cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv BDwbU

f‚wgKv
10
cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Rx‡ei m¤úK© wbweo, Avwe‡”Q`¨ Ges Acwi‡gq| gvby‡li Kj¨vY †Kej gvby‡li DciB wbf©i K‡i
bv| gvbe mf¨Zvi GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb Ges cÖK…wZi `vb GB cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci wfwË
K‡i gvbyl †eu‡P _v‡K, Rxebxkw³ cvq I mf¨Zvi weKvk mvwaZ nq| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek I mf¨Zv AvR ûgwKi
m¤§yLxb| †`Lv w`‡”Q bvbv ai‡bi wech©q ev `y‡h©vM| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM RxebhvÎv‡K KLbI KLbI wech©¯Í I `ywe©mn
K‡i †Zv‡j| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †iva Kiv gvby‡li c‡ÿ GLbI Amva¨| ZvB Avgv‡`i DwPr `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K©
mwVKfv‡e Rvbv Ges Gi †gvKv‡ejv, cÖ¯‘wZ, mZK©Zv I e¨e¯’vcbv wel‡q mg¨K Ávb wb‡q Gi SuywK I ÿwZ
h_vm¤¢e wbqš¿Y Kiv| mf¨Zv‡K wUwK‡q ivL‡Z n‡j, cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb NUv‡Z n‡j GB wech©q †iva Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
Avi GRb¨ `iKvi cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b I h_vh_ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 10.1 : cwi‡ek msiÿY
cvV - 10.2 : cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY
cvV - 10.3 : cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iva
cvV - 10.4 : cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y cwiev‡ii f‚wgKv
cvV - 10.5 : `y‡h©vM I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv
cvV - 10.6 : `y‡h©v‡Mi aib
cvV - 10.7 : `y‡h©v‡Mi c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ
cvV - 10.8 : `y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zv I cieZ©x e¨e¯’vcbv
Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb cÖ_g cÎ BDwbU-10

cvV-10.1 cwi‡ek msiÿY

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 cwi‡ek Kx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cwi‡ek msiÿY Kxfv‡e Kiv hvq Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cwi‡ek (Environment)
gvbyl wewfbœ cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ c„w_ex cwigÛ‡ji evm K‡i| GB cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vB gvby‡li
cwi‡ek| cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v ej‡Z Avgv‡`i Pvivcv‡ki AvKvk, evZvm, gvwU, Rj, MvQcvjv Ges cïcvwL‡K
†evSvq| cwi‡e‡ki GB Dcv`vb¸‡jvB gvbyl‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges cwi‡ewóZ iv‡L|
cwi‡ek msiÿY (Conservation of Environment)
c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li `xN©¯’vqx Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki msiÿY AZ¨vek¨K| cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿv Ges
¯^v¯’¨m¤§Zfv‡e Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z n‡j cwi‡ek msiÿY m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv `iKvi| cwi‡ek msiÿY ej‡Z †evSvq
gvbyl, Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwY I Dw™¢‡`i ¯^vfvweK Rxeb weKv‡ki wbðqZv| c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li `xN©¯’vqx Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki msiÿY Ges Gi ¸Ygvb eRvq ivLv AZ¨vek¨K|
cwi‡ek msiÿY g~jZ `yB ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|
K) †fŠZ msiÿY, †hgb-f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb, LwbR, iƒcv, †mvbv, Zvgv, mxmv, Kqjv, †c‡Uªvwjqvg I cÖvK…wZK M¨vm
myiwÿZ Kiv I ¸Ygvb eRvq ivLv|
L) Rxe msµvšÍ msiÿY, †hgb-wewfbœ Rxe ev Rxe cÖRvwZ|

msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨
cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yi g~j D‡Ïk¨ cÖK…wZ Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`mg~‡ni h_vh_ e¨envi myiÿv Ges cwiPvjbv| cwi‡ek
msiÿ‡Yi d‡j cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`mg~n wePÿYZvi m‡½ e¨envi Kiv hvq Ges hveZxq fvimvg¨I wbqwš¿Z _v‡K|

wkÿv_©xi KvR cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y RbMY‡K m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †¯øvMvb wjLyb

mvivsk
cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿv ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Zfv‡e Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z n‡j cwi‡ek msiÿY m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv `iKvi|
cwi‡ek msiÿY ej‡Z †evSvq-gvbyl, Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwY I Dw™¢‡`i ¯^vfvweK Rxeb weKv‡ki wbðqZv| msiÿY g~jZ
`yB ai‡bi-†fŠZ I Rxe msµvšÍ| cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv-cÖK…wZ Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`mg~‡ni h_vh_
e¨envi, myiÿv Ges cwiPvjbv|

cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv c„ôv 131

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| cwi‡ek msiÿY g~jZ KZ ai‡bi?
K) 1 ai‡bi L) 2 ai‡bi
M) 3 ai‡bi N) 4 ai‡bi
2| cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv-
i) cÖK…wZ I cÖvK…wZi m¤ú‡`i myiÿv
ii) cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i fvimvg¨ wbqš¿Y
iii) cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii

c„ôv 132 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb cÖ_g cÎ BDwbU-10

cvV-10.2 cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 cwi‡ek `~lY Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cwi‡ek `~lY
cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y A_ev gvby‡li Kvh©Kjv‡c m„ó D™¢zZ `~wlZ c`v_© hLb cwi‡ek‡K welgq K‡i †Zv‡j
ZLbB Avgiv `~lY kãUv e¨envi Kwi| cwi‡e‡ki cÖvK…wZK wewfbœ Dcv`vb, †hgb-gvwU, cvwb, evqy BZ¨vw`i †fŠZ,
ivmvqwbK I ˆRe cwieZ©b NU‡j Zv RxeRM‡Zi Dci ÿwZKi cÖfve m„wó K‡i| GwU‡K cwi‡ek `~lY e‡j|
ÿwZKi c`v‡_©i e„w×i d‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó nq Ges ¯^vfvweK Rxebhvcb e¨nZ nq, ZLbB cwi‡ek `~wlZ
nq| cÖwZ eQiB cwi‡ek msµvšÍ wek¦ m‡¤§jb n‡”Q| GB m‡¤§j‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ gvbyl‡K cwi‡ek
m¤ú‡K© AviI †ewk K‡i m‡PZb Kiv| gvby‡li g‡a¨ GB †eva m„wó Kiv †h, Avgv‡`i †eu‡P _vKvi c„w_ex GKUvB|
Kv‡RB cwi‡ek iÿvq mevB‡K G D‡`¨v‡M kwiK n‡Z n‡e| awiÎx Zvi gvbyl w`‡qB ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| †hgb-
AmsMwZc~Y© bMivqb, Rwgi AwZKl©Y, AcwiKwíZ Dbœqb, Rwg‡Z AwZ gvÎvq KxUbvkK e¨envi, RbmsL¨v e„w×,
hvbevn‡bi Kv‡jv †auvqv BZ¨vw` mewKQz wg‡j cwi‡ek‡K `~wlZ Ki‡Q Ges mvgwMÖK cwi‡ekMZ fvimvg¨ e¨nZ
n‡”Q| †hme Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek `~lY N‡U Zv wel`fv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY
1| RbmsL¨v e„w× : µgvMZ RbmsL¨v e„w×, cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨nxbZv I cwi‡ek `~lY gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY
Ki‡Q| ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi cÖ‡qvR‡b ebR½j, MvQcvjv †K‡U Pv‡li Rwg ˆZwi Kiv nq ev emZevwo wbg©vY Kiv
nq| MvQcvjv KvUvi d‡j e„wócvZ K‡g hvq, Livi cÖ‡Kvc e„w× cvq| AwaK RbmsL¨v cwi‡e‡ki Ici AwaK
Pvc m„wó K‡i, m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v‡K KjywlZ K‡i Ges cwi‡e‡ki wech©q NUvq| RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j Lv`¨,
evm¯’vb, hvbevnb, wkíKviLvbv mewKQzi Pvwn`vB e„w× cvq| AwaK Lv`¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z AwaK KxUbvkK I
mvi e¨envi, f‚M‡f©i cvwb D‡Ëvj‡bi d‡j g„wËKv `~lY n‡”Q| AwaK wkíKviLvbv, hvbevnb, cvwb I evqy`~lY
NUv‡”Q|
2| bMivqb : bMivq‡bi d‡j cwi‡ek `~lY µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q| KjKviLvbv I Mvwo †_‡K Kv‡jv †auvqv evqy
`~l‡Yi m„wó Ki‡Q| evm, UªvK I Ab¨vb¨ Mvwoi nY© †_‡K kã `~lY n‡”Q| Avevi b`xi cvwb‡Z KjKviLvbvi
AveR©bv wg‡k b`xi cvwb `~wlZ n‡”Q| GQvov wb¤œ A‡j R‡g _vKv e„wói cvwb‡Z gkvi esk e„w× cv‡”Q, hv
Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ügwK¯^iƒc| bMivq‡Yi d‡j gvbyl Kv‡Ri Avkvq MÖvg †Q‡o kn‡i G‡m emevm Ki‡Q| kn‡i
AwaK RbmsL¨vi d‡j Avevmb mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡”Q, ew¯Í M‡o DV‡Q| ew¯Í‡Z weï× cvwb I m¨vwb‡Ukb mgm¨v
I gqjv-AveR©bv †djvi Ae¨e¯’v I m‡PZbZvi Afve cwi‡ek `~lY NUv‡”Q|
3| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡b m„ó mgm¨v : mgMÖ we‡k¦ AvR Rjevqyi cwieZ©‡b weiƒc cÖwZwµqv cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| GB
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY AcwiKwíZ bMivqY I wkívqb| fwel¨‡Z Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j
evsjv‡`k, fviZ, gvjØxc, kÖxjsKv cÖf…wZ †`k AwaK ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡e| KviY wMÖbnvDm cÖwZwµqvi d‡j
evqygÛ‡j Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q| G‡Z ZvcgvÎv e„w× cv‡”Q| d‡j wngvj‡qi eid M‡j
mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv †e‡o hv‡”Q| weÁvbxiv ej‡Qb, Gfv‡e hw` Pj‡Z _v‡K Z‡e AvMvgx 30 eQ‡i mgy‡`ªi
DcK‚jeZ©x A‡bK †`k mgy‡`ªi Z‡j wejxb n‡q hv‡e| Avgv‡`i †`‡kiI AwaKvsk f‚wg mgy`ªZ‡j nvwi‡q
hv‡e| wecbœ n‡e Rxeb I m¤ú`| GQvov Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Liv, b`xi cÖevn n«vm, N~wY©So, eb¨v,
R‡jv”Q¡vm cvb‡hvM¨ cvwbi Afve, grm¨m¤ú` aŸsm, dmj Drcv`b n«vm, f‚wgK¤ú BZ¨vw` fqven `y‡h©v‡M
gvivZ¥K ÿwZi Avk¼v i‡q‡Q|

cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv c„ôv 133

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

4| ebR m¤ú` aŸsm : cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿvq GKwU †`‡ki 25 fvM ebf‚wg _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| evsjv‡`‡ki
ebf‚wgi cwigvY 8%| eb m¤ú` aŸs‡mi Ab¨Zg KviY, bMivqY, wkívqb, R¡vjvwb msMÖn I K…wlRwg
m¤úªmviY| GQvov RbmsL¨v e„w× cvIqvi d‡j R¡vjvwb, evwoNi, AvmevecÎ wbg©vY BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvR‡b
e¨vcKnv‡i ebR m¤ú` DRvo n‡”Q| d‡j f~wgÿq n‡q cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q|
5| AcwiKwíZ wkívqb : evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg KviY AcwiKwíZ wkívqb| Lv`¨mvgMÖx ˆZwii
KviLvbvi cv‡k mvi I KxUbvkK ˆZwi KviLvbv, eR©¨ wb®‹vk‡b Ae¨e¯’vcbv Ges cwi‡kva‡bi e¨e¯’v bv _vKvq
Rjvk‡q wM‡q eR©¨ cwZZ n‡”Q| d‡j cvwb I evqy `~lY NU‡Q| I‡Rvb ¯Íi n«vm cv‡”Q, wMÖbnvDR cÖwZwµqv I
DòZv e„w× cv‡”Q|
6| AcwiKwíZ eR©¨ I cqtwb®‹vkb t wkíKviLvbv, AvevwmK GjvKv, nvmcvZvj eR©¨ I cqtwb®‹vk‡bi †Wª‡bR e¨e¯’v
bv _vKvq †m¸‡jv gvwU‡Z †kvwlZ n‡”Q ev cvk¦©eZ©x Rjvav‡i wM‡q co‡Q, d‡j gvwU I cvwb `~wlZ n‡”Q|
7| b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej fivU : b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej fivU nIqvi d‡j e„wói cvwb m‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv, RjveÜZvi
m„wó nq, d‡j cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq|
8| BUfvUv : ‡Kv‡bv wbqgbxwZ Qvov G‡`‡k AmsL¨ BUfvUv M‡o D‡V‡Q, hv cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ûgwK¯^iƒc| BUfvUvq KvV
e¨env‡ii d‡j ebf‚wg aŸsm n‡”Q Ges BU †cvov‡bvi d‡j evqy‡Z wbM©Z welv³ M¨v‡mi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q|
9| APj I AwaK hvbevnb e¨envi : APj I AwaK hvbevnb e¨env‡ii d‡j AwaK R¡vjvwb e¨eüZ n‡”Q, d‡j
evqy`~lY I kã`~lY m„wó n‡”Q|
10| AcwiKwíZfv‡e ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK e¨envi : µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z wM‡q K…wl
Kv‡R AcwiKwíZfv‡e ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK e¨envi n‡”Q, d‡j gvwU I evqy`~lY NU‡Q|
11| f~wg ÿq : bMivqb, cvnvo KvUv, Rjvkq †_‡K bywo-evjy, cv_i D‡Ëvjb, ebR m¤ú` aŸsm BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y
f‚wgÿq n‡”Q| cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó n‡q cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi m„wó n‡”Q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY¸‡jv D‡jøL K‡i GKwU cvV ˆZwi Kiæb|

mvivsk
cwi‡ek `~lY ej‡Z †evSvq ‡Kv‡bv ÿwZKi c`v‡_©i cÖfv‡e cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó nIqv Ges gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK
Rxebhvcb e¨nZ nIqv| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb †hgb-gvwU, cvwb, evqy BZ¨vw`‡Z hLb †fŠZ, ivmvqwbK
I ˆRweK cweZ©b N‡U Ges Zv hLb RxeRM‡Zi Dci †bwZevPK cÖfve m„wó K‡i ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq cwi‡ek `~lY|
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi d‡j Rjevqyi cwieZ©b n‡”Q| G‡Z gvbyl, Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwY I Dw™¢` RM‡Zi Dci gvivZ¥K
ÿwZKi cÖfve c‡o| wkívqb, bMivqb, e„ÿ wbabmn bvbv Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek `~lY n‡q _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi cÖavb KviY †KvbwU?
K) RbmsL¨v e„w× L) ebR m¤ú` aŸsm
M) AcwiKwíZ wkívqb N) BU fvUv
2| AwaK hvbevnb PjvP‡ji Kvi‡Y-
i) gvwU `~lY I evqy`~lY N‡U
ii) evqy `~lY I kã`~lY N‡U
iii) kã `~lY I cvwb `~lY N‡U
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) ii M) iii N) i I iii

c„ôv 134 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb cÖ_g cÎ BDwbU-10

cvV-10.3 cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iva

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 cwi‡ek `~lY n‡Z iÿv cvIqvi Dcvq¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvqmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

gvby‡li wewfbœ Kg©KvÛ Ges cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek AvR ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki m~Î
a‡i ejv hvq- we‡k¦i cwi‡ek‡K evm Dc‡hvMx ivLvi cwiKíbv w`‡Z cv‡i weÁvbB, ZvB weÁv‡bi
e³e¨‡K cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡j we‡k¦i mKj gvbyl‡K †mv”Pvi n‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡`i fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i ¯^v‡_©
†`‡k cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY, Drcw˯’j wPwýZKiY, h_vh_ e¨e¯’v MÖnYc~e©K cwi‡ek‡K cwi”Qbœ †i‡L `~lY
cÖwZ‡iva Kg©m~wP‡K Riæix wfwˇZ hZ ZvovZvwo Kvh©Ki Kiv hv‡e †`‡ki Rb¨ Zv ZZB g½jRbK n‡e| wb‡P
cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤¢ve¨ Dcvqmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|

cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤¢ve¨ Dcvq

1| †`‡ki Avcvgi RbmvaviY‡K cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY I Zvi cÖwZwµqv m¤ú‡K© mRvM Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ
MYgva¨‡g, †hgb- †iwWI-‡Uwjwfkb, cÎ-cwÎKv, g¨vMvwRb I †mwgbv‡ii gva¨‡g †Rvi`vi cÖPvi Pvjv‡bv|
2| wkÿvi gva¨wgK ¯Íi †_‡K wek¦we`¨vjq ch©v‡qi cvV¨m~wP‡Z Ôcwi‡ek `~lYÕ‡K AšÍf©y³ Kivi Rb¨ miKvwifv‡e
cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv|
3| †`‡ki cÖwZwU cÖkvmwbK BDwb‡U A_©vr BDwbqb, _vbv, †Rjv I wefvMxq ch©v‡q Ôcwi‡ek `~lYÕ wbqš¿Y †evW© MVb
K‡i mvgvwRK msMVbmg~n hv‡Z cÖwZ gv‡m AšÍZ GKwU †mwgbvi Av‡qvRb K‡i Zvi Rb¨ AvBb cvm Kiv|
4| †`‡k wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi cÖv°v‡j h_vh_ Rwic I Dc‡hvwMZv hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g Dchy³ KZ©„c‡ÿi mycvwik
MÖn‡Yi weavb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv|
5| MY¯^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K© me©¯Í‡ii RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv m„wói j‡ÿ¨ †`‡ki me©Î ¯^v¯’¨Kg©x‡`i f‚wgKvi Rb¨ m‡iRwgb
cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i G‡`i Kvh©Kjv‡ci g~j¨vqb mv‡c‡ÿ DrmvnRbK cyi¯‹v‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv|
6| m¤¢ve¨ `y‡f©vM I cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi nvZ n‡Z †`k I RvwZ‡K iÿv Kivi m‡e©vËg nvwZqvi n‡”Q †`‡ki me©Î cÖPzi
MvQcvjv jvMv‡bv I ebf‚wgi wbwe©Pvi wbab †iv‡a AvBb cÖYqb I Zvi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM wbwðZKiY| e„ÿ wbab
Kvh©Kjvc †iva Kiv bv †M‡j A`~i fwel¨‡Z †`k giæf‚wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡e I eb¨cÖvwY †`k †_‡K weZvwoZ n‡j
†`‡ki cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ †f‡½ co‡e| A_P ebvÂj †Kej cwi‡ek iÿvi cÖavb nvwZqviB bq eis ebvÂj f‚wg
`~lY †iva K‡i Ges cwi‡e‡k Aw·‡Rb I Kve©b WvB A·vB‡Wi fvimvg¨ eRvq iv‡L| ebf‚wg cÖK…wZi GK
A‡gvN fvimvg¨ weavb| ZvB G weavb Gi Dci n¯Í‡ÿc gv‡b wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K wecbœ Kiv|
7| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki RbewmZc~Y© kniv‡ji AvevwmK GjvKvq e¨v‡Oi QvZvi gZ d¨v±wi MwR‡q DV‡Q| bMixi
AvevwmK GjvKvi evB‡i wkí KviLvbv ¯’vcb Kiv †M‡j GB mgm¨vi A‡bKvs‡k mgvavb cvIqv hv‡e|
m‡e©vcwi ew¯Í GjvKvi Awaevmx‡`i‡K ¯^v¯’¨m¤§ZZfv‡e cyybe©vmb Ki‡Z n‡e, ZvÕ bv n‡j kni I bMimg~n
`~lYgy³ n‡e bv|
8| evq~`ylY n‡Z cwi‡ek‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡j `~wlZ c`v_© wbM©Z nIqvi mgq G‡Z Ggb cwigvY ivmvqwbK c`v_©
wgwk‡q w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Giv evqy‡K `~wlZ Kivi c~‡e©B wbi‡cÿ (neutral) n‡q hvq| cwiwgZ `~wlZ c`v‡_©i
Rb¨ ivmvqwbK c`v_© evqygÛ‡j wQwU‡q w`‡q `~wlZ c`v_©‡K wbi‡cÿ Kiv hvq| Rvcvb GwmW e„wó
cÖwZ‡ivaK‡í G ai‡bi e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i mdjZv jvf K‡i‡Q|

cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv c„ôv 135

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

9| A‡bK †`‡k B‡Zvg‡a¨B gUihv‡bi †auvqvNwUZ `~lY †ivaK‡í e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ges mxmvgy³ †c‡Uªvj e¨envi
eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i‡Q| gUihv‡b wbM©Z †auvqv I weKU k‡ãi Rb¨ wb‡ivaK hš¿ jvwM‡q wb‡j `~lY m„wóKviK
Dcv`vb n‡Z iÿv cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e nvBWªwjK n‡Y©i cwie‡Z© kã `~lY‡iv‡a wgDwRK nY© e¨envi
Ki‡j fvj dj cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
10| cvwb‡K `~l‡Yi nvZ n‡Z iÿv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb cÖYqb I Zvi myôy cÖ‡qvM wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
G‡ÿ‡Î Rbmvavi‡Yi mn‡hvwMZv Ges m‡PZbZv‡eva m„wói e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e| AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi
gva¨‡gI µgkt cvwb `~lY †iva Kiv hvq| dmj †ÿ‡Z KxUbvkK I AvMvQvbvkK Jl‡ai e¨envi Kwg‡q
ˆRweK (Biological) c×wZ‡Z mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv D³ Jl‡ai cÖ‡qv‡M Avgv‡`i grm¨
m¤ú‡`i e¨vcK ÿwZ mvwaZ n‡”Q I Gm‡ei cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ welwµqv Avgv‡`i Rbkw³‡KI `ye©j K‡i
w`‡”Q|
11| ‡`‡ki bMimg~‡ni cqtcÖYvjx e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ NwU‡q weï× cvwb mieivn wbwðZKiY, †cŠi AveR©bv I RÄvj
¯’vbvšÍi Ges cwi®‹v‡ii Rb¨ AvaywbK c×wZi cÖ‡qvM, kni GjvKvi bvjv-b`©gvi cwi®‹vi cwi”QbœZvi cÖwZ
KovKwo Av‡ivc I bRi`vixi Rb¨ ch©‡eÿK wb‡qvM Kiv hvq|

¯’vqx Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cwi‡ek wel‡q wkÿv I Rbm‡PZbZv m„wó Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msiÿY nj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c~e©kZ©|
G‡ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i ‡`‡ki ZiæY cÖR‡b¥i g‡a¨ h_vh_ m‡PZbv m„wó I AvaywbK `„wófw½ M‡o †Zvjvi welqwU
Zvrch©c~Y©| miKvi I RbM‡Yi wgwjZ cÖ‡Póvq cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iva Kvh©µg mdj nIhv m¤¢e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvqmg~n GKwU †cv÷vi cª`k©b Kiæb|

mvivsk
cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡a GKK D‡`¨vM bq miKvwi I †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡MiI cÖ‡qvRb| cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y
bvbvai‡bi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM m„wó n‡q _v‡K| cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb, †hgb-evqy, cvwb, gvwU Ges kã, bvbv
ai‡bi ÿwZKi Dcv`vb w`‡q `~wlZ n‡q _v‡K| cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡a mevB‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e, ‡hb
Avgv‡`i ¯^vfvweK RxebhvÎv e¨nZ bv nq| MvQcvjv cÖK…wZi Ask Ges gvby‡li AK…wÎg eÜz| Rxe‰ewPΨ I
cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‡Z e„ÿ Abe`¨ f‚wgKv iv‡L| miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb Ges RbM‡Yi GK‡hv‡M
KvR Kivi gva¨‡g cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b cwi‡ek `~lY fqven AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q| GwU
cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡j mK‡ji m‡PZb _vKv Avek¨K| mK‡ji mwµq AskMÖn‡YB G‡ÿ‡Î Kvh©Kix f‚wgKv ivL‡Z
cv‡i| GKK D‡`¨vM bq eis mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨vMB cv‡i cwi‡ek `~lY‡K cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡a †ewk cÖ‡qvRb †KvbwU?
K) `jMZ cÖ‡Póvi †P‡q e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póv
L) ‡gvUv‡gvwU †Póv
M) e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póvi †P‡q `jMZ cÖ‡Póv
N) wPšÍv Kiv

c„ôv 136 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb cÖ_g cÎ BDwbU-10

cvV-10.4 cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y cwiev‡ii f‚wgKv

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 myôz cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y cwiev‡ii f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 `~lYgy³ cwi‡ek iÿvq cwiev‡ii KiYxq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cwi‡ek Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi mv‡_ I‡Zv‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| ZvB cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y mK‡ji m‡PZb _vKv
cÖ‡qvRb| we‡kl K‡i cÖwZ cwievi hw` cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y m‡PZb nq Z‡e cwi‡ek `~lY A‡bKvs‡k
†iva Kiv m¤¢e| gvby‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡, c„w_exi RxebaviY, cwi‡e‡ki m¤ú~Y©Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| eZ©gvb Ges fwel¨r
cÖR‡b¥i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ cwi‡e‡ki cywómvabc~Y© cwiPvjb Acwinvh©|

cwievi I cwi‡ek msiÿY

Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k hv wKQz Av‡Q Zv wb‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q cwi‡ek| GRb¨ RvZxq cwi‡ek bxwZ ev¯Íevqb miKv‡ii
GKvi c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| Avgv‡`i‡KI G e¨vcv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z n‡e| cwi‡ek bxwZi w`K¸‡jv
Avgv‡`i †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|

myôy cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y cwiev‡ii f~wgKv

cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ i‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i wbweo m¤úK©| ZvB cwi‡ek‡K Avgiv msiÿY Kie, hZœ †be| evwo, K‡j‡R I
Av‡kcv‡k †ewk MvQ jvMv‡ev I Mv‡Qi hZœ †be| Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek cwi®‹vi ivLe| cwi‡ek `~lYKvix me KvR
†_‡K weiZ _vKe| cwi‡ek Dbœqbg~jK mKj Kv‡R mwµq f‚wgKv cvjb Kie| Zvn‡jB wek¦ cwiYZ n‡e Ômy›`i
Avevmf‚wgÕ‡Z| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwi‡ek `~lY †iva ev msiÿYK‡í cwiev‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| cwievi Zvi
wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b †hgb cwi‡ek `~wlZ Ki‡Q Avevi Zv‡`iB cÖ‡qvR‡b cwie‡k `~lY gy³ ivLvi `vwqZ¡
cwiev‡iiB| cwi‡ek `~lY I Gi cÖwZwµqv m¤ú‡K© cwievi m‡P‡Zb n‡j †m cwi‡ek‡K `~lYgy³ ivL‡Z †Póv
Ki‡e| cwievi hw` wb‡Riv m‡PZb bv n‡q cwi‡ek‡K Gfv‡e `~wlZ K‡i, Z‡e Zvi †LmviZ †Zv cwievi‡KB enb
Ki‡Z nq| cwiev‡i †QvU eo me m`m¨‡K m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e †h, Kxfv‡e Zviv cwi‡ek `~lY Ki‡Q Ges
`~lYgy³ cwi‡ek Mo‡Z Zv‡`i Kx c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e| G m‡PZbZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ïay wbQK K_v bq, GUv‡K
Kv‡R cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e| cwi‡ek‡K `~lYgy³ Kivi gvbwmKZv I Abyf‚wZ hw` bv _v‡K, Z‡e cwi‡ek `~lY m¤ú‡K©
A‡bK aviYv _vK‡jI †mUv Kv‡R Avm‡e bv|

`~lYgy³ cwi‡ek iÿvq cwiev‡ii KiYxq m¤ú‡K© wKQz wb‡`©kbv wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
1. cwi‡ek `~lY wbqš¿‡Y cwiev‡ii mK‡ji mn‡hvwMZv cÖ‡qvRb| e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póvi †P‡q `jMZ cÖ‡Póv †ewk
cÖ‡qvRb| cwiev‡ii cÖwZw`‡bi eR©¨ ev gqjv †hb cwi‡ek `~lY bv K‡i, G e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
2. cwi‡ek m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb-M„‡n e¨envh© wRwbmc‡Îi myôz msiÿY e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡j
A‡bK `yN©Ubv Gov‡bv hvq| cvwb bv dzwU‡q cvb Ki‡j Zv ¯^v‡¯’¨i cÖwZ ûgwK¯^iƒc n‡q `uvovq| ZvB cvwb
dzwU‡q cvb Kiv DwPZ| GQvov cwiev‡ii mKj‡K cwi®‹vi cwi”QbœZv m¤ú‡K© mRvM _vK‡Z n‡e|
3. †hme AveR©bv webó nq bv Zv Kg e¨envi Kiv| †hgb-†m‡jvwdb ev cøvw÷‡Ki e¨vM Ges ÿwZKviK
ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ Kg e¨envi Kiv| gkv, gvwQ, Bu`yi, †Zjv‡cvKv wba‡b wW.wW.wU cvDWvi, K‡qj, giwUb,
G¨v‡iv‡mvj BZ¨vw`i e¨envi Kgv‡Z n‡e|
4. wb‡Ri PvIqv‡K Z¨vM K‡i mgv‡Ri Kj¨vY‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qvi Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjv| cwiev‡ii †KD a~gcvb Ki‡j
a~gcv‡bi KzAf¨vm cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. Ni evwo‡Z fv½v KjKâvi e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|

cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv c„ôv 137

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

6. cwiev‡ii mevB‡K †Uwjwfkb I wmwW †cøqvi †Rv‡i bv evwR‡q Av‡¯Í ïb‡Z n‡e|
7. M„n¯’vwj ˆZRmcÎ mveav‡b e¨env‡i Kiv hv‡Z kã wbqwš¿Z _v‡K|
8. evwoi Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †hb wVK _v‡K †mRb¨ †QvU eo MvQcvjv †ivcY Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. cwiKwíZ cwievi M‡o Zz‡j RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi Kgv‡Z n‡e| cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿvq cwiKwíZ cwiev‡ii
f‚wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
10. m‡e©vcwi `~lYgy³ cwi‡ek iÿvi myôzbxwZ I AvBb e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i ev¯Í‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mswkøó
KZ…©c‡ÿi c`‡ÿc GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
11. cwiev‡i Mvwo _vK‡j Aek¨B `„wó ivL‡Z n‡e †hb Mvwo †_‡K Kv‡jv †auvqv wbM©Z bv nq| cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡a
†MvUv wek¦evmx‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ iÿvi Dcvq
1. cwi‡ek cwi”Qbœ ivLv
2. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msiÿY
3. ÿwZKi wmb‡_wUK eR©b
4. bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³ e¨envi
5. Dbœqb I `~lYgy³ cÖhyw³ e¨envi
6. †ewk †ewk MvQ jvMv‡bv|
7. †Uwjwfkb I K¨v‡mU †cøqvi †Rv‡i bv evRv‡bv
bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i A‡bK `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q cvkvcvwk GjvKvi cwi‡ek my›`i ivLvI Avgv‡`i `vwqZ¡| cwi‡ek
iÿvq miKvixfv‡e 2002 mv‡j cwjw_‡bi e¨envi, AwZw_ cvwL aiv I wkKvi Kiv AvBbMZfv‡e wbwl× Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cvnvo KvUv I Rjvf‚wg fivU iwnZ Kiv cwi‡ek cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivLv BZ¨vw` AvBb †g‡b Pjv Avgv‡`i
KZ©e¨| Gme Kg©Kv‡Û mn‡hvwMZv Ges AskMÖnY KivI cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i GKvšÍ KZ©e¨|

wkÿv_©xi KvR cwi‡ek `~lY‡iv‡a cwiev‡ii KiYxq Kvh©µ‡gi PvU© ˆZwi Kiæb|

mvivsk
cwi‡ek Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi Dci cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| ZvB Avgv‡`i ¯^vfvweK RxebhvÎv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z
cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y m‡PZb nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| Avi cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y cwieviI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU
cwievi hw` cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y m‡PZb nq Z‡e cwi‡ek `~lY A‡bKvs‡k †iva Kiv m¤¢e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y cwev‡ii f‚wgKv †KvbwU?
K) ebvÂj iÿv Kiv L) cvnvo KvUv eÜ Kiv
M) Rjvkq fivU cÖwZ‡iva Kiv N) cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yi mKj AvBb †g‡b Pjv
2| cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq Kxfv‡e?
i) hvbevn‡bi Kv‡jv †auvqv I †Rviv‡jv k‡ã
ii) AmsnwZc~Y© bMivq‡bi d‡j
iii) cï-cvwLi gva¨‡g
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii

c„ôv 138 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb cÖ_g cÎ BDwbU-10

cvV-10.5 `y‡h©vM I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 `y‡h©vM ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡ki `y‡h©vM cÖeYZvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨ I avc eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡ki `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvq M„wnZ miKvwi Kvh©µg I c`‡ÿcmg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡ki `y‡h©vM cÖeYZv

evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Rxe‡b So, N~wY©So R‡jv”Q¡vm, Liv, eb¨v, b`xfv½b BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM
wbqwgZ NUbv| †fŠMwjKfv‡eB c„w_exi Ab¨Zg cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMcÖeY †`k evsjv‡`‡ki Gme `y‡h©vM cÖvq cÖwZ eQi
gvbe m¤ú`mn AeKvVv‡gvMZ, A_©‰bwZK I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i wecyj ÿwZ mvab K‡i| †fŠMwjK Ae¯’vbMZ
ev¯ÍeZvB Gi cÖavb KviY| b`xwe‡aŠZ evsjv‡`‡ki Dˇi wngvjq ce©Zgvjv, `wÿ‡Y e‡½vcmvMi| G‡`‡ki
cwðgv‡ji wKQz cve©Z¨ AÂj I we¯ÍxY© mgZjf‚wg Ry‡o i‡q‡Q mvZ kZvwaK b`x| ZvB wngvj‡qi eidMjv
cvwb‡Z †hgb eb¨v m„wó nq †Zgwb wngevn n‡Z nq AwZe„wó| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Ae¯’vb DògÛjxq A‡j Ges
`wÿ‡Yi e‡½vcmvM‡ii mgy`ªc„‡ôi DòZv 27 wWMÖx †mjwmqvm (27 †m.)|) d‡j mgy‡`ª N~wY©S‡oi m„wó nq|
mv¤úªwZKKv‡j ˆewk¦K DòZv e„w× I cwi‡ek wech©‡qi Kvi‡Y Gme N~wY©So gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q|
Ab¨w`‡K b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© b`x¸‡jvi Drm fviZ I †bcvj| cvk¦©eZ©x †`‡ki b`x
kvm‡bi Kvi‡Y G‡`‡k eb¨v I Livi gZ `y‡h©v‡Mi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| GQvov AwZel©‡Y eb¨v I b`xfv½b cÖvq
wbqwgZ NUbv| A_©vr †fŠMwjK Ae¯’vb, Rjevqy, f‚wgi MVb, b`xgvZ…K f‚wgiƒc, mgy‡`ªi Ae¯’vb BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y m„ó
So, eb¨v, Liv, b`xfv½b, R‡jv”Q¡vm BZ¨vw` `y‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ emevm K‡iB Avgv‡`i RxebaviY Ki‡Z nq|

cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM
cÖvK…wZKfv‡e m„ó AvKw®§K I Pig cÖwZK‚j cwie‡kMZ Ae¯’v‡K cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM ejv nq| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †h
†Kv‡bv †`‡kB gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK RxebhvÎv‡K e¨nZ, wech©¯Í I `ywe©mn K‡i †Zv‡j| we‡k¦i me©ÎB cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM
Kg-‡ewk AvNvZ nv‡b| cÖvK…wZK ZvÛ‡ei gy‡LvgywL `uvwo‡q KiYxq cÖvq wKQzB _v‡K bv| ZvB `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv ej‡Z †evSvq Ggb GKwU mgwš^Z e¨e¯’v hv‡Z `y‡h©vMc~e©, `y‡h©vMKvjxb I
`y‡h©vM cieZ©x mg‡q wewfbœ cwiKíbv, msMVb, mgš^q, wbqš¿Ymn hveZxq Kvh©µg MÖnY I ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g
`y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ n«vm Kiv hvq| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki gvbyl we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡ki Zzjbvq cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv
K‡i †ewk Af¨¯Í| †hgb So, eb¨v, Liv, R‡jv”Q¡vm BZ¨vw` `y‡h©v‡M G‡`‡ki gvbyl wPivqZfv‡eB msMÖvg K‡i †eu‡P
_vKvi †Póv K‡i| wbqgZvwš¿K I ˆeÁvwbKfv‡e, k„sLjvi mv‡_ `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv Kiv ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB AwaK
Kvh©Kix nq| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿYv‡j mgy`ª _vKvq mgy`ª m„ó N~wY©So, R‡jv”Q¡vm evievi `wÿYv‡j AvNvZ
nv‡b| G‡Z gvbem¤ú`mn eû ÿqÿwZ mvwaZ nq| Gme ÿwZ n«vm Ki‡Z I wech©q KvUv‡Z cÖ‡qvRb mgwš^Z
`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv|

cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv c„ôv 139

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨

K) `y‡h©vMKvjxb gvbeRxeb, Mevw` I eb¨ cÖvwY Ges cwi‡ekMZ ÿwZ n«vm Kiv|
L) ÿwZMÖ¯’ gvby‡li Kv‡Q AMÖvwaKviwfwˇZ `ªæZ ÎvYmvgMÖx †cuŠQv‡bv|
M) `y‡h©vM cieZ©x D×vi, cybM©Vb I cybe©vmb wbwðZ Kiv|
Dc‡iv³ D‡Ïk¨mg~n we‡ePbvq †i‡LB `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Kvh©µg cwiKíbv I cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|

`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv
Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv nj GKwU mgwš^Z `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv e¨e¯’vcbv| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv‡K
wZbwU ¯Í‡ii ev av‡ci GKwU mgwš^Z e¨e¯’vI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| h_v:
1| `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZ
2| `y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zv
3| `y‡h©vM cieZ©x cybiæ×vi
A_©vr `y‡h©v‡Mi fqvenZv †gvKv‡ejvq ÿqÿwZ n«v‡mi j‡ÿ¨ `y‡h©vMc~e©, `y‡h©vMKvjxb I `y‡h©vMcieZ©x ¯Í‡i M„wnZ
c`‡ÿc I Kvh©µg‡KB GK K_vq `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv e‡j|
`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Kvh©µ‡gi Dcv`vbmg~n Kx Kx Dcv‡q KvR K‡i Zv wb‡P GKwU P‡µi mvnvh¨ †`Lv‡bv nj-

wPÎ 10.1 : `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Pµ

`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Kvh©µg myôzfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvwifv‡e RvZxq I ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wewfbœ KwgwU MVb
Kiv n‡q‡Q| KwgwU¸‡jv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM msµvšÍ wewfbœ mvsMVwbK Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ `y‡h©v‡Mi wewfbœ
ch©v‡q mwµq AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Avmyb, Gevi Avgiv Gme KwgwU¸‡jvi K‡qKwUi bv‡gi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nB|

RvZxq ch©v‡qi KwgwU

1| RvZxq `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KvDwÝj
2| AvšÍtgš¿Yvjq `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv mgš^q KwgwU
3| RvZxq `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Dc‡`óv KwgwU
4| N~wY©So cÖ¯‘wZ Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb †evW©
5| `y‡h©vM mswkøó †dvKvj c‡q›U‡`i Kvh©µg mgš^qKvix `j
6| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv welqK cÖwkÿY I MY m‡PZbZv e„w× msµvšÍ Uv¯‹‡dvm©
7| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi mv‡_ RwoZ †emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~‡ni mgš^q KwgwU
8| `y‡h©vM msµvšÍ ms‡KZmg~n `ªæZ cÖPvi m¤úwK©Z KwgwU

c„ôv 140 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb cÖ_g cÎ BDwbU-10

¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi KwgwU

1| ‡Rjv `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU
2| _vbv `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU
3| BDwbqb `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU

evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿYv‡ji gvbyl †Kvb ai‡bi `y‡h©v‡Mi m¤§yLxb nq? Gi KviY

wkÿv_©xi KvR
Kx e‡j Avcbvi g‡b nq?

mvivsk
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k GKwU `y‡h©vMc~Y© AÂj| G‡`‡ki b`x we‡aŠZ I DcK‚jxq A‡j eb¨v,
So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, b`xfv½b BZ¨vw` cÖvq wbqwgZ NUbv| AvKw®§Kfv‡e m„wó G Pig cÖwZK‚j cwi‡ekMZ Ae¯’vq
GKwU mgwš^Z I myôz `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv AZ¨šÍ Riæix| KviY, `y‡h©v‡Mi fqvenZv †gvKv‡ejv K‡i `y‡h©vMNwUZ
Kvi‡Y ÿqÿwZi cwigvY n«vmB `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨| G j‡ÿ¨ wZbwU ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Kvh©µg
cwiPvwjZ nq| `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZ, `y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zv I `y‡h©vM cieZ©x cybiæ×vi|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
K) `y‡h©vM cÖwZnZ Kiv
L) `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq Rxeb iÿv Kiv
M) GKwU mgwš^Z Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ n«vm Kiv
N) `y‡h©vM cieZ©x cybiæ×vi I ÎvY ZrciZv|
2| evsjv‡`‡k `y‡h©vMcÖeYZvi KviY-
i) ‡fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb
ii) b`x we‡aŠZ we¯ÍxY© mgZjf‚wg
iii) DcK‚jxq AÂj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) i, ii I iii N) ii I iii

cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv c„ôv 141

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-10.6 `y‡h©v‡Mi aib

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wewfbœ ai‡bi `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖK…wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j m„ó cwi‡ekMZ cwieZ©bmg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM I Gi cÖK…wZ

Rj, ¯’j AvKvk meLv‡bB `y‡h©vM nvbv w`‡Z cv‡i| N~wY©So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, f‚wgK¤ú, eb¨v, b`xfv½b,
Liv, giæKiY BZ¨vw` `y‡h©vM GKvav‡i †hgb cÖK…wZi Dci aŸsmhÁ Pvjvq †Zwgb f‚wgiƒc cwieZ©bmn cÖK…wZi
bvbvwea ¯’vqx I A¯’vqx cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avmyb, Avgiv G‡K G‡K Gme `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
1| N~wY©So : D”P ÿgZv m¤úbœ evqexq So‡K N~wY©So e‡j| GwU DògÛjxq A‡j welye‡iLvi `yB cÖv‡šÍi kvšÍ
mgy‡`ª Drcbœ n‡q cÖ_‡g mgy‡`ª jNyPv‡ci m„wó K‡i| c‡i Zv wb¤œPv‡c cwiYZ n‡q fqven N~wY©S‡o iƒcvšÍwiZ
nq| N~wY©So gvivZ¥K aŸsmvZ¥K n‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 10.6.1 : NywY©So wPÎ 10.6.2 : R‡jv”Q¡vm

2| R‡jv”Q¡vm : wb¤œPv‡ci d‡j mgy`ª c„‡ô m„ó N~wY©So hLb cÖej †e‡M ¯’jfv‡Mi w`‡K †a‡q Av‡m| ZLb evZv‡mi
†e‡M mgy‡`ªi cvwb dz‡j I‡V Ges S‡oi mv‡_ mv‡_ ¯’jfv‡Mi Dci AvNvZ nv‡b| GQvov mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡k
f‚wgK¤ú n‡jI R‡jv”Q¡vm n‡Z cv‡i| G‡K mybvwg e‡j| mybvwgi ZxeªZv fqven n‡Z cv‡i Ges cvwbi D”PZv 12
dzU ch©šÍ DV‡Z cv‡i| N~wY©S‡oi mv‡_ R‡jv”Q¡vm n‡j ÿqÿwZi cwigvY eû¸‡Y e„w× cvq|

wPÎ 10.6.3 : mybvwg wPÎ 10.6.4 : f‚wgK¤ú

c„ôv 142 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb cÖ_g cÎ BDwbU-10

3| f‚wgK¤ú : f‚c„‡ôi †h MwZkxj Ae¯’vq Lye Aj¥ mg‡‡qi g‡a¨B e¨vcK aŸsm Ki‡Z mÿg Zv‡K f‚wgK¤ú
e‡j| f‚wgK‡¤úi ZxeªZv ev gvÎv wiLUvi †¯‹‡j cwigvc Kiv nq| Gi m‡e©v”P gvÎv 9| Z‡e 6/7 gvÎvi
f‚wgK‡¤úI e¨vcK aŸsmhÁ mvwaZ nq| XvKv, wm‡jU, PÆMÖvg, gqgbwmsnmn evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK AÂjB Gi
SuzwK‡Z Av‡Q| AcwiKwíZ I NbemwZc~Y© bMix XvKv‡Z GKwU gvSvwi gvÎvi f‚wgK‡¤úB AmsL¨ cÖvYnvwbi
AvksKv i‡q‡Q|
4| eb¨v : evsjv‡`‡ki eb¨vi ¯^vfvweK mgq el©vKvj| AwZe„wó, cvnvwo Xj, b`x M‡f© cwj Rgv, b`xi MwZ
cwieZ©b BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y hLb b`xi cvwb ¯^vfvweK mxgvi Dc‡i A_©vr wec`mxgvi Dc‡i D‡V Av‡m ZLb b`xi
cvk¦©eZ©x GjvKv b`xi cvwb‡Z cøvweZ nq| G‡KB eb¨v e‡j| eb¨vi d‡j we¯Í…xY© ¯’jfvM cøvweZ n‡q cvwbi
wb‡P P‡j hvq| d‡j, Rbgvby‡li `y‡f©vM Pig AvKvi aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvov dmj, Mevw` cï, AeKvVv‡gv
BZ¨vw`i e¨vcK ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 10.6.5 : eb¨v wPÎ 10.6.6 : b`xfv½b

5| b`xfv½b : b`xfv½‡bi d‡j b`xi ZxieZ©x GjvKv b`xM‡f© wejxb n‡q hvq| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y b`xi Pjgvb
MwZc_ evavMÖ¯’ n‡j b`xi cvwbi cÖevn Zvi MwZc_ cwieZ©b K‡i cÖevwnZ nq| G‡Z †¯ªv‡Zi †Zv‡o b`xi
ZxieZ©x A‡j fv½b ïiæ nq| b`x fv½‡b eû gvbyl ¯’vei m¤ú` nvwi‡q ev¯‘nviv n‡q c‡o|
6| Liv : `xN©w`b cvwbi Afv‡e f‚wgi Ae¯’v‡K Liv e‡j| Livq Rjvf‚wg ïwK‡q hvq Ges gvwU †d‡U †PŠwPi n‡q
hvq| †Kv‡bv A‡ji e„wócvZ A¯^vfvweK iKg Kg n‡q Liv m„wó nq| G‡Z dmj Drcv`b ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq|

wPÎ 10.6.7 : Liv wPÎ 10.6.8 : giæKiY

7| giæKiY : †Kv‡bv AÂj gyiæf‚wg‡Z cwiYZ nIqv‡K giæKiY e‡j| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv we¯‘xY© AÂj
giæf‚wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i †hgb Rjevqy cwieZ©b, f‚M‡f©i cvwbi ¯Íi K‡g hvIqv, eb DRvo BZ¨vw`|
8| eRªcvZ : Kvj‰ekvLxi †gŠmy‡g gvP© †_‡K †m gv‡m Ges A±ei †_‡K b‡f¤^i gv‡mi g‡a¨ mvaviYZ So I
e„wói mv‡_ eRªcvZ n‡q _v‡K| G‡K eRªSoI e‡j| evqygÛ‡j hLb Lvovfv‡e m„wó nIqv wekvj AvK…wZi

cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv c„ôv 143

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cwiPjb †gN ˆZwi nq ZLbB eRªSo A_©vr eRªcvZ n‡q _v‡K| eRªcv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZeQi M‡o `yB †_‡K
wZbk gvby‡li cÖvYnvwb N‡U| AvksKvi K_v n‡jv cÖwZeQi eRªcv‡Z g„Zz¨msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q|
wkÿv_©x eÜyiv, `y‡h©vM gvÎB RxeRM‡Zi mevi Rb¨ wb`viæb K‡ói I `y‡f©v‡Mi| ZvB, `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© Rvbv I Gi
cÖfve hZUv m¤¢e jvNe Kivi wel‡q Avgv‡`i m‡PZb _vKv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

Avcbvi `„wó‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Rxe‡b me‡P‡q fqven cÖvK…wZK

wkÿv_©xi KvR
`y‡h©vM¸‡jv Kx Kx n‡Z cv‡i? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvivsk
So, N~wY©So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, f‚wgK¤ú, f‚wg, eb¨v, b`xfv½b, Liv, giæKiY, eRªcvZ BZ¨vw` `y‡h©vM Rbgvby‡li
Rxe‡bi eûwea ÿwZ mvab K‡i| Gme `y‡h©v‡Mi aib, ZxeªZvi cÖK…wZ wfbœZi| `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j m„ó `y‡f©vM I
cwi‡ekMZ cwieZ©bI G‡KK iKg n‡q _v‡K| `y‡h©v‡Mi wewfbœ cÖK…wZ I djvdj m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i m‡PZb _vKv
cÖ‡qvRb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.6

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| wb‡Pi †Kvb `y‡h©vMwUi mv‡_ b`x ev mgy`ª ZxieZ©x A‡ji †Kvb m¤úK© †bB?
K) N~wY©So L) eb¨v
M) f‚wgK¤ú N) b`xfv½b
2| R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi DrcwË nq-
i) mgy`ªc„‡ô m„ó N~wY©S‡oi cÖfv‡e
ii) b`xfv½‡bi d‡j b`xi MwZc_ cwiewZ©Z n‡q
iii) mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡k f‚wgK‡¤úi cÖfv‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) ii M) ii I iii N) i I iii

c„ôv 144 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb cÖ_g cÎ BDwbU-10

cvV-10.7 `y‡h©v‡Mi c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿwZ mxwgZ ivL‡Z `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

`y‡h©vMcye© cÖ¯‘wZ
`y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j myóz SuywK I ÿwZ n«v‡mi j‡ÿ¨ `y‡h©vMc~e©Kv‡j M„wnZ Kvh©µg‡K `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZ e‡j|
A_©vr `y‡h©vMc~e© mg‡q M„wnZ e¨e¯’vcbv hv `y‡h©v‡Mi SuywK I ÿwZ Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv‡KB `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZ ejv
hvq| G j‡ÿ¨ mywbw`©ó cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv evÃbxq| †hgb- `y‡h©v‡Mi SuywKc~Y© GjvKv wPwýZ Kiv, Avc`Kvjxb
mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx I m¤ú` msMÖn Kiv, RbMY‡K `y‡h©vMKvjxb I `y‡h©vMcieZ©x Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb
Kiv, D×vi I ÎvY Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ hvbevnb, Kg©x I cÖPvi gva¨g cÖ¯ÍwZKiY BZ¨vw` `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZi AšÍf©y³|
`y‡h©vM †h †Kv‡bv RvwZ, †Mvwô, mgvR, A‡ji Rb¨ fqven n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G AvKw®§K wech©q I Pig cwiw¯’wZ
†gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ c~e©cª¯‘wZ _vKv Avek¨K| †Kej c~e©cÖ¯w‘ Z _vK‡jB `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j m„ó cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Rxeb I
m¤ú‡`i ÿwZ n«vm Kiv m¤¢e|

`y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z KiYxq

`y‡h©v‡Mi c~e©cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK g~j welq n‡jv mgqg‡Zv c~e©vfvm I mZK©xKiY evZ©v cÖPvi| G ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvRwU
evsjv‡`k AvenvIqv Awa`ßi wbôvi mv‡_ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| `y‡h©vMc~e© mg‡q RbMY‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ¯ÍywZ MÖnY
Ki‡Z nq| G‡`i g‡a¨ AZ¨šÍ Riæix wKQz KiYxq nj-
1| `y‡h©vM SuywKc~Y© AÂjmg~‡n ïKbv Lvevi, Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨`ªe¨, cvwb, Jla, †gvg, †`qvkjvB BZ¨vw` Avc`Kvjxb
cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx gRyZ Kiv Ges `y‡h©vM KewjZ RbM‡bi Kv‡Q `ªæZ wbivc‡` †cuŠ‡Q †`qvi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
2| AvaywbK cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i `y‡h©v‡Mi c~e©vfvm m¤ú‡K© Rvbv|
3| `y‡h©vM msµvšÍ ms‡KZmg~n mwVK e¨vL¨vmn ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i `ªæZZvi mv‡_ cÖPvi wbwðZ Kiv|
4| wewfbœ cÖPvi gva¨‡g †hgb- †iwWI, wUwf, gvBK e¨envi K‡i miKvwi, †emiKvwi, RvZxq I ¯’vbxqfv‡e cÖZ¨šÍ
AÂj ch©šÍ `y‡h©v‡Mi c~e©vfvm `ªæZZvi mv‡_ RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqv I m¤¢ve¨ ÿwZ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Kiv|
5| `y‡h©v‡Mi Av‡MB wewfbœ AvkÖq‡K‡›`ª `yM©Z RbMY‡K Avm‡Z DØy× Kiv|
6| `y‡h©vM wel‡q MYm‡PZbZv m„wó Kiv I c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ MÖn‡Y RbMY‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
7| `y‡h©vM †UKmB ¯’vcbv, †hgb- Nievwo, iv¯ÍvNvU, weªR, cyj, euva I AvkÖq‡K›`ª wbg©vY Kiv|
8| `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖPvi I `y‡h©vM cieZ©x D×vi I ÎvY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖwkwÿZ evwnbx M‡o †Zvjv|
9| cwi‡ek wech©q †iv‡a Ges gvwU, cvwb, evqy `~lY eÜ Ki‡Z h_vh_ AvBb cÖYqb I m‡PZbZv e„w×i
cvkvcvwk AvBb jsNbKvixi kvw¯Í ev¯Íevqb Kiv|
10| cwi‡e‡ki DbœwZK‡í e„ÿ †ivcY, ebvqb, b`x †kvab, Rjvkq D×vi I msiÿY BZ¨vw` bxwZ MÖnY Kiv|

K·evRvi †Rjvq `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z †Kvb& †Kvb& welqmg~n ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_

wkÿv_©xi KvR
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|

cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv c„ôv 145

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvivsk
`y‡h©v‡Mi SzuwK I ÿqÿwZ n«v‡mi j‡ÿ¨ `y‡h©vMc~e© mg‡q M„wnZ Kvh©µg‡K `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZ e‡j| `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZ
_vK‡j `y‡h©v‡Mi fqvenZv eûjvs‡k Kgv‡bv m¤¢e| G‡Z †hgb Rxeb I m¤ú‡`i iÿv nq †Zgwb †`‡ki
A_©bxwZi Dci Pvc Kg c‡o| ZvB RvZxq I ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZmg~n h_vh_fv‡e MÖnY Kiv evÃbxq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.7

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| `y‡h©vMc~e© cÖ¯‘wZi g~j jÿ¨ Kx?
K) `y‡h©vM cÖwZnZ Kiv
L) `y‡h©v‡Mi SuywK I ÿwZ n«vm Kiv
M) `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j m„ó ÿwZ c~iY Kiv
N) `y‡h©v‡Mi c‡i `ªæZ cybe©vmb Kiv
2| `y‡h©v‡Mi c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ ej‡Z †evSvq-
i) AvaywbK cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ `y‡h©v‡Mi c~e©vfvm Rvbv
ii) `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq `yM©Z RbMY‡K AvkÖq‡K‡›`ª Ae¯’vb wbwðZ Kiv
iii) `y‡h©vM SuywKc~Y© A‡j ïKbv Lvevi, cvwb, Jla BZ¨vw` gRyZ Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) iii M) ii I iii N) i I iii

c„ôv 146 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb cÖ_g cÎ BDwbU-10

cvV-10.8 `y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zv I cieZx© e¨e¯’vcbv

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 `y‡h©vMKvjxb mnK©Zvmg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 `y‡h©vM cieZ©x e¨e¯’vcbv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

`y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zv
`y‡h©vM PjvKvjxb M„wnZ c`‡ÿc I Kvh©µg hv `y‡h©vM n‡Z Rxeb I m¤ú` iÿv Ki‡Z Ges ÿwZ n«vm
Ki‡Z mnvqK nq †mUvB `y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zv| `y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡q wewfbœ wel‡q we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| Avmyb Avgiv K‡qKwU `y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
1| `y‡h©vM PjvKv‡j RbMY‡K wbivc` AvkÖq‡K‡›`ª ev †h‡Kv‡bv wbivc` ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| `y‡h©vMKvjxb RbMY‡K Av‡eM ZvwoZ bv n‡q we‡ePbvi mv‡_ AvZ¥iÿvq m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|
3| `y‡h©vMKvjxb `yM©Z RbMY‡K m¤¢e n‡j wKQz cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx †hgb ïKbv Lvevi, cvwb, †`qvkjvB, †gvgevwZ
BZ¨vw` mv‡_ ivL‡Z n‡e|
4| eb¨vi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx cwjw_b ev cvwb‡ivaK c¨v‡K‡U gy‡o N‡ii Pv‡ji wb‡P wbivc‡` DuPz ¯’v‡b ivLvi
e¨e¯’v Kiv|
5| N~wY©S‡oi ms‡KZ †c‡q cvwbi Kjwm ev cvÎ Ges ïKbv Lvevi cøvw÷K e¨v‡M K‡i gvwUi wb‡P cyu‡Z ivLvi
e¨e¯’v Kiv|
6| f‚wgK‡¤ú gv_v VvÛv †i‡L Zvovû‡ov bv K‡i Kv‡Vi †Uwej ev Lv‡Ui wb‡P gv_vq evwjk Pvcv w`‡q _vKv Ges
Dchy³ mg‡qi Rb¨ A‡cÿv K‡i evB‡i †ei n‡q Avmv BZ¨vw`|
7| eRªcv‡Zi mgq hLv m¤¢e cvKv Ni I evwoi wfZ‡i AvkÖq wb‡Z n‡e| DuPz MvQ, ˆe`y¨wZK Zv‡ii LuywU I
ˆe`y¨wZK Zv‡ii wb‡P ev Kv‡Q _vKv hv‡e bv| †Lvjv RvqMvq, dm‡ji gv‡V _vK‡j nuvUy †f‡½ e‡m co‡Z n‡e|

`y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zv wb:m‡›`‡n `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿwZ Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ZvB Avgv‡`i DwPr `y‡h©v‡M Aw¯’i I nZvk bv
n‡q eis `y‡h©vM‡K eyw×i mv‡_ †gvKv‡ejv Kiv|

`y‡h©vM cieZ©x e¨e¯’vcbv

wkÿv_©x eÜyiv `y‡h©vM cieZ©x e¨e¯’vcbv g~jZ `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZi Dci wbf©i K‡i| `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ †hgbB †nvK bv
†Kb `yM©Z gvbyl‡K D×vi, ÎvY mieivn, cÖ‡qvRbxq wPwKrmv‡mev cÖ`vb, ÿwZMÖ¯’ AeKvVv‡gv †givgZ I cyb:wbg©vY I
wewfbœ ¯^í I `xN©‡gqv`x mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i gvbe m¤ú`mn ¯’vei A¯’vei mKj m¤ú` iÿv KivB `y‡h©vM cieZ©x
e¨e¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨| `y‡h©vM cieZ©x mg‡q hZ `ÿZvi mv‡_ e¨e¯’vcbv Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡e `yM©Z Rb‡Mvwó ZZ
`ªæZ ¯^vfvweK RxebhvÎvq wd‡i Avm‡Z cvi‡e| G‡Z †`‡ki A_©bxwZi Dci `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve Kg n‡e|
`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv wel‡q we‡k¦ evsjv‡`‡ki h‡_ó myL¨vwZ i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i i‡q‡Q `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi j‡ÿ¨ M‡o
†Zvjv nvRvi nvRvi †¯^”Qv‡meK| G wekvj †¯^”Qv‡meK evwnbxi mv‡_ RvZxq I ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi wewfbœ KwgwU I
mvgwiK evwnbx AZ¨šÍ wb‡ew`Z cÖv‡Y `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Kvh©µ‡g Ask wb‡q †`‡ki RbMY‡K `y‡h©vM n‡Z iÿv Kivi
KvR K‡i _v‡K| cÖK…wZ‡K wbqš¿‡Yi ÿgZv GLbI Avgv‡`i AvRvbv| wKš‘ mwVK I myôz `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv
Avgv‡`i‡K cÖK…wZi ZvÛejxjv n«vm Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
1| Avcbvi wb‡Ri A‡j `y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z Avcwb ¯’vbxq
RbMY‡K mv‡_ wb‡q Kx Kx c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡eb?
wkÿv_©xi KvR
2| `y‡h©vM cieZ©x D×vi cybe©vmb I cyb:wbg©vY Kvh©µ‡g KiYxq welq¸‡jvi
GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|

cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv c„ôv 147

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvivsk
`y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡q Rxeb I m¤ú` iÿv Ki‡Z M„nxZ mZK©Zv‡K `y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zv e‡j| `y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡q
AvkÖq‡K‡›`ª Lvevi cvwb I Jla cÖvwß wbwðZ Kiv BZ¨vw` `y‡h©v‡Mi SuywK I ÿwZ n«v‡m mnvqZv K‡i| GQvov
`y‡h©vM cieZ©x D×vi, cybe©vmb I cybwbg©vY Kvh©µg h_vh_fv‡e m¤úbœ n‡j Zv `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve eûjvs‡k n«vm
n‡e| hv wb:m‡›`‡n `yM©Z RbMY, †`k I RvwZi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.8
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| f‚wgK‡¤úi mgi `y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zvq KiYxq †KvbwU?
K) ‡Uwej ev Lv‡Ui wb‡P gv_vq evwjk Pvcv w`‡q Dchy³ mg‡q evwo Ni †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmvi A‡cÿv Kiv
L) `ªæZ Db¥y³ ¯’v‡b †ewi‡q Avmv
M) `wo †e‡q wb‡P bvgvi †Póv Kiv
N) †h †hLv‡b Av‡Q †mLv‡bB Ae¯’vb Kiv
2| eb¨vi mgq KiYxq-
i) cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx cvwb‡ivaK c¨v‡K‡U gy‡o gvwUi wb‡P ev N‡ii Pv‡ji wb‡P msiÿY Kiv
ii) Mevw` cï I wkï‡`i wbivc‡` D”P ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Kiv
iii) ïKbv Lvevi, cvwbi Kj‡m cøvw÷K e¨v‡M K‡i msiÿY Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) ii M) iii N) i, ii I iii

P~ovš— g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| XvKvi iv¯Ívi †e‡iv‡jB KuvKb I KbK `yB fvB‡ev‡bi gv_v a‡i hvq| G Ae¯’v n‡Z kni¸‡jv‡K euvPv‡bv
Riæix| Zviv fv‡e G‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡`I wKQz `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
K) cwi‡ek `~lY ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?
L) cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y KuvKb I Kb‡Ki `vwqZ¡ Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
M) cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi †Kvb ÿwZKvi cÖfv‡ei Bw½Z DÏxcKwU‡Z †`qv n‡q‡Q?
N) Av‡jvP¨ `~lY n‡Z cÖwZKvi I cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ w`b|
2| wkÿv md‡i †m›UgvwU©Ý G Nyi‡Z G‡m Ac~e© I w`e¨ `yB eÜz Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z Ggb GKwU `vjvb †`L‡Z †cj hvi
wbPZjvUv duvKv| †Kej mvwi mvwi wcjvi| Dc‡ii ZjvUv †`qvj w`‡q †Niv Avi eo eo Rvbvjv| mvBb‡ev‡W©
†jLv i‡q‡Q AvkÖq †K›`ª| Ggb evwo Iiv XvKvq Av‡M KLbI †`‡Lwb| K¨v‡¤ú wd‡i G‡m †KŠZznje‡k m¨vi‡K
wR‡Ám Kiv‡Z m¨vi me wkÿv_©x‡`i GKmv‡_ †W‡K eywS‡q ej‡jb|
K) evsjv‡`‡ki e‡½vcmvM‡ii ey‡K Aew¯’Z cÖevj Øxc †m›UgvwU©bm †Kvb ai‡bi `y‡h©v‡Mi Rb¨ †ewk SuywKc~Y©?
L) cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿwZ n«v‡mi Rb¨ Kx cÖ‡qvRb?
M) Dc‡ii DÏxcKwU †_‡K `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ n«v‡mi Rb¨ †Kvb e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q?
N) ‡m›UgvwU©bm G m¤¢ve¨ N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm Gi `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv cwiKíbv Kiæb|

mswÿß DËi cÖkœ

1| cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y cwiev‡ii f‚wgKv Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
2| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

c„ôv 148 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb cÖ_g cÎ BDwbU-10

3| evsjv‡`‡ki `y‡h©vM cÖeYZvi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

4| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨ Kx?
5| eb¨v I b`xfv½‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
6| N~wY©S‡oi DrcwË Kxfv‡e nq?
7| wewfbœ `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j m„ó Rb`y‡f©v‡Mi GKwU ZvwjKv Kiæb|
8| `y‡h©vMc~e© cwiw¯’wZ‡Z `y‡h©v‡Mi SuywK n«v‡m KiYxq Kx?
9| `y‡h©vMKvjxb mZK©Zvmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
10| `y‡h©vM cieZ©xKv‡j ÿwZ †gvKv‡ejvq Kx e¨e¯’v †bqv nq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤¢ve¨ Dcvq¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖK…wZ I cwibvg eY©bv Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.1 : 1| L, 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.2 : 1| K, 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.3 : 1| M,
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.4 : 1| N, 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.5 : 1| M, 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.6 : 1| M, 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.7 : 1| L, 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 10.8 : 1| K, 2| N

cwi‡ek msiÿY I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv c„ôv 149