surfaces. For mass strictures like dams, prepared easily.
bridges, etc. steel from work is so strong and safe. ➢ Good resistant against water.
➢ The damaged plastic sheets can be recycled and
Advantages useful to make new sheets.
➢ Steel forms are durable and stronger. ➢ Good quality plastic has great re-usability.
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Module 4 LAYING AND STAKING
Topics a. Introduction
Disadvantages: b. Basic Materials , Equipment and
➢ Plastic is weak against heat. Instrument
➢ It is costly material. c. Laying out procedures
➢ It does not take much load when compared with Overview: The lesson will cover the basic steps in
others. pre-construction procedures or
laying out and staking.
5. Other Formworks Materials
- Timber A. Introduction
- Magnesium In building construction, layout and staking is the process
- Fabric of establishing the point of building outlines or perimeters
on the ground or site where the building is to be
constructed.
Scaffolding and Staging
It also includes demolition, clearing, staking, batter boards
Scaffolding – is defined as temporary structure of and establishing the exact location of the building post and
wooden, steel or other materials providing flat form for walls that will rest on the ground.
working men to stand on while erecting, repair or
renovation of a structure. Also termed as Temporary Others define layout and staking as the process of
Framework transferring the measurements of building foundation plan
- is a temporary structure that is typically made to the ground or site of construction.
from metal poles and wood planks and used to
support construction workers, inspectors, B. Basic Materials and Equipment/ Instrument in
cleaners, and others who need to work at height. Laying out
Staging – is more substantial framework progressively built Stake – are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one
up as tall building rise up. The term staging is applied as it end and driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or
is build up in stages from one storey to the next floor support of the horizontal batter boards.
- is a temporary structure which is used to support Batter Boards – are wood stick nailed horizontally to the
formworks (shuttering and centering) either it may be for stake to serves as the horizontal plane where the building
slab, beams or columns. Staging is done using props, technical measurements are established.
jacks, H-frames, cup lock system and wooden ballies.
Surveying Instruments – is the instrument used in
Scaffolding and staging is not simple as one may relocating and establishing all reference points, lines and
think of it. It requires trained and experienced men to do boundaries of the construction.
the work .The construction of large structures should be
managed by knowledgeable person with special training Plastic water hose – is a transparent plastic tube having
and exposure in the field of construction. a diameter of ¼” to ½” filled with water used to establish
horizontal lines. This is a simple but accurate instrument
conveniently used in establishing horizontal plane.

String or Chord – is any medium of material such as steel

wire, cotton, plastic or nylon chord used for connecting
established points or lines in the batter boards.

Other materials as paints, nails and marking pins.

CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
THE 22 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING
C. Laying out Procedures
THE 1999 NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE
1. Before doing any construction activity on the site, PHILIPPINES
see to it that all necessary permits have been
secured from local authorities concerned. This will Who is the Plumber?
avoid inconvenience and unnecessary expenses • The Plumber is the one who works or engages in
the business of installing in buildings the pipes,
2. Relocate the boundaries of construction site. In fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the
the absence of established corners and water supply and removing liquid and waterborne
boundaries, Geodetic Engineer’s service is wastes.
required. There were several cases filed in court
for encroachment to adjoining property because of What are the different categories of Plumbers?
failure to locate the boundaries prior to the building • There are 3 categories of plumbers:
lay out and excavation
1. Apprentice Plumber – a beginner at the trade
3. Clear the site of any existing structures, trees and who usually serves for 3 to 5 years as a helper to
other obstructions that will disrupt the construction a journeyman.
activities.
2. Journeyman Plumber – has served his
4. Provide an on site construction office and apprenticeship and is competent to perform the
warehousing as one requirement in the tasks of installing and repairing the plumbing
construction. system.
5. Apply and secure temporary electrical and water 3. Master Plumber – a person technically and
supply. legally qualified and licensed to practice the
profession of master plumbing without limitations
6. Construction site must be securely fences for in accordance with R.A. 1378, having passed the
security and safety. examinations conducted by the Professional
Regulation Commission, has received a
7. Determine the building set back from the road line Certificate of Registration from the Board of
for establishing level lines Master Plumbing and possesses the current
License to Practice. (Sec. 214.5 NPC 1999)
8. Proceed with the construction of stakes and batter
boards. What is the Plumbing Code?

• The Plumbing Code is manifestation of the right of

the government to regulate the practice of the
plumbing profession based on the principle of the
protection of public health.

• The basic goal of the National Plumbing Code of

the Philippines is to ensure the qualified
observance of the latest provisions of the
plumbing & environmental laws.

What are the basic principles that govern the National

Plumbing Code of the Philippines?
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

• There are 22 basic principles of the 1999 National

Plumbing Code of the Philippines which are
updates of the tenets in the “Plumbing Law of the
Philippines” approved on 18 June 1955 as
amended on 28 November 1959 and revised on
21 December 1999.
• The basic principles are as follows:

Principle No. 1:
• All premises intended for human habitation,
occupancy or use shall be provided with a supply
of pure and wholesome water, neither connected
with unsafe supplies nor subject to hazards of
backflow or back siphonage. Principle No. 2:
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be
supplied with water in sufficient volume & at a pressure
adequate to enable them to function satisfactorily & without
undue noise under normal conditions of use.

Principle 2 Keyword: PRESSURE

607.1 Inadequate Water Pressure – whenever the
water pressure in the main or other source of supply will
not provide a water pressure of at least 103 kPa (15 psi)
after allowing friction and other pressure losses, a hydro
pneumatic pressure tank or an elevated tank and booster
pump will provide 103 kPa pressure.

607.2 Excessive Water Pressure – when the local

water pressure is in excess of 551 kPa (80 psi), an
approved-type pressure regulator preceded by an
adequate sized strainer shall be installed to reduce
pressure on the building side of the regulator to the
required supply pressure.
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the
pipes might be readily cleaned.

Principle No. 9:
All piping of plumbing systems shall be of durable NAMPAP
– APPROVED materials, free from defective workmanship,
designed & constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to
ensure satisfactory service.

Principle No. 10 :
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall
be equipped with water – sealed trap.
Principle No. 3:
Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the Principle No. 11 :
minimum quantity of water consistent with proper The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide
performance and cleaning. adequate circulation of free air from siphonage, aspiration or
forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
Principle No. 4:
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed Principle No. 12:
and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to
overheating, preempt clogging and the return of foul air to the building.

Principle No. 5: Principle No. 13:

Every building having plumbing fixtures installed & intended Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to
for human habitation, occupancy or use on premises abutting effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.
on a street, alley or easement where there is a public sewer,
shall be connected to the public sewer system. Principle No. 13 KEYWORDS:
501.2.2
Principle No. 6: Testing Media – the piping of the plumbing, drainage and
Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or venting system shall be tested with water or air.
with a private sewage disposal system shall have at least
1water closet & 1 kitchen-type sink. Further, a lavatory or 501.2.3
bathtub or shower shall be installed to meet the basic WATER TEST – the water test shall be applied to the
requirement of sanitation & personal hygiene. drainage and vent system either in its entirety or in sections.
The water shall be kept for at least 15 minutes before
Principle No. 7: inspection starts.
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non- absorbent
material, free from concealed fouling surfaces & shall be 501.2.4
located in ventilated enclosures. AIR TEST – the air test shall be made by attaching an air
compressor testing apparatus to any suitable opening, and
Principle No. 8: after closing all other inlets and outlets of the system, air is
The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and forced into the pipe system until there is a uniform gauge
maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, pressure of 34.5 kPa (5 psi) or sufficient to balance a
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
column of mercury 254 mm in height. The pressure shall Principle No. 19:
be held without introduction of additional air for a period of at Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable
least 15 minutes. condition by Registered Master Plumbers.

501.2.6 Principle No. 20:

WATER PIPING – upon completion of a section or of the All plumbing fixtures shall be properly spaced, to be
entire hot and cold water supply systems, it shall be tested accessible for their intended use.
and proved tight under a water pressure not less than the
working pressure under which it is to be used plus 50%. Principle No. 21:
The water for test shall be obtained from a potable source of Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers
supply. A 344.5 kPa (50 psi) air pressure may be substituted with due regard to the preservation of the strength of
for the water test. In either method of test, the piping shall structural members and the prevention of damage to walls
withstand the test without leaking for a period of not less and other surfaces through fixture usage.
than 15 minutes.
Principle No. 22:
Principle No. 14: Sewage or other from a plumbing system which may be
No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive deleterious to surface or sub – surface waters shall not be
mixtures,destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly discharge into the ground or onto any waterway, unless first
with the sewage disposal process shall be allowed to enter rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable
the building drainage system. form of treatment.

Principle No. 15:

Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination
of food, water, sterile goods & similar materials by backflow
of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance
shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage
system.

Principle No. 16 :
No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment
which is not properly lighted or ventilated.

Principle No. 17:

If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in
buildings where there is no sewer within a reasonable
distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of
the building sewage by some accepted method of sewage
treatment and disposal, such as septic tank.

Principle No. 18:

Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to
backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to
prevent its overflow in the building.