Irrigation & Drainage Engineering (CE ….

Vishnu Prasad Pandey, PhD

Professor – Civil Engineering (Water Resources)

Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
E: [email protected]

Lecture#8_1: Cross Drainage Structures (1)

8. Cross Drainage Structures

8.1 Types (Drawing and Selection)

8.2 Design of Siphon Aqueduct (Detail drawing, Drainage waterway & barrel, Canal
waterway & transition, Length and thickness of impervious floor, Protection works)

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X-Drainage Structures | Introduction

• A canal conveying water encounters through a number of natural drainages along its way
• Canal may cross natural drainage from above, or below or at the same level.
• X-drainage structures → constructed at the crossing of a canal & natural drain, for safe
passage of drainage water without interrupting the continuous canal supplies

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X-Drainage Structures | Types

• Irrigation canal passes over the natural drainage

– Aqueduct
– Siphon aqueduct

• Irrigation canal passes under the natural drainage

– Super passage
– Siphon super passage (canal siphon)

• Irrigation canal & natural drainage intersect each

other at the same level
Siphon Super Passage (or Canal Siphon)
– Level crossing
– Inlet and outlet

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X-Drainage Structures | Types | Aqueduct

• When HFL of the drain is sufficiently below the bottom of the canal → drainage water
flows freely under gravity
– X-drainage structure at this condition is called as Aqueduct.
• Structure → canal water is carried in a trough supported on piers

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X-Drainage Structures | Types | Siphon Aqueduct
• When HFL of the drain is much higher
above the canal bed → water runs
under siphonic action through the
aqueduct barrel
– X-drainage structure at this condition is
called as Siphon Aqueduct.
• Drain bed → generally depressed and
provided with pucca floor.
• U/s side → drainage bed may be
joined to the pucca floor either by a
vertical drop or by glacis of 3:1.
• D/s side → rising slope should NOT be
steeper than 5:1

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X-Drainage Structures | Types | Super Passage & Siphon Super Passage

• Super Passage → A x-drainage • Siphon Super Passage → A x-drainage

structure in which Canal passes below structure in which Canal passes below the
the natural drainage & bed level of natural drainage under Siphonic action.
the natural drainage is above FSL (Full – Bed level of the natural drainage is below
Supply Level) of the canal the FSL of the canal

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X-Drainage Structures | Types | Level Crossing & Inlet/Outlet
• Level Crossing → Constructed when • Inlet & Outlet → Provided at a crossing of
the bed level of natural drainage & small natural drainage with canal
canal both are at same level.
– No Hydraulic Structure is constructed
– Natural drainage is large
– Simple openings are provided for water flow
– Level crossing consists of → i) Crest
wall; ii) Drainage regulator; iii) Canal
regulator

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X-Drainage Structures | Selection of Type of X-Drainage Works
Selection of a suitable type of x-drainage work depends upon following factors.
• Suitable canal alignment
• Relative bed levels and water level (FSL and/or HFL)
– Selection of type depending upon this information – as elaborated earlier
• Nature of available foundation
• Economic considerations
– Structure with lower cost is preferred.
• Potential construction problems →
– The type with less potential problems in construction is selected
• Permissible head loss in canal
• Availability of dewatering equipment
– If dewatering equipment are not available, type that need dewatering is NOT preferred.

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8. Cross Drainage Structures

8.1 Types (Drawing

and Selection)

8.2 Design of Siphon

Aqueduct (Detail
drawing, Drainage
waterway & barrel,
Canal waterway &
transition, Length and
thickness of
impervious floor,
Protection works)

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X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct
1. Design of drainage waterway Canal waterway:
2. Design of canal waterway flume may have
multiple barrels
3. Design of flume section with transition
(bed level at different sections) Depth of Cut-
off & Length
4. Design of Transitions: Mitra’s of Protection
Works
Hyperbolic Equation
Bx = (Bn×Bf×Lf) / [Bn × Lf – x (Bn-Bf)]
5. Design of trough (flume) – overall
length (incl. walls, bed thickness, etc.)
6. Head loss through Barrel using Unwin’s
formula → to get RL of U/S HFL
7. Uplift pressure on roof of barrel Uplift Pressure at
Roof of Barrel? Drainage waterway
8. Design of cut-off & protection works → Reinforcement – need for multiple
for RCC slab? spans/barrels?

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X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct
1. Design of drainage waterway
2. Design of canal waterway
3. Design of flume section with transition
(bed level at different sections)
4. Design of Transitions: Mitra’s
Hyperbolic Equation
Bx = (Bn×Bf×Lf) / [Bn × Lf – x (Bn-Bf)]
5. Design of trough (flume) – overall
length (incl. walls, bed thickness, etc.)
6. Head loss through Barrel using Unwin’s
formula → to get RL of U/S HFL
7. Uplift pressure on roof of barrel
8. Design of cut-off & protection works

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X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct

Q#1: Design a Siphon Aqueduct (HFL > Canal bed level) based on following data:
• Canal: i) Full supply discharge = 25 m3/s; ii) Full supply water depth = 1.5 m; iii) Bed level
= 160 m; iv) Bed width = 20 m; v) Side slope = 1.5 H :1 V; vi) Manning’s n = 0.016
• Drainage: i) Maximum flood discharge = 400 m3/s; ii) HFL = 160.5 m; iii) Bed level = 158
m; iv) Natural ground level = 168.0 m
#1) Design of Drainage Waterway
• Width of waterway as per Lacey’s equation, P = 4.75 ∗ 𝑄 = 4.75 ∗ 400 = 95 m
• Provide 13 bays (or barrel or clear spans) of 6 m width each and 12 piers of 1.5 m width each
in the drainage waterway.
– Total waterway width = 13*6 + 12*1.5 = 96.0 m.
• Let us assume limiting velocity through barrels as 2 m/s, then Height of Barrels = (Q/(velocity
* clear width of water way) = 400/(2*78) = 2.56 m ~ 2.6 m.
– Provide, 13 rectangular barrels each of 6 m wide and 2.6 m height. Limiting velocity is generally
• Actual velocity in the barrel = 400/(2.6*78) = 1.97 m/s. assumed 2-3 m/s
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X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct

#2) Design of Canal Waterway

• Here, normal bed width of canal = 20 m.
• Let us assume flume width of canal = 10m, wall thickness = 0.4 m in outer and 0.3 m in
inner, and bottom wall be 0.4 m think.
• Providing a splay of 2:1 in contraction,
– Length of contraction transition = (20-10)/2*2 = 10 m.
• Providing a splay of 3:1 in expansion,
– Length of expansion transition = (20-10)/2*3 = 15 m.
• Length of flume portion from abutment to abutment = 96 m
• In the transition, the side slopes of the canal section shall be warped from the original
slopes of 1.5 H : 1 V to Vertical.

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X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct
#3) Design of Flume Section with Transition (Bed Levels at Different Sections)
• At Section 4-4:
– Area of section with 1.5:1 side
slope = BD +1.5D2 = 20*1.5 +
1.5*1.52 = 33.4 m2.
– Velocity of flow = Q/A = v4 =
25/33.4 = 0.75 m/s.
– Velocity head = v42/2g = 0.029
m.
– RL of water surface = 160 (G.L.)
+ water depth = 160.0 + 1.5 =
161.5 m
– RL of Total Energy Line (TEL) =
161.5 + Velocity Head =
161.529 m.

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X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct
#3) Design of Flume Section with Transition (Bed Levels at Different Sections)
• At Section 3-3: • At Section 2-2
– Area of trough = 10.0 * 1.5 = 15.0 m2 . – Hydraulic mean depth in trough, R = A/P =
– Velocity of trough = Q/A = 25/15 = 1.667 15/(10+2*1.5) = 1.154 m. [A=10*1.5]
m/s | Velocity head = v2/2g = 0.141 m 𝑣 2 𝑛2 1.662 ∗ 0.0162
– From Manning’s formula, S = 𝑅4/3
=
1.1554/3
=
– Head loss in expansion (3-3 to 4-4) = 0.3* 5.88*10 - 4
(v32 – v42)/2g =0.3*(1.141-0.029) = 0.034
– Head loss in trough = 96*5.85*10 - 4 = 0.056 m.
m
– RL of TEL 2-2 = RL of TEL 3-3 + Head loss =
– TEL at 3-3 = TEL at 4-4 + Head loss =
161.53 + 0.056 = 161.586 m
161.529 + 0.034 = 161.563.
– RL of water surface at 2-2 = RL of Tel (2-2) – Vel.
– RL of water surface at 3-3 = TEL – Velocity
Head = 161.586 – 0.141 = 161.445 m
head = 161.422m
– RL of bed, to maintain constant water depth = RL
– RL of bed to maintain constant water depth =
of water surface at (2-2) – Water depth =
RL of water surface – water depth =
161.445 – 1.5 = 159.945 m
159.922 m.

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X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct

#3) Design of Flume Section with Transition (Bed Levels at Different Sections)
• At Section 1-1
– Head loss in contraction (2-2 to 1-1) = 0.2* (v22 – v12)/2g =0.2*(1.667 2 – 0.75 2)
/(2*9.81= 0.022 m
– RL of TEL 1-1 = TEL at (2-2) + Head loss = 161.586 + 0.022 = 161.608 m.
– RL of water surface = RL of TEL at (1-1) – velocity head = 161.608 – (0.752/(2*9.81) =
161.579 m.
– RL of bed level = RL of water surface at (1-1) – Water depth = 161.579 – 1.5 = 160.079
m

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X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct

#4) Design of Transitions

• For a constant depth of flow, the transition may be designed such that the rate of change
of velocity per meter length of transition is constant.
• This approach yields the bed width of the transition at a distance of x from the flume
section as; Bx = (Bn×Bf×Lf) / [Bn × Lf – x (Bn-Bf)] → Mitra’s Hyperbolic Equation.
– Where, Bn = normal bed width = 20 m; Bf = bed with of flume section =10m; Lf = Length of
transition = 10 m for contraction transition & 15m for expansion transition.
• This results;
– Bx = 2000/(200 – 10x) = 200/(20 – x) [for Contraction Transition]
– Bx = 3000/(300 – 10x) = 300/(30 – x) [for Expansion Transition]
x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 3 6 9 12 15
Bx 10.00 11.11 12.50 14.29 16.67 20.00 Bx 10.00 11.11 12.50 14.29 16.67 20.00
Design of Contraction Transition Design of Expansion Transition
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X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct

#4) Design of Trough

• Trough shall be divided into 2 equal compartments, each of 5m wide, separated by 0.3
m thick partition wall (1 number). Provide outer walls and bottom slab of 0.4 m think.
– Overall length of trough (or Siphon Barrel) = Width of canal + wall thickness =
10+0.3+0.4*2 =11.1 m.
#5) Head Loss through the Barrel:
𝐿 𝑉2
• It’s estimated using Unwin’s Formula; ℎ = [1 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 ] ;
𝑅 2𝑔
– where, f1 = 0.505 (for square entry); R = hydraulic mean depth = A/P =
(6*2.5)/(2*(6+2.5)) = 0.765 m; f2 = a (1 + b/R) = 0.003* (1 + 0.03/0.765) = 0.0032; L
= length of barrel = 11.1 m; and V = velocity through barrel = 1.97 m/s (as calculated in
#1 earlier).
• Therefore, h = afflux = 0.307 m.
• U/S HFL = D/S HFL + h = 160.5 (Given, HFL of drainage) + 0.307 = 160.807 m.

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X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct

#6) Uplift Pressure on Roof of Barrel

• RL of bottom of trough = RL of canal bed – Slab thickness = 160.0 – 0.4 = 159.6 m
• The entry head loss in barrel = 0.505*V2/2g = 0.505 * 1.97 2/(2*9.81) = 0.10 m
• Pressure head (or uplift pressure) on the roof (or inside barrel just d/s of its entry) = U/S
HFL – Entry loss – RL of Bottom of trough = 160.807 – 0.10 – 159.6 = 1.107 m (of
water);
– which is = 1.107*9.81 KN/m2 = 10.86 KN/m2.
• Therefore, RCC slab at the bottom of siphon barrel should be designed by providing
– Bottom reinforcement for dead weight of trough slab + 1.6 m (i.e., full canal water load).
– Top reinforcement for uplift of 10.86 KN/m2 minus dead (or self) weight of trough slab
▪ Assuming unit weight of concrete = 24 KN/m3, self (or dead) weight of trough slab = 0.4 m
(thickness) * 24 KN/m2 = 9.6 KN/m2.

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X-Drainage Structures | Design of Siphon Aqueduct

#7) Design of Cut-off & Protection Works [Assume friction factor, f = 1.0)
• Scour depth, R = 0.47 (Q/f) 1/3 = 0.47 (400/1.0) 1/3 = 3.46 m.
• Depth of D/S cut-off below the HFL = 1.5*R = 1.5*3.46 = 5.2 m
• RL of bottom of U/S cut-off = U/S HFL – 5.2 = 160.807 – 5.2 = 155.607 m.
• RL of bottom of D/S cut-off = D/S HFL – 5.2 = 160.5 – 5.2 = 155.3 m.
• Length of D/S protection consisting of 40 cm brick pitching = 2.5 (RL of D/S bed – RL of
bottom of D/S cut-off) = 2.5 * (158.0 – 155.3) = 6.75 m ~7 m.
– Note: RL of D/S & U/S bed is given in question as 158.0 m.
• Length of U/S protection consisting of 40 cm brick pitching = 2.5 (RL of U/S bed – RL of
bottom of U/S cut-off) = 2.5 * (158.0 – 155.607) = 5.98 m ~6 m.

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