Department of Biomedical Medical

Engineering Riphah College of Science and

Technology Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University

Program: B.Sc. Bio-Medical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: BML-314 Biomedical Control System Date:

Experiment 6: Analysis of Transient response of a linear system (Time Response)

Objective:

i. To obtain unit impulse response of the systems

ii. To obtain transient response of a linear system (first order system)

NAME: …………………………. SAP ID: ……………..

Lab Performance:
Sr.No Title Marks Obtained Marks
1 Subject Knowledge and Data Analysis 5
2 Ability to conduct experiment 5
3 Total 10

Lab Reports:
Sr.No Title Marks Obtained Marks
1 Report content and structure 5
2 Result and data presentation 5
3 Total 10

Remarks (if any)………………………………………………..

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

 Experiment 6:
Analysis of Transient response of a linear system (Time Response)

INTRODUCTION
This experiment investigates the transient response of a linear system to understand how it
reacts to changes in input over time. We analyze the system's behavior by applying a step
input and observing its time response, focusing on key characteristics such as rise time, peak
time, settling time, and overshoot.

The transient response of a linear system is crucial for understanding its performance and
stability. When a system is subjected to a change in input, such as a step input, the transient
response describes how the system moves from its initial state to a steady-state. This report
aims to analyze these responses in a detailed manner.

Impulse:
calculates the unit impulse response of a dynamic system model.

• impulse(sys) plots the impulse response of the dynamic system model sys.
• impulse(sys,Tfinal) simulates the impulse response from t = 0 to the final time t
= Tfinal. Try with Tfinal = 10
• impulse(sys,t) uses the user-supplied time vector t for simulation.
o Compute using a time vector t
• [y t] = Impulse(sys) returns the output response y and the time vector t
used for simulation (if not supplied as an argument to impulse). No plot
is drawn on the screen.
• impulse(sys1,sys2,...,sysN) plots the impulse responses of several models
sys1,..., sysNon a single figure
o try command ‘impulse(H)’

step:
calculates the step response of a dynamic system.
• step(sys) plots the step response of the dynamic system model sys.
• step(sys,Tfinal) simulates the step response from t = 0 to the final time t = Tfinal.
o Try with Tfinal = 10
• step(sys,t) uses the user-supplied time vector t for simulation.
o Compute using a time vector t
• [y t] = Step(sys) returns the output response y and the time vector t used for
simulation (if not supplied as an argument to step). No plot is drawn on the
screen.
 • step(sys1,sys2,...,sysN) plots the step responses of several models
sys1,..., sysN on a single figure
o try command ‘step(H)’

Lsim:
simulates the (time) response of continuous or discrete linear systems to arbitrary
inputs.
Simulate time response of dynamic system to arbitrary user-defined inputs.

To create a signal, we will use gensig() function.

• lsim(sys,u,t) produces a plot of the time response of the dynamic system model sys to the
input, t,u.
o run the following command to generate a signal u and time vector t
[u,t] = gensig('square',4,10,0.1);
• Lsim(sys,u,t)
• Lsim(H,u,t)
• y = lsim( ) returns the system response y, sampled at the same times as the input (t).

The transient response of a linear system can be characterized by several parameters:

• Rise Time (Tr): The time taken for the response to rise from 10% to 90% of its final
value.

• Peak Time (Tp): The time at which the response reaches its first maximum peak.

• Settling Time (Ts): The time required for the response to remain within a certain
percentage (usually 2% or 5%) of its final value.

• Overshoot (Mp): The maximum peak value of the response curve as a percentage of
the final value.

For a second-order system, the transfer function is given by:

H(s) = ω2n / S2 + 2 ζ + 2ζωns + ω2n

Where:
• ωn is the natural frequency.
• ζ is the damping ratio.
 TIME RESPONSE PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS

First Order System:

We now discuss first-order systems without zeros

to define a performance specification for such a
system. A first-order system without zeros can be
described by the transfer function shown in
Figure

A typical step response of first order system is

shown below
Performance Parameters:

Time Constant — Time it takes for the response to rise from 0% to 63% of the steady-
stateresponse.

Rise Time — Time it takes for the response to rise from 10% to 90% of the steady-state response.

Settling Time — Time it takes for the error |y(t) - yfinal| between the response y(t) and
thesteady-state response yfinal to fall to within 2% of yfinal.
A typical step response of second order system is sown below

RiseTime — Time it takes for the response to rise from 10% to 90% of the steady-state response.
SettlingTime — Time it takes for the error |y(t) - yfinal| between the response y(t) and
thesteady-state response yfinal to fall to within 2% of yfinal.
SettlingMin — Minimum value of y(t) once the response has risen.
SettlingMax — Maximum value of y(t) once the response has risen.
Overshoot — Percentage overshoot, relative to yfinal).
Undershoot — Percentage
undershoot.Peak — Peak absolute
value of y(t)
PeakTime — Time at which the peak value occurs
Stepinfo()
We use stepinfo() function to compute performance characteristics of the system from time
response of a step input signal.
• S = stepinfo(sys) computes the step-response characteristics for a dynamic system
model sys.
• S = stepinfo(y,t) computes step-response characteristics from an array of step-response
data y and corresponding time vector t
• S = stepinfo( ,'SettlingTimeThreshold',ST) lets you specify the threshold ST used in
the definition of settling time. The default value is ST = 0.02 (2%).
• S = stepinfo( ,'RiseTimeLimits',RT) lets you specify the lower and upper thresholds
used in the definition of rise time. By default, the rise time is defined as the time the response
takes to rise from 10 to 90% of the steady-state value (RT = [0.1 0.9]).

TASKS:
Solve using MATLAB
Task: 1

Code:

num = [50];
den = [1 50];
sys = tf(numden);

S = stepinfo(sys);

Tr = S.RiseTime;

Ts=S.SettlingTime;

disp('Tr =');

disp(Tr);

disp('Ts=')

;disp(Ts);

% Plot graph

step(sys);

title('Step

Response');

xlabel('Time');

ylabel('Amplitude');

grid on;
Outcome:
 Task: 2

Code:

t = (0:0.01:5);
c = (1 - exp(-t));num =
[50];
den = [1 50];
sys = tf(num, den);

S = stepinfo(sys);Tr =
S.RiseTime;
Ts = S.SettlingTime;

disp('Ts =');
disp(Ts); disp('Tr
=');disp(Tr);

% Plot step response

plot(t,c);
title('Step Response');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude'); grid on;

OUTPUT:
 Task: 3

Code:

num = [10];
den = [1 10];
sys = tf(num, den);

S = stepinfo(sys);Tr =
S.RiseTime;
Ts = S.SettlingTime;

disp('Tr =');
disp(Tr); disp('Ts
=');disp(Ts);

% Plot step response

step(sys);
title('Step Response');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude'); grid on;

OUTPUT:
Conclusion: