International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-9S3, July 2019

Development of Paving Blocks using Waste

Materials
Nor Baizura Hamid, Siti Noraiza Ab Razak, Mardiha Mokhtar, Mohd Erwan Sanik, Masiri
Kaamin, Ahmad Hakimi Mat Nor, Mohd Zakwan Ramli

Abstract: Nowadays, the paving blocks that in the market are

heavy and the price are costly. This study will introduce the
lightweight paving blocks and more affordable because the waste The material that use for paving blocks has been widely
materials such as tins, plastic and quarry dust are use in the changed where there are many of paving blocks are added or
development of the concrete paving blocks namely as
replaced with the used materials or wastes materials to
Eco-Friendly Paving Block. Eco paving blocks will be compared
to control paving blocks due to its durability and compressive
reduce environmental pollutions besides can improve its
strength. Based on the past research, tin and plastic are used as strength and also their mechanical properties. From the
coarse aggregate while quarry dust will act as fine aggregate. literature study, there are many researchers use waste
The method and test for concrete work was conducted which is materials as the aggregate and cement replacement to create
slump test, density test and compressive strength test. The result paving blocks. The materials used are plastic, fly ash, bottom
shows that Eco-Friendly Paving Block can be used at non-traffic ash, tin, limestone dust, tiles, rubber, coconut fiber, glass and
area based on their compressive strength with the value of
so on which these materials are available in cheaper price or
13.3275N/mm² compared to control paving block with value of
72.3845N/mm². The uses of this waste material also can reduce free of charge.
the amount of environmental pollutants such as water and soil However, there are several weaknesses in the common
pollution. paving blocks which required high cost for its creation. In
addition, the paving blocks that made from gravel with full
Index Terms: Paving, tins and plastic, quarry dust, quantities are heavy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was
eco-friendly to review that waste materials such as tin and plastic and also
quarry dust can be reuse as additives and replacement
I. INTRODUCTION
material in paving blocks. In addition, it is also intended to
Concrete block paving has been widely used nowadays protect the environment from the accumulation of waste
because of its diverse advantages. It is forms in rectangular materials that can affect the ecosystem and environment
shape accordance to bricks shape and now there are many especially to wildlife and humans. Objective of the study that
various shapes of paving blocks. These blocks are a type of wishes to be achieved is to produce paving blocks from tin,
concrete with good in quality and durability due to the plastic also quarry dust and to identify the most economical
manufacturing and the right method of mixture. The cost of paving blocks. This studied also want to achieve the
concrete paving blocks also something interesting and lighter paving blocks and prove their durability with using
versatile because of its great resilience, its strength in compression test.
accommodate traffic flow, interesting aesthetic, and
function, cost effective and do not need to be maintenance if To solve the problems and achieve the objectives, new
the correct way installations from first phase [1]. paving blocks is produced with the use of waste materials that
available in free of charge to reduce costs and reduce the
percentage of used coarse gravel to 60% from the full
percentage of coarse aggregate total which this rocks affects
mass of paving blocks. The 40% of the used materials are
used as coarse aggregate. The scope of these study are to test
the durability of Eco-Friendly Paving Block that use waste
materials (tin and plastic) as an admixture in coarse
aggregate with coarse gravel and unused materials (quarry
dust) which is replaced fine aggregate in concrete mixture
and will be compared to control paving blocks. These
Revised Manuscript Received on July 22, 2019. materials are mixed with cement and water according to the
Nor Baizura Hamid, Siti Noraiza Ab Razak, Mardiha Mokhtar, Mohd ratio. The used materials are
Erwan Sanik, Masiri Kaamin, Ahmad Hakimi Mat Nor,Mohd Zakwan
Ramli cut to the needed sizes. The

Published By:
1329 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number: I32880789S319/2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.I3288.0789S319 & Sciences Publication
 Development of Paving Blocks Using Waste Materials

rectangular size of paving blocks will be produced using 12

moulds with size 50 mm x 200mm x 100mm and it is Quarry dust can improve concrete mechanical properties
proposed to be used in the walkway or garden where the such as elastic modulus and optimum compressive strength
traffic load in that area are less. There are 12 paving blocks can be achieved with the use of the aggregate ratio of fine to
produced where 6 of it are control paving blocks and the coarse aggregate, 60:40 [6]. The cement are replaced by
balance is Eco-Friendly Paving Block. The test will be done plastic waste to construct paving blocks at once to reduce the
when the paving block reaches the 7 and 14 days of their cost of paving blocks manufacture and it is used with
mature age and the result of Eco-Friendly Paving Block will different proportion with other materials such as coarse
aggregate, Quarry dust and waste ceramics [7].Metal wastes
be compared to the control paving blocks based on the test
such as cans of soft drinks are available from a variety of
performed.
sources. Tin are cut to the desired size which is rectangular
shapes and cleaned using water, then being dried then being
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
scratch by the iron brush so that the bond between tins and
A. Design and Classification of Paving Blocks concrete became stronger [8]. The aggregate is important
material to give shape to the concrete and also to reduce
Normally, Paving blocks are rectangular-shaped and it is shrinkage. The aggregate fill 70% to 80% of the volume in
almost like a brick. But now, there is a lot paving blocks concrete. In General, the aggregate size 40mm are used for
variation [1]. According to the study in this paper, the normal strength and 20 mm in size is used for high strength
classification for paving blocks are based on SNI concrete. Table II shows the type of coarse aggregate and its
03-0691-1996 and Table I show the classification of the size [9].
paving blocks based on their compressive strength.

Table I: Classification of paving blocks [2]

Table II: The types of coarse aggregate [9]
Grade Classification Compressive strength
(N/mm²) Coarse aggregate Size

Average Minimum Fine gravel 4mm-8mm

A Road 40 35 Medium gravel 8mm-16mm
Coarse gravel 16mm-64mm
B Parking 20 17 Cobbles 64mm- 256mm
C Walkway 15 12.5
D Garden or 10 8.5
playground Aggregate that passing sieve 4.75mm are known as fine
aggregate. Natural sand and clay are generally used as a fine
aggregate [9].
B. Materials
C. Result
Water that used to mix concrete and curing process must
The result of compressive strength and slump test show
be free from hazardous materials. Generally the minimum
the decreases value when the percentage used of quarry
water/cement ratio that been used is 0.3 to 0.8 for hydration.
dust is more than 50%. This may occur because the dust
Excess water in the concrete mixture can cause bonding
surface is rough and the more used of it more water needed.
between concrete less effective and there is formation of For density test, the results are differences because of the
holes in concrete mixture [1]. Concrete mixture ratio is 1:2:4 concrete mix are not compacted wisely into the moulds [3].
(cement: sand: stone fragments) with a water/cement ratio Concrete that mixed up with quarry dust should less the
0.60 [3]. The waste materials used are quarry dust which is a quantity of water used, because the more uses of water will
by-product of quarrying activities to be made as fine decrease the compressive strength. This is happen because
aggregate [4]. The quarry dust is used for production of quarry dust can diffuse more water. 40% replacement of
hollow block and light concrete. Fig. 1 shows an example of quarry dust gives maximum value in compressive strength
quarry dust that been used [5]. compared to normal concrete but the strength will decrease
when the replacement are more than 50% [5]. While for
slump test, the workability of paving blocks are decrease
with the increases of size and percentage used of tin
compared to control paving blocks. The concrete density
that mixed up with tin is less then control paving blocks
[8].
D. Advantages
The use of cans in
Fig. 1: Quarry dust [5] concrete may increase

1330 Published By:

Retrieval Number: I32880789S319/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-9S3, July 2019

concrete mechanical properties such as compressive shows the quantity of material that used for both types of
strengths and density and the increase used of the paving blocks.
percentage and size of the tin in concrete will also increase
the compressive strength but reduces the workability of the Table III: Quantity of material used
concrete [8]. Concrete strength depends on the bonding of
fine aggregate and cement mixture to fill the voids space Paving Cement Fine Coarse
that caused by coarse aggregate [10]. blocks aggregate aggregate
Control 2.24kg Sand Coarse
(1:2:4) 4.02kg gravel
8.1kg
Eco-Friendly 2.24kg Quarry dust Coarse
Paving 4.02kg gravel
Block 4.81kg
(1:2:2.4:1.6) Plastic + tin
III. MATERIALS
3.2kg
Fig. 2 shows the flow chart for the process of the work
B. Procedures and Testing
development of paving blocks.
Start There are several types of tests for concrete and a test for
aggregate to get the size needed. The test for concrete are
Literature Review
slump test, density test and cube test for compressive strength
while the test for aggregate are sieve analysis test. Slump test
Planning and Preparation of Materials
are done to find the workability of the concrete mix. Cube test
is an important test for concrete because it is carried out to
Development of Paving Blocks
determine the compressive strength of concrete to bear the
maximum load. The results obtained for this test also shows
Data Analysis
the companionship of concrete mixture in producing the
desired strength.
Conclusion

End
First step from the procedure are making 12 moulds with
size 200mm x 100mm x 50m. Then, fine and coarse
aggregate will be test by sieve analysis test to get the size
Fig. 2: Flow chart for the process of project needed. After that, the concrete work will be done and
proceed with the tests. First test are slump test where the
A. Type of Materials result should not exceed or less then 75mm (±25mm), to
For concrete work ordinary Portland cement is used achieve the real slump and workability. Then it will be cube
which this type of binder has two important properties, which test and curing process to proceed with density test where the
is good in adhesion and cohesion With these features, cement mass (kg) of paving blocks will be divided by the volume (m³)
will act as a binder to bind the aggregate to form a strong and compressive strength test where the compressive result
concrete mix. Then two kinds of fine aggregate used, which will get when load (kN) at the failure divided by the area of
is sand and quarry dust. Sand is used for control paving the surface paving block (m2) when achieve 7 and 14 days.
blocks while quarry dust is used for Eco-Friendly Paving Fig. 3 shows the size of mould that been used.
Block. Fine aggregate that used are passing the sieve analysis
test at size 2.36mm. For coarse aggregate, control paving
blocks used coarse gravel while Eco-Friendly Paving Block
use 60% of gravel stone and 40% of waste material (tin and
plastic) and the coarse gravel used are passing 20mm in size
of sieve analysis test. The water used based on water/cement
ratio to ensure the concrete mixture is not very liquid and are
not out of the water. The water used must be no impurities
and not oily.

To work on control paving block the ratio of materials Fig. 3: The size of mould
used for cement: sand: coarse gravel is 1:2:4 and for
Eco-Friendly Paving Block other ratio used that is 1:2: IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
2.4:1.6 which it represents (cement: dust quarry: coarse
gravel: tin and plastic). Volume of 0.006 m3 concrete Table IV shows the
mixtures are made for 6 moulds based on the ratio. Table III result of the test for paving
blocks and Fig. 4 and Fig. 5

Published By:
1331 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number: I32880789S319/2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.I3288.0789S319 & Sciences Publication
 Development of Paving Blocks Using Waste Materials

shows the graph of density test and compressive strength test.

Paragraph below explain detail about the results for each test.

Table IV: Result of the tests Density Test

3000
Compressive
2500 Slump
Paving Density test strength test
test
blocks 2000 (kg/m³) (N/mm²)
Control
1500 (mm)
Compressive Strength Test 7 days 14 days 7 days 14 days
Eco-Friendly
80 Control 1000 70 2440 2513.3 47.48 72.3845
500
Eco-Friendly 95 1706.7 1680 47.56 13.3275
60
0 7 Days 14 Days
Control Density Day of test
40
(kg/m3)
Eco-Friendly
20
Compressiv0
e Strength 7 Days 14 Days Days of Test
(N/mm2)

Fig.Fig. 4: Density test

5: Compressive strength test

1332 Published By:

Retrieval Number: I32880789S319/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-9S3, July 2019

Based on the slump test result, workability control this show Eco-Friendly Paving Block are less density and
paving block is better than Eco-Friendly Paving Block which more lighter than control paving blocks. Compressive
the slump of Eco-Friendly Paving Block is higher 95mm (± strength for Eco-Friendly Paving Block decrease with days
25 mm) compared to control paving blocks which the compared to control paving blocks where the result are
reading are 70mm (± 25 mm).But both paving blocks still in increase. For the conclusion, the aim and objectives of these
the real slump phase. Workability of Eco-Friendly Paving study are achieve where the waste material can be used as
Block is low may be caused by the use of tin with large size aggregate in concrete paving blocks but used in little
3/2 "and the percentage of its use with plastic is also a higher percentage. This also can protect our environment from the
which is 40%.According to past research, workability of waste material that can ruin the ecosystem. The objective also
slump test will decrease with the increases in size and the achieve where the cost for making Eco-Friendly Paving
percentage use of tin compared to control cube [8]. Other Block also cheaper because the used of waste material in the
than that, past researcher also found the uses of quarry dust mixture. The advantages of light paving blocks will easier
that excess of 50% also will lower the workability which the installation work. Lastly, although the result of
increased the reading of slump test [10]. compressive strength are decrease for Eco-Friendly Paving
Block compared to control paving blocks, but from the result
Based on the density test result, can be concluded that this research still follow the scope of work where the
Eco-Friendly Paving Block are lighter than control paving Eco-Friendly Paving Block are suitable to use at less and
block. Therefore, the objective to prove the Eco-Friendly non-traffic area.
Paving Block was lighter than control paving block was
achieved based on the result and analysis. For the next research, the recommendations of the study
are use the gravel that pass 10mm sieve analysis test because
Based on Table IV, the compressive strength result on paving blocks are small based on their shape. Besides that,
day 7 for Eco-Friendly Paving Block reached higher value the used of quarry dust must not exceed 50% to achieve
compared to control paving blocks. While the testing for 14 higher result in compressive strength and it can be made for a
days shows the results of compressive strength for control few ratio or percentage such as 10%, 20% and 30%. Then,
paving blocks are better than Eco-Friendly Paving Block. use a smaller size of tin so that a mixture of tin and concrete
According to the past research this may happen because the could bond and reduces voids and space. Next, use some
water is easily diffuse into the quarry dust than sand [5]. percentage of tin and plastic for the research and study to
Therefore, from the curing process Eco-Friendly Paving compare the strongest paving blocks based on the percentage
Block will diffuse more water with the increases of days. For used of tin and plastic. Lastly, the highest grade of concrete
this study, 100% of quarry dust was used for Eco-Friendly can also be used to strength the blocks.
Paving Block which will lower the compressive strength.
Ashish and Hardik said, the replacement of the 40% quarry ACKNOWLEDGMENT
dust give maximum results in strength compared to normal
This study was sponsored by the Ministry of Education
concrete and strength would decrease when the replacement
Malaysia through FRGS grant (Vot No.:1620). The author
is exceed more than 50% [5]. Meanwhile Uroosa et. al found
that, tins with many scratching can strengthen the bond would like to thank to Research Management Centre (RMC),
between tin and concrete mixture [8].Therefore, it can be UTHM, Johor. The extended gratitude to Rabiyatuadaviah
analyzed that tins used in this mixture are less scratching and Mohamed Muhamad Afiq Zamri and Muhamad Hazim
not bond well with cement and cause a lot of voids. From the Nasrullah Mohd Idrus for accomplished this study.
result of compressive strength of Eco-Friendly Paving Block
can be used in areas where there are less traffic flow such as REFERENCES
garden, playground and walkway. So, the objective of this 1. Koli Nishikant, Aiwale Nachiket, Inamdar Avadhut, Abhishek
study are still achieve where the result are 13.33 N/mm2 Sangar, “Manufacturing of concrete paving block by using waste glass
which is in range of grade C (walkway) and receive higher material”, International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications Volume 6, issue 6, 61, June 2016.
result from the average of grade D (garden and playground). 2. Kevin Klarens, Michael Indranata, Luthfi Al Jamali, and Djwantoro
Hardjito, “The use of bottom ash for replacing fine aggregate in
A. Related to Problems concrete paving blocks”, Matec Web of conferences 138, 01005,
Control paving blocks has some flaws such as the 2017.
3. Radhikesh P. Nanda, Amiya K. Das, Moharana.n.c, “ Stone crusher
manufacturing require high cost material, and this paving dust as a fine aggregate in concrete for paving blocks”, International
also heavier. Therefore Eco-Friendly Paving Block are Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering , Volume 1, No 3, 2010.
produced to reduce costs with the use of waste materials as 4. Muhammad Fauzi Mohd. Zain, Sudharshan Naidu Raman, Azimin
replacement of aggregates and the waste materials also Samsul Tazilan, Abdul Halim Ismail, Mazlan Tahir dan Zulhairuse
Md Darus, “Penggantian sebahagian pasir dengan debu kuari ke atas
lighter than coarse gravel once that used as aggregate. ciri konkrit prestasi tinggi baru”, Jurnal Kejuruteraan 17 page 3-12,
2005.
V. CONCLUSIONS 5. Ashish Patanwadia, Hardik Solanki , “Effect of replacement of natural
sand by quarry dust on mechanical Properties”, Volume5, issue 4,
Based on the result and analysis that have be done, International Journal of engineering technology science and research,
April 2018.
workability of control paving blocks are better than 6. Anzar Hamid Mir, March, “Improved concrete properties using
Eco-Friendly Paving Block although these two type of paving quarry dust as replacement for natural Sand”, International Journal of
are in real slump phase. For density, Eco-Friendly Paving engineering research and
development, Volume 11,
Block result are more better than control paving block and issue 03, pp.46-52, 2015.

Retrieval Number: I32880789S319/2019©BEIESP Published By:

DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.I3288.0789S319
1333 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication
 Development of Paving Blocks Using Waste Materials

7. B. Shanmugavalli, “Reuse of plastic waste in paver blocks”, Environmental Engineering, UTHM.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (irjet),
Vol. 6 issue 02, February 2017. Mohd Erwan Sanik is a Masters holder in Civil
8. Uroosa Iqbal, Muhammad Akram, Abdullah Saand, “Soft drink tins
Engineering, specialty in Highway and Traffic
as fibre reinforcement in concrete”, Proceedings of Ampe, 14-15,
Engineering. He graduated from Universiti Sains
2015.
9. M. Achitra, R. Ambika Rajasree, R. Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Malaysia in the year 2000 (Bachelor of Engineering)
V.Saranya, “Recycled Plastic and Coconut fibre used in concrete and 2007 (Master of Science). Since 2007, he has
paver block”, Volume 8 issue no.4 Research Article, 2018. been involved in publication of more than 35 journal
10. Naushad Khan, Ruchi Chandrakar, “An experimental study on uses of and proceeding articles, books and book chapters as
quarry dust to replace sand in concrete”, International research journal main- and co-authors in various Civil Engineering
of engineering and technology Volume: 04 issue: 11, Nov 2017. areas. Of these, 17 are SCOPUS indexed articles. He
has been also involved in many researches starting
from 2003 (as research officer) until now. Since 2009,
AUTHORS PROFILE he has involved in 21 research grants as main- and
Nor Baizura Hamid is a Bachelor holder in Civil co-researcher, funded by the Universiti Tun Hussein
g with Honors which was graduated in 2009 from Onn Malaysia (UTHM) and Malaysian Ministry of
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. She is currently a Civil Education. He is a Graduate member of Malaysian
g Lecturer in UTHM with 8 years experience. She has Board of Engineering (BEM), Malaysian Board of
more than 20 articles in journals and conference Technologies (MBOT), and Road Engineering
s as main author and co-author for the last 5 years. Of Association of Malaysia (REAM). Membership in REAM
re SCOPUS indexed articles. She has been also involved in made him automatically also a member of the Road
rches starting from 2013 until now. She has involved in 11 Engineering Association of Asia and Australasia
rants as main- and co-researcher, funded by the Universiti (REAAA). He is recognized as a Professional
in Onn Malaysia (UTHM) and Malaysian Ministry of Technologist (Ts) from MBOT since 2018 under the
She also a Graduate member of Malaysian Board of field of Transportation and Logistics Technology. He is
g (BEM) from 2011. She is currently holding a post as currently holding a post as Industrial Fellow in UTHM
Engineer in UTHM and keeps on fully dedicating in and keep on fully dedicating in teaching, supervising,
supervising, research and publication for the sake of current research and publication for the sake of current and
generation. future generation.

Siti Noraiza Ab Razak received he PhD. in Science Masiri Kaamin is a Masters holder in Land
(Physics) majoring in Laser Application Technologies, Surveying (Geomatics), specialty in Geographic
graduated from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Information System. He graduated from Universiti
in 2015. Currently work as a Physics lecturer in Centre Teknologi Malaysia in the year 1989 (Bachelor of
for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Surveying) and 2001 (Master of Science). Since 2001,
Malaysia (UTHM). She received her MSc Science he has been involved in publication of more than 80
(Physics) in 2011 and Bachelor of Science (Health journals and proceeding articles, books and book
Physics) in 2009 from UTM. She is also acts as an chapters as main- and co-authors in various
Associate Researcher at Microelectronics and Geomatics and Civil Engineering areas. Of these, 42
Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre are SCOPUS indexed articles. He has been also
(MiNT-SRC) UTHM and have been actively involved in involved in 25 research grants as main- and
research since 2011 as Research Assistant and been co-researcher, funded by the Universiti Tun Hussein
involved as committee member for International Laser Onn Malaysia (UTHM) and Malaysian Ministry of
Technology & Optic Symposium LATOS in 2014. Her Education. He is a Graduate member of Malaysian
areas of research interest covers various field such as Board of Technologies (MBOT). He is recognized as a
laser applications, material science (thin films), Professional Technologist (Ts) from MBOT since 2018
nanomaterials, and green energy technology. under the field of Resource Based, Survey &
Currently involved with several grant projects under Geomatics Technology. He is currently holding a post
the university sponsorship and MOE as the head of as Associate Professor in UTHM and keep on fully
researcher and also co-researcher, mainly focus on dedicating in teaching, supervising, research and
green energy technologies. Apart from teaching, she is publication for the sake of current and future
also committed in journal paper and book chapters generation.
writing, and has been published in Scopus Indexed
Journal, WOS, and proceeding articles

Mardiha Mokhtar is a Masters holder in Civil

Engineering graduated from Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in 2011. Her field of specialty is
Geotechnical Engineering. She was a Civil Engineer at
Public Works Department and in 2013, she joined the
UTHM as a Lecturer. Since 2012 she has been involved
in publication of more than 20 journals and
proceeding articles, books and book chapters as main
and co-authors and been awarded as Outstanding
Paper Award by Academic Research Society of
Malaysia in 2018. Since 2015, she has involved in 4
research grants as main and co-researcher, funded by
the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). Her
current research interests include soil stabilization,
coastal erosion and UAV applications. Her teaching
topic involved Geotechnical Engineering, Drawing
Engineering, Static and Dynamic, Mechanics of
Materials and Construction Engineering. She is
currently a Lecturer in UTHM and associate
researcher at Centre of Applied Geomatics for
Disaster Prevention (CAGeD), Faculty of Civil and

Published By:
Retrieval Number: I32880789S319/2019©BEIESP 1334 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.I3288.0789S319 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-9S3, July 2019

Ahmad Hakimi Mat Nor is a Masters holder in Civil

Engineering, specialty in Geotechnical Engineering on
soft soil. He graduated from Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia in the year 2008 (Bachelor of Civil
Engineering) and 2012 (Master of Civil Engineering).
Since 2014, he has been involved in publication of
more than 25 journal and proceeding articles, books
and book chapters as main- and co-authors in various
Civil Engineering areas. Of these, 6 are SCOPUS
indexed articles. He has been also involved in many
researches starting from 2009 (as instructor engineer)
until now. Since 2009, he has involve in 8 research
grants as main- and co-researcher, funded by the
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). He is a
Graduate member of Malaysian Board of Engineering
(BEM), and Malaysian Board of Technologies (MBOT).
He is currently holding a post as Industrial Fellow in
UTHM and keep on fully dedicating in teaching,
supervising, research and publication for the sake of
current and future generation.

Mohd Zakwan Ramli is a Masters holder in Civil

Engineering which was graduated in 2011 and his
forte is Highway & Transportation Engineering. He
obtained his Bachelor of Civil Engineering with Honors
degree from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia in
2009. He is currently a Civil Engineering Lecturer in
Universiti Tenaga Nasional which in the field of
Project Management and Highway Engineering. He
has published more than 30 articles in journals and
conference proceedings as main author and co-author
for the last 5 years. He leads few research grants with
more than RM 700,000 in total for the past 2 years.
His first research grant was pedestrian dynamic
behavior in railway stations. While, the main current
research grant is related to construction management
for power plant construction projects in Malaysia
which was granted by Tenaga Nasional Berhad. He
also involved as a project member in a consultation
project related to fluid-structure interaction study at
hydro power dam structure. He was registered as a
Graduate Member with Board of Engineers Malaysia
(BEM) in 2011. He also registered in National
Industrial Experts Directory (majoring in Construction)
under the administration of Skills Development
Department. He was accredited as one of National
Occupational Skills Standard Panel in 2016 under the
Ministry of Human Resource Malaysia (for Road
Construction).

Retrieval Number: I32880789S319/2019©BEIESP Published By:

DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.I3288.0789S319
1335 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication