5.1 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Embedded systems can be classified in number ways some of the embedded systems application are, > Consumer Electronics Control Systems and Industrial Automation Bio-medical Systems Field Instrumentation Handheld Computers Data Communication ‘Network liformation Appliances ‘Telecommunications vvvwvvv vv v Wireless Communications5.2 CASE STUDY OF WASHING MACHINE *) Washing machines use electronics for Teliable, energy-efficient automatic cane The design uses the PIC18F452 series microcontroller. All the control functionalities of the system are built around this. Upgradeability is the uniqué feature of this systerh. Control card “hardware_ and software allows the manufacturer to add or remove the features as | as per customerEZ LEE requirement and model. Thus once_the whole system.is designed it is very economic in large quanitity production. Single-phase motor is considered for —— [aaa eee the design, Front panel consists of @ keypad and LCD “display. Keypad provides automatic and manual awash options to the user. LCD display is convenient to convey machine it ommation to user. One more design possibility is to use brushless DC motors or three phase induction motor, BLDC types of motors are very efficient but requires complex control algorithm. To er implement such a complex and real time algorithm dedicated controller and software is required which'a master controller controls: Evert ‘though’ ‘cost is important ctiteria‘ moder washing machines are designéd with BLDC motors owing to efficiency and energy. conservation. The;block diagram: illustrates : the washing machine systems. ( ine Preach Ry cmpplice or Interface: T=] Sporifiz erbedded Sit ear dupie) exthodd ad if bows Ombowatinc oul an m Bria ha 4 [> Water Outial ~ 5.2.1 Design Specifications This include both hardware and software specifications. > Thesystemcontrol should provide fully automatic mode, semi-automatic mode and manual mode. Modes can be selectable by a keypad. > During filly automatic mode user intervention requirement shouldbe zero. Eye pe anal rc Once the system is started in this mode it should perform its work . independently and after the completion of work it should notify the user i about the completion of work. This mode instantaneously should sease cloth quality andrequirement of Water, water temperature, detergent, load, wash cycle time and perform operation accordingly. Se a Insemi-automatic mode also > user requirement should be nil. Butuser has to choose any oné of the semi~ Gutomatic mode in which Wistiing conditions are predefined. Once the predefined mode is started the system should perform its job and after completion it should: inform the user. Inmanual mode contis specify which operation he wants to do and has to provide related information to the > control system. Or example, ifuser wants to wash specified operation is completed sy: > When the lid is open system should not work. If door i ‘is accidentally opened in between wash operation, then the system should st stop working - inminimum possible time (<10s The system should provide all basic features of a washing machine like washing, rinsing, spinning, drying, cold ld wash, b hot wash etc. ic LMM « BASSSASS 5.2.2 Hardware Design — peripheral features have been utili: the motor is very crucial part of the design. The PWM feature of the. microcontroller controls jnotor speed. PWM output is fed to driver circuit - and then to motor. To rotate the motor in two different directions ‘forward’ i and ‘reverse’ direction control blocks are used. Motor speed sensor is interfaced to microcontroller. Microcon! and appropriately controls the speed“of the motor in different phases of washing using PWM output. Door sensor, pressure sensor, keypad are also interfaced to microcontroller. Serial port in connected to GSM module. 5.2.3 Schematic Design Washing Machine Control provided in the Figure (1). | » Thesystem should provide easy options forupgradeability ofnew features, The hardware and the software should be compatible to both machines, which have fewer featares, or more features. Removal of any feature should not affect the werking of any other features or overall working of the system. : > Thesystem should work on single phase AC from 190VAC to 250VAC. ee > Inthe event of power failure, the washing machine should automatically stat its cycle rom the politof interuption when power sresumed._. this system | is PIC18F452. Most of the’ zed to implement the.design. Controlling * The processor is heart ae eae ae troller reads the speed of the motor ‘A detailed schematic with pin connection of PIC microcontroller is Washing machine default parameters and user settable parameters are stored in external EEPROM. Internal EEPROM of the PIC is used to store { status of the washing machine. The status is regularly logged to the internal EEPROM. In the event of power failure of whenever program resets, status flags are read from the internal EEPROM and thus status of the machine isRCORWVep ’ RA7PGD RAO/ANO 2 RegPGC RAT/ANA 3 {BS/PG! : . PIC18F452 Deni RAUAN2Vger. 4 Re4 RAQIANSIV,.. 45 RB3ACCP2 RAGMTOCK) 8 RBZINTZ RASYANAISSILYDIN 7 RB{ANT1 REOMBIANS 8 RBOINTO -REVANRIANG 3 Nien REZCSIANT Ves Von RDZ/PSP7 Vigg RDSIPSPA OSC1CLKI ROSIPSRS OSCI/ICLKO/RAG ROdPSPS RCOMOSOMCKI RC7RX/DT RCUTOSUCCP2 RCBTXICK RCEUCCPI RCSSOO RCVSCHISCL ————J RCASDWSDA RDOPorO _ ROIPSPS RDUPSPI RD2PSP2read_hour(): input : none; return: hour data; reads the hour data from the RIC and retums to called function. read_minute(): input : none; return: minute data; reads the minute data from the RTC and retutns to called function. read_second(): input : none; return: second value; reads the second Gata from the RTC and retums to called function. oowrite_to_GSM(: input: starting address of the message, size of message; return: none; writes the message to GSM module using standard AT+CMGS command. read_from_GSMQ: reads the message from GSM using AT+CMGR command. delete_messageGSM(): input: location from which message has to be deleted; return: none; deletes the message from GSM using AT+CMGD command. check. water_temp(): input: none; return: temperature; checks water temperature by reading the temperature sensor; calibrates and returns to called function. ter(): input: temperature; return: none; checks the water temperature; if(calculated temperature calculate_motor_speed(): input: none; return: speed; reads RTC seconds; enable couiter1/3; if one second is over stop counter, read and returns counter value else check again. enable_SPJ(): MSSP port is configured as SPI port by initializing corresponding registers. disable_SPIQ:MSSP port is configured so as to disable SPI. enable_I2C(): MSSP port is configured as I2C- port by initializing corresponding registers, disable_I2C():MSSP port is configured so as to disable I2C. scan_keypad():input: none; return: pressed key value; scans ‘the keypad and returns the pressed key value. monitor_keypad(): uses scan_keypad() function to scan the keypad. After receiving key value determines the respective function and transfers ———— YAWread_ADC(): input: channel number; return: read ADC data ; configures ADC for the specified channel write_LCD(): input: address, data; return: none; writes the data to specified address. init LCDQ: initializes the LCD according ‘to the initialization commands. send command_LCD(): input: command; return: none; writes the command to LCD using write LCD() function. as per motor speed. set PWMO); input: motor speed; return: none; sets PWM frequency5.4 SMART CARD SYSTEM APPLICATION Grek Gud} ¢ he smart card is a plastic card equal.in size and shape to a credit ' card, that contains an integrated microprocessor and memory. These two components allow the storing and processing of-information in sthe card,” C The smart catd interchanges data with the outside world in two ways: - eee re 1. Through gold plated contacts, They are called contact cards. — eo a —— 2. Through radio frequency, using an antenna embedded in the card: This ao esncy, ust ea type of card is called contactless. )) In order to interchange informatio, in_a reader (in the case of contact « contactless reader. the card has to either be inserted ‘ds)-or placed in the proximity ofa There are no batteries ina smart card, the power is provided from outside by the reader, ce it contact or contactless. The CPU clocking also nee reel onc comes from the sett memory is Electrical Erasable Programmable oCicat Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (BEPROM), which will retain the contents even if there is no_voltage applied, Some cards have only memory; an application can nee applied. cnn increase or decrease counters in the card, These cards referred to as memory cards. re rane Only those cards with chips that contain certain microprocessor logic are called smart cards. The two main characteristics of a smart card are itsis obvious, we will security and mobility. Since its mobility charac! concentrate on its security features. Almost all the applications that use a smart ¢ card are based on the fact that it is very difficult to 0 forge the card peeks eae or to access protected ‘data on the card. If for some reason or other the security of the smart card could be compromised, it would be almost —- impossible to justify its use. Boose te Single sign on, ckers and ‘digitalsignature , AES sss ne nenat ay in shops Pay at vending ] safes canteen machines Figure 5.7 Smart card applications art cards are used in a wide variety of applications: '" >! “Accounting Access to parking area ——. Timerecording vwvvwyv ‘entification i. BIQusgClothing machine es Pay in the canteen Pay inshop vvvvv wv Single sign on digital signature oe The ssmart| card is18) pldstic card ISO standard dimension, 85.60x53.98x0.80mm. it is embedded system on a card called SoC ( system on chip). ISO recommended standards are ISO7! 1816 (1 to 4) for host-machine contact-based and ISO14443 for the contact less cards. The silicon chip is just a few millimetres in size and is concealed in between the layers. .yers. Yis very small size protects the card from bending. The figure 5.7 shows embedded sys ystem hardware components | for ‘a contact less smart ate \ An Embedded Syston Contechless Smart Card Componenis () (ee i fa t t eee Daa, Address, Control Internal Buses { Astount Numbar, Expiry Date, arg on Number Ce es mr oe ee vO i } Interrupt Controller ‘Shiod Clout j su ‘Trenscaiver Antenna ‘Systom Power Supply ea Figure 5.8 Embedded hardware components in a contact less smart card a \sEI SLLLLLBL 5.4.1 Embedded hardware: ~ The embedded hardware components are as follows: > Microcontroller or ASIP. az ry variables and stack ! > 2 ammableR mable ROM 30M for application codes and rtos codes for scheduling the tasks » Flash for storing user data, user seraddress, user identification codes, card — a number and expiry data . ~ Timer and internupt controller > Acarrier frequency 16MHz generating circuit and amplitude shifted key (ASK) modulator Interfacing circuit for the IOs Vv v Charge pump for delivering power to the antenna for transmission and for system circuits J: The details of the basic hardware units are as follows, a controller or ASIP. L The Microcontroller used can be MC68HCI I DO or PIC16C84 or | @ smart, card processor Philips | Smiart ee or a similar ASIP. Processor. the memory. A protection bit at the microcontroller may protect 1 kB or more data from modification and access by any external source or instructions outside that memory, Once the protection bit is placed at the maskable ROM in the troller, the instructions or data within that part of the memory are cece ; ? le from instructions in that part only (internally) and not accessible eeMM ETE) from the external instructions or instructions outside that part. The CPU tay disable access by blocking the write cycle placement of the data bits on the tor instructions and data protection at the physical memory after tion.and before issuing the card to the user. Another way of protecting is as follows: The CPU may access by using the . Which are different from the logical address used in the bu certain phases of card initializ physical addre 5.4,3-Read only memory : : vo CROM is used in the card. The usual size is ‘8 or 64 kB for usual ot advanced cryptographic features in the card, respectively) Full or part of ROM bus activates only after a ter a security che check. The processor protects @ part of the 1 nory Wom access. Goss. The RC ROM stores the following. > Fabrication key, which is a unique secret key for each card. It is inserted ie during fabrication. » Personalization key which is inserted after the chip is tested ona printed circuit board. Physical addresses are used in the testing phase. The key io proserves the fabrication key and this key insertion pieserves the card personalization. A fier insertion of ae RTOS and applications us use only logical addresses. &, RTOS codes _>Rpplication codes >A access to the OS: and application instructions. It stores afer the card enters the utilizationph hase. 5.4.4 Electrical erasable programmable read only memory EEPROM or Flash is PIN @ersonal Identification Number), the allotmentand writing of which is by the authorizer (for example, a bank) and its use is possible by the latter only by using the personalization and fabrication keys. It is for identifying the carduserin future ee key. opens the PI PIN ke: > Anunblocking PIN. foruse by the authorizer, through this key the card . citcuitidentifies the authorizer before unblocking. Data ofthe userunblocks for the authorizer and storing of information onthecardispossibleby the ~ authorizer through the host. > Access conditions for various hierarchically arranged data files. > Carduser data, for example, name bank and branch identification number and account number or health insuzance details. > ratipests issue et ‘the: gpolicaion generates. For example, in case of eae insurance claims record in case Bch ‘a medical card. atiled d ta. > Italso stores the application’: anes > Invalidation lock sent by the host efter the expiry period or card misuse and user account closing request. It locks the data files of the master or eae Oe CaN Leu elementary individual file or both. 5.4.5. Random access memory s ns RAM stores the temporary variables and stack during card operation by running the OS and the application.wo N 5.4.6 Integrated chip Chip power supply voltage extracts by a charge pump circuit.’The | pump extracts the charge from the signals from the host analogous T.what a mouse does in a computer and delivers the regulated voltage to the card chip, memory and 10 systems. Signals can be from antenna or from clock pin. In atypical card operation using 0,18 pm technology, 1.6 to 5.5 Vis the threshold limit and for a 0.35im technology, cio 5.4.7 Input / Output V/O System of chip and host interact through asynchronous serial UART at 9.6 k or 296 k or 115.2 k baud/s(The chip interconnects to a card hosting system (reader and writer) either ‘ough the gold contacts or through a centimeter sized antenna on each side> The latter provides _, contactless interconnection between the 10 pins, which arc meant for contact- based interaction, RST (Reset Signal from host) and Clock (from host). 5.4.8 Wireless communications ; Wireless Communication for 10 interactions is by radiations through 4 san * bate ro the dtéana coils for contactless interaction. The card and host interact 1, Aa a ener ee eee eee s . through a card modem and a host modem. The application protocol data unit (APDU) is a standard for communication between the card and host computer. Modulation is with 16% index amplitude modulating carrier of 13.66-13.56 Mbps ASK (amplitude shifted keying) is used for contactless communication at data rates of 1 Mbps. One-sixteenth frequency subcarrier modulates through BPSK (Binary Phase Shifted Keying). ee ea) 5.41.9 Embedded Software Smart card embeds the following software components: > Boot-up. initialization and QS progranis > ‘Smartcard secure file system > Connection establishment and termination > Communication with hostELEY i | | Cryptography algorithm Host authentication Cardauthentication _ Vvvwyv Saving addition parameters or recent new data sent by the host (for example, present balance left) ~ ame a card is an exemplary secure embedded system with security p = ie a needs cryptographic software. Embedded software in e card needs spetial features in its operating system over and above the MS DOS or UNIX:system features. 5.4.10 Special features _Or Protected environment. It means software should. be stored in the protected part of the ROM. ‘ at Restricted run-time environment. T's OS, every method, class and run time library should be scalable. exceed 64 kB memory. > A three-layered file system for the data. One file fo: the master files to store all file headers, A header means file status, access CondHTOHS ard ore the file lock. The second file is a dedicated file to holda file grouping and eaders of the iinediate successor elementary files ofthe group. The third fileis the elementary file to hold the file header and its file data. ‘There is either a fixed length file management or a variable length file predefined offset. Vv management with each file ‘having a ‘ . ter- nections, data grams, character > Classes for the network, sockets, col scatter, nd streams, security management, rgital hee 5 i suindghs desma eer - sal signatures. symmetric and asymmetric keys besedcoromaphy ant Ge in Ce ees eee VK