Shape Memory Alloys

: An Overview & Nanoscale Characteristics

2020. 05. 18
Current status of Structural Materials

Ji Young Kim
 Contents

Shape Memory Alloys

Origin of SME : Thermoelastic martensitic transformation

Type of SME : one-way / two-way SME

Research trend of SMA

- Alloy design / Orientation effect / Size effect at the nanoscale

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 Concept of Shape Memory Alloys

Stress σ
Shape recovery ! Strain ε

High recovery strain through Phase transformation

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 Origin of SME : Thermoelastic martensitic transformation

Study of reversible martensitic transformation (1949)

Cu-system (1953) → NiTi system (1963)

Martensitic transformation

Thermoelastic Non-thermoelastic

Driving force from austenite to martensite

∆𝑮𝑮 = 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝒕𝒕∆𝒈𝒈𝒄𝒄 + 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝒕𝒕𝑨𝑨 + 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝒕𝒕𝑩𝑩 + 𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝝈𝝈 ≈0

Chemical free energy Elastic strain energy Interface energy between A-M

Plastic strain energy

Hiroyasu Funakubo, «Shape Memory Alloys» (1984)

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 Origin of SME : Thermoelastic martensitic transformation

𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 + 𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝝈𝝈 ≈0

 good coherency A-M
 Structural change ↓
Plastic strain energy Interface energy between A-M  volume change ↓

 SME : Martensitic transformation and reverse transformation through specific path with preferred variant
 Ordered phase with super-lattice, there is specific path with preferred variant depending on atomic bonding
→ Parent (austenite) has an ordered structure ex. B2, L21

A
∆𝑮𝑮 = 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝒕𝒕∆𝒈𝒈𝒄𝒄 + 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
M
 Cooling : Equilibrium between chemical free energy

difference and non chemical (elastic-strain) free energy

 Heating : Shrinkage of martensite until equilibrium

Hiroyasu Funakubo, «Shape Memory Alloys» (1984)

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 Type of Shape Memory Effect

Shape Memory Effect

One-way SME Two-way SME

Super-elasticity Shape memory effect Shape change through

T > Af
(Heat treatment) temperature change

T < Af

R. DesRoches et al., Journal of structural engineering 130(1) (2004) 38-46. J Ma, I Karaman & R.D. Noebe, Internatinal Materials Reviews 55 (2010)

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One way SME : Super-elasticity & SME of SMA

Yu Wang et al., Physical Review Letters 97 (2006) 225703.

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 Application of SE & SME behavior of SMA

Super-elasticity Shape Memory Effect

T > Af T > Af

N. Pandis et al., Semianr in Orthodontics 16 (2010) 249-257. T.W. Duerig, «The use of superelasticity in modern medicine», MRS bulletin (2002)

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 Application of two-way SMA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhykVMFDULk

J Ma, I Karaman & R.D. Noebe, Internatinal Materials Reviews 55 (2010)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape-memory_alloy

Biomedical application as temperature sensitive sensor / grabber

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Research trend to control characteristics of SMA (1) Finding system

 Thermoelastic Martensitic transformation

 Ordered phase as parent austenite phase

Hiroyasu Funakubo, «Shape Memory Alloys» (1984)

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 Research trend to control characteristics of SMA (2) Alloy design

 Previous approach to control the SMA properties : Alloy design

Control the phase stability (austenite)

P.K. Kumar and D.C. Lagoudas, « Introcutction of Shape Memory Alloys» (2008)

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Research trend to control characteristics of SMA (3) Orientation effect

Mechanical response depending on the orientation

Maximum transformation strain depending on the orientation

Under tensile stress Under compressive stress

J Ma, I Karaman & R.D. Noebe, Internatinal Materials Reviews 55 (2010)

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 Research trend to control characteristics of SMA (4) Size effect

 New approach : Abnormal behavior at the nanoscale

Surface area to volume ratio increases

Characteristics of SMA

Phase transformation Phase transformation

temperature stress

Sample size effect Grain size effect

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 Size effect on phase transformation temperature

Grain size effect Sample size effect

● Austenite ● Martensite
● Austenite ● Martensite

1. austenite over-stabilization : γauestenite < γmartensite 1. austenite over-stabilization : 𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

2. Grain boundaries work as energy barrier < 𝛾𝛾𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
W.S. Ko et al., Physical Review Materials 2 (2018) 030601

W.S. Ko et al., Acta Materialia 123 (2017) 90-101

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 Size effect on phase transformation stress

Grain size effect Sample size effect

38nm
50nm
62nm
Dislocation starvation

Homogeneous nucleation
Transformation strain mechanism :
Grain boundaries work as mechanical constraints. Critical stress for PT increases
Minglu Xia et al., Meterials Letters 211 (2018) 352-355 J.F. Gomez-Cortes et al., Nature nanotechnology 12 (2017) 790-796

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 Summary

Origin of SME : Thermoelastic martensitic transformation

Type of SME : one-way / two-way SME

Research trend of SMA

 Searching alloy system

 Alloy design using additional element

 Orientation effect

 Size effect at the nanoscale

Industrial / Biomedical / Electrical Applications

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Thank you for your kind attention
 Type of Martensitic Transformation

Martensitic transformation

Athermal Isothermal

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