L8 1 Cross Drainage Structures 1
L8 1 Cross Drainage Structures 1
8.2 Design of Siphon Aqueduct (Detail drawing, Drainage waterway & barrel, Canal
waterway & transition, Length and thickness of impervious floor, Protection works)
• A canal conveying water encounters through a number of natural drainages along its way
• Canal may cross natural drainage from above, or below or at the same level.
• X-drainage structures → constructed at the crossing of a canal & natural drain, for safe
passage of drainage water without interrupting the continuous canal supplies
• When HFL of the drain is sufficiently below the bottom of the canal → drainage water
flows freely under gravity
– X-drainage structure at this condition is called as Aqueduct.
• Structure → canal water is carried in a trough supported on piers
Q#1: Design a Siphon Aqueduct (HFL > Canal bed level) based on following data:
• Canal: i) Full supply discharge = 25 m3/s; ii) Full supply water depth = 1.5 m; iii) Bed level
= 160 m; iv) Bed width = 20 m; v) Side slope = 1.5 H :1 V; vi) Manning’s n = 0.016
• Drainage: i) Maximum flood discharge = 400 m3/s; ii) HFL = 160.5 m; iii) Bed level = 158
m; iv) Natural ground level = 168.0 m
#1) Design of Drainage Waterway
• Width of waterway as per Lacey’s equation, P = 4.75 ∗ 𝑄 = 4.75 ∗ 400 = 95 m
• Provide 13 bays (or barrel or clear spans) of 6 m width each and 12 piers of 1.5 m width each
in the drainage waterway.
– Total waterway width = 13*6 + 12*1.5 = 96.0 m.
• Let us assume limiting velocity through barrels as 2 m/s, then Height of Barrels = (Q/(velocity
* clear width of water way) = 400/(2*78) = 2.56 m ~ 2.6 m.
– Provide, 13 rectangular barrels each of 6 m wide and 2.6 m height. Limiting velocity is generally
• Actual velocity in the barrel = 400/(2.6*78) = 1.97 m/s. assumed 2-3 m/s
BE (Civil) | IOE/TU - Nepal | Irrigation & Drainage Engineering | L8_1 13
X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct
#3) Design of Flume Section with Transition (Bed Levels at Different Sections)
• At Section 1-1
– Head loss in contraction (2-2 to 1-1) = 0.2* (v22 – v12)/2g =0.2*(1.667 2 – 0.75 2)
/(2*9.81= 0.022 m
– RL of TEL 1-1 = TEL at (2-2) + Head loss = 161.586 + 0.022 = 161.608 m.
– RL of water surface = RL of TEL at (1-1) – velocity head = 161.608 – (0.752/(2*9.81) =
161.579 m.
– RL of bed level = RL of water surface at (1-1) – Water depth = 161.579 – 1.5 = 160.079
m
#7) Design of Cut-off & Protection Works [Assume friction factor, f = 1.0)
• Scour depth, R = 0.47 (Q/f) 1/3 = 0.47 (400/1.0) 1/3 = 3.46 m.
• Depth of D/S cut-off below the HFL = 1.5*R = 1.5*3.46 = 5.2 m
• RL of bottom of U/S cut-off = U/S HFL – 5.2 = 160.807 – 5.2 = 155.607 m.
• RL of bottom of D/S cut-off = D/S HFL – 5.2 = 160.5 – 5.2 = 155.3 m.
• Length of D/S protection consisting of 40 cm brick pitching = 2.5 (RL of D/S bed – RL of
bottom of D/S cut-off) = 2.5 * (158.0 – 155.3) = 6.75 m ~7 m.
– Note: RL of D/S & U/S bed is given in question as 158.0 m.
• Length of U/S protection consisting of 40 cm brick pitching = 2.5 (RL of U/S bed – RL of
bottom of U/S cut-off) = 2.5 * (158.0 – 155.607) = 5.98 m ~6 m.