U n It

03 FLUIDS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, students will be able to :
‰‰Define pressure in terms of weight.
‰‰Explain the variation of pressure with respect to depth in a fluid.

‰‰Learn the fact that water exerts an upward force on objects immersed in it.

‰‰Recall and state the Archimedes’ principle.

‰‰Calculate density when pressure and altitude are given.

‰‰Learn the formula for finding the relative density of an object and apply the same.

‰‰Understand the behaviour of floating bodies.

TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

I. Choose the correct answer :

1. The size of an air bubble rising up in water [HY - 2019]
(a) decreases (b) increases
(c) remains same (d) may increase or decrease
[Ans : (b) increases]
2. Clouds float in atmosphere because of their low [QY - 2019]
(a) density (b) pressure
(c) velocity (d) mass [Ans : (a) density]
3. In a pressure cooker, the food is cooked faster because
(a) increased pressure lowers the boiling point.
(b) increased pressure raises the boiling point.
(c) decreased pressure raises the boiling point.

[Ans : (b) increased pressure raises the boiling point]

[41]

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 42 Sura’s  Science - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS

4. An empty plastic bottle closed with an airtight stopper is pushed down into a
bucket filled with water. As the bottle is pushed down, there is an increasing
force on the bottom. This is because,
(a) more volume of liquid is displaced.
(b) more weight of liquid is displaced.
(c) pressure increases with depth.
(d) All the above. [Ans : (c) pressure increases with depth]
II. Fill in the blanks :
1. The weight of the body immersed in a liquid appears to be _______ than its actual
weight [Ans : less]
2. The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is_______.
[Ans : Barometer] [HY - 2019]
3. The magnitude of buoyant force acting on an object immersed in a liquid depends
on ______ of the liquid. [Ans : density]
4. A drinking straw works on the existence of _______. [Ans : atmospheric pressure]
III. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement :
1. The weight of fluid displaced determines the buoyant force on an object.
Ans. True.
2. The shape of an object helps to determine whether the object will float or not.
Ans. False.
Correct statement : The density of an object helps to determine whether the object
will floater sink.
3. The foundations of high-rise buildings are kept wide so that they may exert more
pressure on the ground.
Ans. False.
Correct statement : They may exert less pressure on the ground.
4. Archimedes’ principle can also be applied to gases.
Ans. True.
5. Hydraulic press is used in the extraction of oil from oil seeds.
Ans. True.
IV. Match the following :
Ans. Mass
Density - hρg Density -
Volume
1 gwt - Milk 1 gwt - 980 dyne
Mass
Pascal's law - Pascal's law - Pressure
Volume
Pressure exerted by Pressure Pressure exerted hρg
- -
Lactometer - 980 dyne Lactometer - Milk

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 Sura’s  Physics - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS 43

V. Answer in brief :
1. On what factors the pressure exerted by the liquid depends on?
Ans. The pressure exerted by the liquid depends on the
(i) Depth (ii) Density of the liquid
(iii) Acceleration due to gravity.
2. Why does a helium balloon float in air? [QY - 2019]
Ans. Helium balloon floats in air because helium gas is less dense than air.
3. Why it is easy to swim in river water than in sea water? [QY - 2019]
Ans. The question itself is wrong. It is easier to swim in sea water than in the river water.
It is because sea water has (i) greater density and (ii) larger buoyant force than river
water.
4. What is meant by atmospheric pressure? [HY - 2019]
Ans. The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure.
5. State Pascal’s law. [QY - 2019]
Ans. Pascal's law : The external pressure applied on an incompressible liquid is
transmitted uniformly throughout the liquid.
VI. Answer in detail :
1. With an appropriate illustration prove that the force acting on a smaller area
exerts a greater pressure.
Ans. 1. Take a nail. It has two ends. One end is sharp and other end is a bulged head.
2. We usually keep the pointed end on the wall or wood and hammer on the bulged
head.
3. So very small area creates a large pressure.
4. Thus the nail penetrates into the wall or wood.
2. Describe the construction and working of mercury barometer.
Ans. Vacuum

Pressure exerted
by the column
of mercury
760mm

Atmospheric
pressure

Surface of
mercury

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 44 Sura’s  Science - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS

Mercury Barometer
1. It is designed by Torricelli.
Construction :
2. Mercury Barometer consists of long glass tube closed at one end and opened at
other.
3. Mercury filled through open end and close that end by thumb and open it after
immersing it into a trough of mercury.
Working :
4. The Barometer works by balancing the mercury in the glass tube against the
outside air pressure.
5. If air pressure increases, it pushes more of the mercury up into the tub.
6. If air pressure decreases, more mercury drains from the tub.
7. As vaccum cannot exert pressure, Mercury in the tube provides a precise
measure of air pressure which is called atomospheric pressure.
8. It is used in a laboratory or weather station.
3. How does an object’s density determine whether the object will sink or float in
water?
Ans. 1. Whether an object sinks or floats is determined by density of the object
compared with density of liquid.
2. If density of object is less than the density of the liquid, the object will float.
(e.g) less density object, wood will float on water.
3. If density of object is more than the density of liquid, the object will sink.
(e.g) more dense object, stone sinks into water.
4. Explain the construction and working of a hydrometer with diagram. [QY - 2019]
Ans. 1. Hydrometer consists of a cylindrical stem having a spherical bulb at its lower
end and a narrow tube at its upper end.
2. The lower spherical bulb is partially filled with lead shots or mercury.
3. This helps hydrometer to float or stand vertically in liquids.
4. The narrow tube has markings so that relative density of a liquid can be read
directly.
Lower end of hydrometer :
A cylindrical stem having a spherical bulb which Hydrometer

partially filled with lead shots or mercury which helps

to float or stand vertical in liquids.
23

Upper end of hydrometer :

A narrow tube has markings so that relative density of 28

liquids can be read off directly.

Working :
1. Liquid to be tested is poured into the glass jar.
Lead shots

until it floats freely.

3. The reading against the level touching the tube
gives the relative density of the liquid.

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 Sura’s  Physics - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS 45

5. State the laws of flotation. [QY - 2019]

Ans. Laws of flotation
1. The weight of a floating body in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body.
2. The centre of gravity of the floating body and the centre of buoyancy are in the
same vertical line.
VII. Assertion and reason type questions :
Mark the correct answer as :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c ) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is true.
1. Assertion (A) : To float, body must displace liquid whose weight is equal to the
actual weight.
Reason (R) : The body will experience no net downward force in that case.
[Ans : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion]
2. Assertion (A) : Pascal’s law is the working principle of a hydraulic lift.
Reason (R) : Pressure is thrust per unit area.
[Ans : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
the correct explanation of assertion.]
Reason : Pascal's law is the working principle of Hydraulic lift. In Hydraulic lift,
applied pressure is transmitted uniformly and multiplied through out the system.
VIII. Numerical Problems :
1. A block of wood of weight 200 g floats on the surface of water. If the volume of
block is 300 cm3, calculate the upthrust due to water.
Ans. Weight of wood block, m = 200 g
Volume of the wood block, V = 300 cm3.
Upthrust = Weight of the fluid displaced
= Volume of the wood block
Upthrust = 300 cm3
2. Density of mercury is 13600 kg m–3. Calculate the relative density.
Ans. Density of Mercury = 13600 kg m–3
Density of water at 4°C = 1000 kg m–3
Relative density = Density of mercury
°

= 13600 kg m
1000 kg m −3
Relative Density = 13.6

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 46 Sura’s  Science - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS

3. The density of water is 1 g cm–3. What is its density in S.I. units?

Ans. Density of water in SI units = 1000 kg / m3.
4. Calculate the apparent weight of wood floating on water if it weighs 100g in air.
Ans. Mass of wood = 100 g.
As the wood floats on the water, water will not be displaced.
So, actual weight of wood is equal to Apparent weight of wood.
IX. Higher Order Thinking Skills :
1. How high does the mercury barometer stand on a day when atmospheric pressure
is 98.6 kPa?
Ans. Pressure of Atmosphere Patm = 98.6 kPa.
Density of Mercury, ρHg = 13.6 × 103 kg/cm3
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
Pressure, Patm = h × ρHg × g
Patm 98.6 kPa
h = =
ρHg × g (13.6×103 )×(9.8 ms-2 )
98.6 × 103Pa
=
(13.6 × 103 ) × (9.8 ms 2 )

Height of Barometer, h = 0.7397 m = 739.7 mm

2. How does a fish manage to rise up and move down in water?
Ans. (i) Fish manages to rise up in water by reducing its density by filling oxygen in
bladder via the gills. Thus volume will be increased to support its ascending
motion.
(ii) Fish moves down by decreasing its volume by releasing oxygen from bladder.
Thus volume will be decreased so it will sink in the water.
3. If you put one ice cube in a glass of water and another in a glass of alcohol, what
would you observe? Explain your observations.
Ans. Ice cube in water : As the density of ice cube is less than water, the ice cube floats
in water.
Ice cube in alcohol : As the density of ice cube is greater than alcohol, the ice cube
will sink in alcohol.
[Note : Density : Water = 1.00, Ice cube = 0.917, Alcohol = 0.78].
4. Why does a boat with a hole in the bottom would eventually sink?

(1) The water entered through a hole will increase the weight of boat.
(2) The boat becomes heavier so it cannot displace more water. So the boat sinks.

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 Sura’s  Physics - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS 47

 Intext Activities
ACTIVITY - 1
Stand on loose stand. Your feet go deep into the sand. Now, lie down on the sand.
What happens? You will find that your body will not go that deep into the sand.
Why?
Aim :
To demonstrate the effect of thrust
Materials Required :
Sand
Procedure :
1. First, you stand on the sand on your feet.
2. Lie down on the sand with your whole body.
Observation :
1. While standing on your feet on sand, your feet go deep into the sand.
2. While lying down with your body on sand, your body will not go deep into the
sand.
Conclusion :
1. Pressure depends upon the area on which it acts.
2. The effect of thrust on sand is larger while standing than lying.
[End of the activity]
ACTIVITY - 2
Take a transparent plastic pipe. Also take a balloon and tie
it tightly over one end of the plastic pipe. Pour some water
in the pipe from the top. What happens? The balloon tied at
the bottom stretches and bulges out. It shows that the water
poured in the pipe exerts a pressure on the bottom of its
container.
Aim : To demonstrate that water exerts pressure on the bottom
of the container.
Materials Required : Plastic pipe, Balloon, Water.
Procedure :
1. Take a transparent plastic pipe and a balloon.
2. Tie the balloon tightly over one end of plastic pipe.
3. Keep the pipe with the closed end at the bottom.
4. Pour some water in the pipe from the top.

Conclusion : Water poured in the pipe exerts pressure on the bottom of its container.
[End of the activity]

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 48 Sura’s  Science - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS

ACTIVITY - 3
Take a large plastic can. Punch holes with a nail
in a vertical line on the side of the can as shown
in figure. Then fill the can with water. The water
may just dribble out from the top hole, but with
increased speed at the bottom holes as depth
causes the water to squirt out with more pressure.
Aim :
To demonstrate that pressure increases as depth increases.
Materials Required :
1. Large plastic can.
2. A sharp nail.
Procedure :
1. Take a large plastic can.
2. Punch holes with a nail in a vertical line up on the side of can every inch or
several centimetres.
Observation :
1. Water dribbes out from top hole.
2. Water from bottom hole flows with increased speed.
Conclusion :
Depth causes water to squirt out with more pressure.
[End of the activity]
ACTIVITY - 4
Take two liquids of different densities say water and oil to a same level in two
plastic containers. Make holes in the two containers at the same level. What do
you see? It can be seen that water is squirting out with more pressure than oil. This
indicates that pressure depends on density of the liquid.

Water Cooking oil

Aim :
To demonstrate pressure depends on density of the liquid.
Materials Required :
1. Two plastic containers, 2. Water, 3. Oil (Both same volume), 4. Sharp nail
Procedure :

2. Make a hole at same level in two containers.

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 Sura’s  Physics - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS 49

Observation :
Water squirts out with more pressure than that of oil.
Conclusion :
Pressure depends on density of the liquid. [End of the activity]
ACTIVITY - 5 kerosene Water

Take two identical flasks and fill one flask with water to
250 cm3 mark and the other with kerosene to the same
250 cm3 mark. Measure them in a balance. The flask filled
with water will be heavier than the one filled with kerosene.
250 ml 250 ml
Why? The answer is in finding the mass per unit volume of
kerosene and water in respective flasks.
Aim : 280 g 330 g

To prove that density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of given substance.
Materials Required :
1. Two identical flasks.
2. Water
3. Kerosene (same volume as water)
Procedure :
1. Take two identical flasks.
2. Fill one flask with water to 250 cm3 mark.
3. Fill the other flask with kerosene to same 250 cm3 mark.
4. Measure both flasks in balance separately.
Observation :
The flask filled with water will be heavier than that of the flask filled with kerosene.
Conclusion :
In the above activity, we know that
1. Both water and kerosene have same volume (i.e.) 250 cm3.
2. The density of the water 1g / cm3 and density of kerosene is 0.8g / cm3
mass
3. Density = , therefore mass = Density × volume.
volume
Hence mass of water = 1g / cm3 × 250 cm3 = 250g
mass of kerosene = 0.8 g / cm3 × 250 cm3 = 200g
4. Even though, water and kerosene have same volume, they have different
densities. So water and kerosene have different masses.
5. Water has more mass than kerosene.
Hence, we proved that density of the substance is the mass per unit volume of

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 50 Sura’s  Science - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS

Additional Questions
I. Choose the correct answer :
1. Intermolecular forces are stronger in ________
(a) gases (b) liquids
(c) solids (d) all the above [Ans : (c) solids]
2. Water (or) liquids exert pressure on
(a) Upward direction (b) Downward direction
(c) Lateral direction (d) All the above [Ans : (d) All the above]
3. The pressure does not depend upon
(a) Depth (b) Area
(c) Density (d) Acceleration due to gravity
[Ans : (b) Area]
4. Fluids in general are
(a) Gases (b) Liquids
(c) Gases or Liquids (d) None of these
[Ans : (c) Gases or Liquids]
5. Scuba divers wear special suits to withstand
(a) Low pressure (b) High pressure
(c) Low temperature (d) High temperature
[Ans : (b) High pressure]
6. To find out relative density of the substance, with respect to density of water at
_____ C is taken.
(a) 4° (b) 0° (c) 100° (d) 60°
[Ans : (a) 4º]
7. Density Bottle is also called as
(a) Saccharometer (b) Lactometer
(c) Pycnometer (d) Barometer [Ans : (c) Pycnometer]
8. An object completely immersed in fluid displaces its own volume of fluid.
(a) Floatation principle (b) Principle of buoyancy
(c) Pascal's law (d) Archimedes principle
[Ans : (d) Archimedes principle]
9. A solid floats in liquid with a portion of it being submerged. Then
(a) The liquid exerts an upthrust equal to weight of the solid
(b) The weight of the dispersed liquid is equal to the weight of solid
(c) Solid exerts a force equal to its weight on liquid

(A) a & b (B) a & c (C) b & c (D) All of these

[Ans : (A) a & b]

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 Sura’s  Physics - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS 51

10. The principle of "Hydrostatic balance" was devised by

(a) Torricelli (b) Pascal (c) Archimedes (d) Newton
[Ans : (c) Archimedes]
11. Saccharometer is used to measure the density of _______ in a liquid.
(a) Milk (b) Sugar (c) Alcohol (d) Ether
[Ans : (b) Sugar]
12. Most buoyant objects are those with relatively
(a) high volume (b) higher mass
(c) low density (d) less viscosity
(A) a & b (B) a & c (C) b & c (D) b & d
[Ans : (B) a & c]
13. If there were no gravity, which of the following will not be there for fluid?
(HOTS)
(a) Viscosity (b) Density
(c) Pressure (d) upthrust [Ans : (d) upthrust]
14. Human lung is well adopted to breath at a pressure of _____ kPa.
(a) 106.7 (b) 101.3 (c) 98.4 (d) 33.7
[Ans : (b) 101.3]
15. Petroleum based products float on the surface of water. This is due to their low
______.
(a) volume (b) density (c) specific gravity (d) viscosity
(A) a & b (B) a & c (C) a & d (D) b & c
[Ans : (D) b & c]
II. Fill in the blanks :
1. It is easy to compress a gas whereas liquids are__________[Ans : Incompressible]
2. The net force in particular direction is called ________ [Ans : Thrust]
3. All flowing substances, both liquids and gases are called_______. [Ans : Fluids]
4. The air pressure at sea level is referred as ________ [Ans : Atmospheric pressure]
5. The pressure in mines is _____ than sea level. [Ans : Greater]
6. _____ is the instrument used to measure the atmospheric pressure. [Ans : Barometer]
7. On each 1m2 of surface, the force acting is _________ [Ans : 1.013 kN]
8. ______ is a device for measuring atmospheric pressure without the use of liquids.

10. Psi stands for _________. [Ans : Pascal per inch]

11. A tyre pressure of 30psi is almost ______ the atmospheric pressure. [Ans : Twice]

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 52 Sura’s  Science - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS

12. The density of the substance is the ______ of a given substance.

[Ans : mass per unit volume]
13. Hydrometer is based on the principle of __________. [Ans : Flotation]
14. The upward force that is caused due to the pressure difference in liquid (or fluid) is
called _______ . [Ans : Buoyant force]
15. Hot air is ________ dense than ordinary air. [Ans : less]
16. The Lactometer works on the principle of _______ of milk. [Ans : gravity]
17. Icebergs and ships stay afloat due to _________. [Ans : Buoyancy]
18. Archimedes principle is the consequence of ________. [Ans : Pascal's law]
19. The point in which the force of buoyancy is supposed to act is known as _______.
[Ans : Centre of buoyancy]
20. The centre of gravity of the floating body and the centre of buoyance are in the same
_______ line. [Ans : Vertical]
21. In a fluid, buoyant force exists because pressure at the ______ of an object is greater
than the pressure at the top. [Ans : bottom]
III. Match the following :
(I) 1. Lactometer a) Relative density
2. Saccharometer b) Alcohol
3. Alcoholometer c) Sugar
4. Pyncometer d) Milk
Ans. 1 - d, 2 - c, 3 - b, 4 - a
(II) 1. Hydraulic press a) Archimedes
2. Cartesian Diver b) Floatation
3. Hydrostatic Balance c) Pascal's law
4. Hydrometer d) Buoyancy
Ans. 1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - b
IV. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement :
1. The shape and size of the solids do not easily change.
Ans. True.
2. Liquid exerts pressure in the upward direction.
Ans. False.
Correct statement : Liquid exerts pressure in all directions.
3. The barometer works by balancing the Mercury in the glass tube along the outside
air pressure.

Correct statement : The barometer works by balancing the Mercury in the glass
tube against the outside air pressure.

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 Sura’s  Physics - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS 53

4. The absolute pressure is zero-referenced against atmospheric pressure.

Ans. False.
Correct statement : The absolute pressure is zero-referrenced against perfect
vacuum.
5. The external pressure applied on an incompressible liquid is transmitted uniformly
throughout the liquid.
Ans. True.
6. The correct lactometer reading is only obtained at the temperature of 60º C.
Ans. True.
7. If the buoyant force is less, the object will float.
Ans. False.
Correct statement : If the buoyant force is less, the object will sink.
8. If the volume of object is above the water surface, then the object is less densed.
Ans. True.
9. Upthrust = weight of the fluid displaced – apparent weight of the object.
Ans. False.
Correct statement : Upthrust = Weight of the fluid displaced – apparent loss of
weight of the object.
10. Salt water provides less buoyant force than fresh water.
Ans. False.
Correct statement : Salt water provides more buoyant force than fresh water.
V. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. Differentiate Liquid from Gas.
Ans. It is easy to compress a Gas. Liquid is Incompressible.
2. What is the SI unit of pressure?
Ans. Newton per squaremeter (Nm–2).
3. What are factors determining liquid pressure?
Ans. (i) Depth (b) (ii) Density of Liquid (ρ) (iii) Acceleration due to gravity (g).
4. Write the equation for pressure due to liquid column.
Ans. P = hρg ; P - Pressure, h- depth, ρ- density, g - Acceleration due to gravity.
5. What is referred as atmospheric pressure?
Ans. Air pressure at sea level is referred as atmospheric pressure.
6. Expand the abbreviation 'psi'.
Ans. Psi = Pascal per inch.
7. What are Force multipliers?
Ans. Hydraulic systems are known as force multipliers.
8. Write SI unit & symbol for density?
Ans. SI unit = kilogram per meter cube (kg / m3).

9. Where do we use lactometers?

Ans. In milk processing units and Dairies.

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 54 Sura’s  Science - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS

VI. Answer in brief :

1. What happen when pressure is increased in solids?
Ans. If pressure is increased in solids
(i) it experiences tension, (ii) it ultimately deforms (or) breaks.
2. How will you calculate fluid pressure?
Total Force exerted by the fluid F
Ans. Fluid pressure = =
Area over which the force is exerted A
3. How will you find the absolute pressure?
Ans. (1) For pressures higher than atmospheric pressure:
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure.
(2) For pressures lower than atmospheric pressure:
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure – Gauge pressure.
4. Why do Scuba divers wear special suits and equipment?
Ans. (1) Deap sea has pressure twice that of atmospheric pressure.
(2) At high pressure, parts of our body including blood vessels & soft tissues cannot
withstand.
Hence they use special suits & equipments for protection.
5. Define : Relative Density.
Ans. Relative density of a substance is defined as ratio of density of substance to density
of water at 4°C.
Density of substance
Relative density = .
Density of water at 4°C
6. Name different types of Hydrometers with their applications.
Ans.
S.No Name of Hydrometer Application (measuring)
1. Lactometer Density of milk
2. Saccharometer Density of sugar in a liquid
3. Alcoholometer Higher levels of alcohols in Spirits
7. What do you understand by the term "Buoyancy".
Ans. When a body partially or completely immersed in a liquid (fluid), pressure is more
at the bottom and less at the surface in the liquid.
This Pressure difference causes an upward force called "Buoyant force". The
phenonmenon is called 'Buoyancy'.
8. How do submarines sink and float in water?

its compartments.

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 Sura’s  Physics - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS 55

9. Differentiate positive & negative buoyant.

Ans.
S.No Positive Buoyant Negative Buoyant
1. Weight of the object is less than Weight of the object is more than the
the amount of water displaced. amount of water displaced.
2. More buoyant force Less Buoyant force.
3. Object will float Object will sink.
10. You have a bag of cotton and an iron bar, each indicating a mass of 100 kg when
measured on a weighing machine. In reality, one is heavier than other. Can you
say which one is heavier and why?
Ans. The bag containing iron bar is heavier than cotton.
Reason : Although both of them have same weight, the bag of iron bar has less
volume so more dense compared to the bag of cotton which has more volume and
less dense.
VII. Answer in detail :
1. Derive expression for Pressure due to Liquid column.
Ans. A tall beaker filled with water to form a liquid column
Area of cross section at bottom = A
Height of liquid column = h
Density of the liquid = ρ
Thrust at bottom of liquid column (F) = Weight of liquid.
F = mg ...(1) ( m – mass of liquid)
Mass, m = ρ × V .......(2)
Volume of liquid column, V = Area of cross section (A) × height (h)
V = Ah ....... (3)
Substitute (3) in (2) m = ρ Ah .........(4)
Substitute (4) in (1) F = ρ Ahg .........(5)
Thrust (F)
Pressure (P) = = ρA h g
Area (A) A
∴ P = hρg – This is the expression for pressure due to liquid column.
2. Describe the construction and working of Pycnometer.
Ans. Pycnometer (Density Bottle)
Purpose : To measure relative density.

(1) Pycnometer consists of a ground glass stopper with a fine hole through it.
(2) When the bottle is filled and the stopper is inserted, the excess liquid rises
through the hole and runs down outside the bottle.

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 56 Sura’s  Science - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS

Working :
(1) The bottle will always contain the same volume of liquid at constant temperature.
(2) The density of the given volume of substance to the density of equal volume of
referred substance is called relative density or specific gravity of the substance.
3. Explain Archimedes principle with example.
Ans. Principle :
A body immersed in a fluid experience a vertical upward buoyant force equal to the
fluid it displaces.

W1 = true weight W2 = Amount

of object of water displaced

Water
W2 displaced

Explanation :
(1) When a body is partially or completely immersed in a fluid at rest, it experiences
an upthrust which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
(2) Due to the upthrust, the body loses a part of its weight equal to upthrust.
Upthrust = Weight of the fluid displaced.
= Apparent loss of weight of the body.
Apparent weight of an object = True weight of object in air – upthrust.
4. Describe the purpose, principle and working of Lactometer.
Ans. Purpose : Lactometer is an instrument to check the purity of milk.
Principle : Gravity of milk.
Construction :
(1) Lactometer consists of a long graduated test tube with a cylindrical bulb.
(2) Cylindrical bulb has graduation from 15 at top and 45 at bottom, which filled
with mercury.
(3) The test tube is filled with water.
(4) The air chamber causes the instrument to float.
(5) Mercury causes lactometer to sink up proper level and to float in upright
position in the milk.
(6) There is a thermometer inside the lactometer that extends to upper part of test

Working :
(1) The correct lactometer reading is only obtained at 60°C.
(2) Lactometer measures the cream (density) content of milk.

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 Sura’s  Physics - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS 57

(3) Lactometer floats in milk, if milk has more cream content.

(4) The average reading of normal milk is 32.
VIII. Numerical Problems :
1. A vessel with water is placed on a weighing pan and it reads 600 g. Now a ball of
mass 40 g and density is 0.80g / cm3 is sunk into the water with a pin of neglible
volume as shown in figure. The weighing pan will show the reading of .......?

Solution : Weight of vessel with water = 600 g

Mass of ball = 40 g
Density of bal = 0.80 g / cm3
mass 40
Volume of the ball = = = 50 g
density 0.80
So, weight of vessel + volume of ball = 600 + 50 g
The weighing pan will show = 650 g
The weighing pan will show = 650 g
2. The reading of a spring balance when a block is suspended from it in air is 60
newton. This reading is changed to 40 newton when the block is submerged in
water. Calculate the specific gravity of block.
Solution : Weight of block in air = 60 newton
Loss of weight of block in water = 60 – 40 = 20 newton
Weight of block in air
Relative density (or) specific gravity =
Loss of weight in water
60 newton
=
20 newton
Specific gravity of block = 3
3. The mass of a body is 4 kg and its volume is 500 cm3 . Find its relative density.
Solution : Mass of the body m = 4 kg = 4000 g
Volume of the body v = 500 cm3
Mass (m)
∴ Density of the body =
Volume (v)
4000
=
500
∴ The relative density of the body = 8 g cm
Demsity of substance
=
Density of water

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 58 Sura’s  Science - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS

8 g / cm3
= =8
1 g / cm3
Relative density of the body = 8
4. Calculate the pressure produced by a force of 800 N acting on an area of 2.0 m2.
Solution : Force = 800 N
Area = 2.0 m2
Force 800
Pressure, P = = = 400 Nm–2
Area 2.0
Pressure P = 400 Nm–2 (or) 400 Pa
5. A swimming pool of width 9.0 m and length 24.0 m is filled with water of depth
3.0 m. Calculate the pressure on the bottom of the pool due to the water.
Solution : Width of the pool, b = 9.0 m
Length of the pool, l = 24.0 m
Depth of the pool, h = 3.0 m
Density of water, ρ = 1000 kg/m3
Pressure due to column of Fluid, P = ρhg
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
Substituting the values, P = ρhg
P = (1000 kgm–3) ×(3.0m) × (9.8 ms–2)
Pressure, P = 29400 kgm–1s–2 1Pa = 1 kgm–1s–2
∴ P = 29400 Nm-2(or) 29400 Pa
6. A body of volume 100 cc is immersed completely in water contained in a jar. The
weight of water and the jar before immersion of the body was 700 g. Calculate
the weight of water and jar after immersion.
Ans. Volume of body completely immersed in water, V = 100 cc.
Weight of water and jar before Immersion = 700 g.
Volume of jar immersed in water = Volume of water displaced
= 100 cc.
Density of water = 1g/cm3
Mass of water displaced = Apparent weight loss
Mass of water displaced = Volume × Density.
= 100 cc ×1g/cm3.
Apparent weight loss of body = 100 g
Weight of jar and water after immersion = Weight of water and
jar before immersion –
Apparent weight loss

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 Sura’s  Physics - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS 59

IX. Assertion and Reason :

(a) Mark the correct choice as:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is true.
1. Assertion (A) : The buoyant force on submerged rigid object can be considered to
be acting at the centre of mass of object.
Reason (R) : In rigid body, force distributed uniformly through its volume can
be considered to be acting at the centre of mass of the body.
[Ans : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false]
Reason : Centre of the mass of the body is fixed according to the distribution of
density.
2. Assertion (A) : Weight of the truck exerts less pressure on road.
Reason (R) : Truck has six to eight wheels. As area increases pressure decreases.
[Ans : (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion]
3. Assertion (A) : Air gets thinner with increasing altitude.
Reason (R) The atmospheric pressure increases as we go up in mountains.
:
[Ans : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false]
Reason : The atmospheric pressure decreases as we go up in mountains.
4. Assertion (A) : Lactometer is used to check the purity of milk.
Reason (R) Lactometer measures the cream content of milk.
:
[Ans : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason
is not the correct explanation of assertion]
(b) Directions : In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A)
is given followed by a corresponding statement of Reason (R) just
below it. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as :
5. Assertion (A) : The force acting on the surface of a liquid at rest, under gravity,
in a container is always horizontal.
Reason (R) The forces acting on a fluid at rest have to be normal to the surface.
:
[Ans : (d) Assertion is false but reason is true]
Reason : The force acting on the surface of liquid at rest, under gravity, in a container

the molecules below the surface (i.e) an inward attraction.

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 60 Sura’s  Science - 9th Std  Unit 03  FLUIDS

6. Assertion (A) : A sleeping mattress is so designed that when you lie on it, a large
area of your body comes in its contact.
Reason (R) : This reduces the pressure on the body and sleeping becomes
comfortable.
[Ans : (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion]
7. Assertion (A) : Wide wooden sleepers are kept below railway lines to reduce
pressure on the railway tracks and prevent them from sinking in
the ground.
Reason (R) : Pressure is directly proportional to the area in which it is acting.
[Ans : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false]
Reason : Pressure is inversely proportional to the area in which it is acting.
X. Define the following :
1. Define thrust : The force which produces compression is called thrust. Its S.I. unit
is newton.
2. Define pressure : Thrust acting normally to a unit area of a surface is called pressure.
Its S.I. unit is pascal.
3. Define atmospheric pressure : The pressure exerted by the atmospheric gases on its
surroundings and on the surface of the earth is called atmospheric pressure. 1 atm is
the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury of 76 cm height.
4. Buoyant force : The upward force experienced by a body when partly or fully
immersed in a fluid is called upthrust or buoyant force.
5. Pascal’s law : Pascal’s law states that an increase in pressure at any point inside a
liquid at rest is transmitted equally and without any change, in all directions to every
other point in the liquid.
6. Archimedes principle : Archimedes’ principle states that when a body is partially
or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences an up thrust or apparent lose of weight,
which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body.
7. Density : Density is known as mass per unit volume of a body. Its S.I. unit is kg m–3.
8. Relative density : Relative density is the ratio between the density of a substance
and density of water. Relative density of a body is a pure number and has no unit.
9. Hydrometer : Hydrometer is a device used to measure the relative density of liquids
based on the Archimedes’ principle.

its density using Archimedes’ principle.



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 9 SCIENCE - TERM 3 SCIENCE WORLD IN TRICHY

UNIT

1 Fluids

Y
(a) more volume of liquid is dispaced

H
TEXTBOOK EVALUATION (b) more weight of liquid is displaced
(c) pressure increases with depth

IC
I. Choose the correct answer. (d) all the above
1. Te size of an air bubble rising up in water

TR
(a) decreases Ans: (c) pressure increases with depth
(b) increases
(c) remains same
(d) may increase or decrease
Ans: (b) increases IN
LD
2. Clouds float in atmosphere because of their low II.
I Fill in the blanks.
(a) density (b) pressure 1. In a fuid, buoyant force exists because
(c ) velocity (d) mass
R

pressure at the of an object is

Ans: (a) density greater than the pressure at the top.
O

3. In a pressure cooker, the food is cooked Ans: depth

W

faster because 2. Te weight of the body immersed in a liquid

(a) increased pressure lowers the boiling point appears to be than its actual weight.
E

(b) increased pressure raises the boiling point

(c) decreased pressure raises the boiling point Ans: lesser
C

(d) increased pressure lowers the melting point 3. Te instrument used to measure atmospheric
N

Ans: (b) increased pressure raises the boiling pressure is .

point
IE

Ans: barometer
4. An empty plastic bottle closed with an airtight
SC

stopper is pushed down into a bucket flled 4.. The magnitude of buoyant force acting on
with water. As the bottle is pushed down, an object immersed in a liquid depends on
there is an increasing force on the bottom as
of the liquid.
shown in graph. Th s is because
Ans: density
Force on bottle

5. A drinking straw works on the existence of

.

Ans: atmospheric pressure

Depth of immension
1.Fluids 1 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
 9 SCIENCE - TERM 3 SCIENCE WORLD IN TRICHY
3 III.True or False. 2. Why does a helium balloon float in air?

1. Te weight of fuid displaced determines the 9 Hydrogen, helium and hot air are much
less dense than ordinary air and this
buoyant force on an object. Ans: True
gives them buoyancy.
2. Te shape of an object helps to determine
3. Why it is easy to swim in river water than in
whether the object will float. Ans: True
sea water?
3. The foundations of high-rise buildings 9 Salt water provides more buoyant force
are kept wide so that they may exert more than fresh water. Because buoyant force

Y
pressure on the ground. Ans: False depends as much on the density of fuids
as on the volume displaced.

H
4. Archimedes’ principle can also be applied to 4. What is meant by atmospheric pressure?

IC
gases. Ans: True
Earth is surrounded by a layer of air up to
5. Hydraulic press is used in the extraction of certain height (nearly 300 km) and this layer of

TR
oil from oil seeds. Ans: True air around the earth is called atmosphere of the
earth. Since air occupies space and has weight,
IV. Match the following. it also exerts pressure. This pressure is called
Density
1 gwt
-
-
hρg
Milk
IN
atmospheric pressure.
5. State Pascal’s law.
LD
Mass Pascal's law states that the external
Pascal’s law -
Volume pressure applied on an incompressible liquid
R

Pressure exerted by a fuid - Pressure is transmitted uniformly throughout the

Lactometer - 980 dyne
O

liquid.
Ans: VI. Answer in detail.
W

Mass 1. With an appropriate illustration prove that

Density -
Volume the force acting on a smaller area exerts a
E

1 gwt - 980 dyne greater pressure.

C

Pascal’s law - Pressuree Stand on loose sand. our feet go deep into
N

the sand. we lie down on the sand. we will find

Pressure exerted by a fluid - hρg
that our body will not go that deep into the
IE

Lactometer - Milk sand.

SC

In both the cases of the above activity,

V. Answer in brief. the force exerted on the sand is the weight of
1. On what factors the pressure exerted by the your body which is the same. This f orce a cting
liquid depends on? perpendicular to the surface is called thrust.
Pressure exerted by a liquid at a point is When you stand on loose sand, the force is acting
determined by, on an area equal to the area of your feet. When you
(i) depth (h) lie down, the same force acts on an area of your
(ii) density of the liquid (ρ) whole body, which is larger than the area of your
(iii) acceleration due to gravity (g). feet. Therefore the effect of thrust, that is, pressure
depends on the area on which it acts.
1.Fluids 2 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
 9 SCIENCE - TERM 3 SCIENCE WORLD IN TRICHY

2. Describe the construction and working of 4. Explain the construction and working of a
mercury barometer. hydrometer with diagram.

The instrument used to measure Hydrometer

atmospheric pressure is called barometer. A A direct-reading instrument used for
mercury barometer, first designed by an Italian measuring the density or relative density of
Physicist Torricelli, consists of a long glass tube the liquid is called hydrometer. Hydrometer is
(closed at one end, open at the other) filled based on the principle of flotation, i.e., the
with mercury and turned upside down into a weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed

Y
container of mercury. This is done by closing portion of the hydrometer is equal to the weight

H
the open end of the mercury filled tube with the of the hydrometer.
thumb and then opening it after immersing it in

IC
to a trough of mercury . The barometer works by

TR
balancing the mercury in the glass tube

IN
LD
R

Hydrometer
against the outside air pressure. If the air pressure
O

Hydrometer consists of a cylindrical

increases, it pushes more of the mercury up into
W

stem having a spherical bulb at its lower end

the tub and if the air pressure decreases, more of
and a narrow tube at is upper end. Te lower
the mercury drains from the tube. As there is no
spherical bulb is partially flled with lead shots
E

air trapped in the space between mercury and

or mercury. Th s helps hydrometer to fl at or
the closed end, there is vacuum in that space.
C

stand vertically in liquids. Te narrow tube has

Vacuum cannot exert any pressure. So the level of
N

markings so that relative density of a liquid can

mercury in the tube provides a precise measure
be read directly.
IE

of air pressure which is called atmospheric

Te liquid to be tested is poured into the
pressure. This type of instrument can be used in
SC

glass jar. Te hydrometer is gently lowered in

a lab or weather station.
to the liquid until it floats freely. Te reading
3. How does an object’s density determine
against the level of liquid touching the tube
whether the object will sink or float in water?
Whether an object will sink or float in a liquid is gives the relative density of the liquid.
determined by the density of the object Hydrometers may be calibrated for different
compared to the density of the liquid. If the uses such as lactometers for measuring the
density of a substance is less than the density of density (creaminess) of milk, saccharometer for
the liquid it will float.For example a piece of measuring the density of sugar in a liquid and
wood which is less dense than water will float on alcoholometer for measuring higher levels of
it.Any substance having more density than water alcohol in spirits.
(for example, a stone), will sink into water.
1.Fluids 3 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
 9 SCIENCE - TERM 3 SCIENCE WORLD IN TRICHY

5. State the laws of flotation. Prepared by

Laws of fl tation are, A.JOHN MESHACK,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
P.G ASST ( PHYSICS)
1. Te weight of a floating body in a fuid AMBAL HR SEC SCHOOL ,SIRUMUGAI,
is equal to the weight of the fuid COIMBATORE DISTRICT.

displaced by the body.

2. Assertion: Pascal’s law is the working
2. Te centre of gravity of the floating principle of a hydraulic lift
body and the centre of buoyancy are in Reason: Pressure is thrust per unit area.

Y
the same vertical line.
Answer: (a) If both assertion and reason

H
Te point through which the force of are true and reason is the correct

IC
buoyancy is supposed to act is known as centre explanation of assertion.
of buoyancy. 3. Assertion: Te force acting on the surface of

TR
a liquid at rest, under gravity, in a container
is always horizontal.
Reason: Te forces acting on a fuid at rest

IN have to be normal to the surface.

Underwater volume
Buoyancy
Answer: (d) If assertion is false but reason is
Centre of buoyancy
true.
LD
VII. Assertion and Reason.
Directions: In each of the following questions, 4. Assertion: A sleeping mattress is so
a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed designed that when you lie on it, a large area
R

by a corresponding statement of Reason (R) just of your body comes in its contact.
O

below it. Of the statements, mark the correct Reason: Th s reduces the pressure on the
answer as body and sleeping becomes comfortable.
W

(a) If both assertion and reason are true Answer: (a) If both assertion and reason
and reason is the correct explanation of are true and reason is the correct
E

assertion. explanation of assertion.

C

(b) If both assertion and reason are true but

reason is not the correct explanation of 5. Assertion: Wide wooden sleepers are kept
N

assertion. below railway lines to reduce pressure on

IE

the railway tracks and prevent them from

(c ) If assertion is true but reason is false.
sinking in the ground.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is true.
SC

Reason: Pressure is directly proportional to

the area in which it is acting.
1. Assertion: To flat, body must displace
Answer: (c ) If assertion is true but reason
liquid whose weight is equal to the actual
is false.
weight.
Reason: Te body will experience no net
Prepared by
downward force in that case.
J.CHITRA,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
Answer: (a) If both assertion and reason are P.G ASST ( PHYSICS)
true and reason is the correct explanation of AMBAL HR SEC SCHOOL ,SIRUMUGAI,
COIMBATORE DISTRICT.
assertion.

1.Fluids 4 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
 9 SCIENCE - TERM 3 SCIENCE WORLD IN TRICHY
VIII. Comprehension type. b. If 4 kg of material occupy 20 cm3 and 9 kg
1. While passing nearby a pond, some students of material be occupy 90 cm3, which has
saw a drowning man screaming for help. Tey greater density A or B?
alerted another passerby, who immediately Density of the object A
threw an infated rubber tube in the pond. Te Mass of the object A = 4kg
man was saved. Respond to the given ques- Volume of the object A =20Cm3
tions using the information provided above. = 20 x 10-5m3
a. Why the passerby did use inflated Density of the object A = mass/Volume

Y
rubber tube to save the drowning man? = 4/2 x 10-5

H
The buoyancy force of an inflated rubber tube = 2 x 105Kg m-3
is height and it.also capable of balancing the

IC
Density of the object B
weight of that drowning ma Mass of the object B = 9kg

TR
b. Write the principle involved here in. Volume of the object B =90cm3
Archmedes principle = 90 x 10-5m3
c. Which qualities shown by the Density of the object B = mass/Volume
students and the passerby do you
identify that helped in saving the
drowning man.
IN = 9/9 x 10-5
= 1x 105Kg m-3
/ The density of the object A is high.
LD
1.Helping Tendency c. What vertical height of mercury will
2.Knowledge about the fluids. exert a pressure of 99960 Pa? (Density of
R

2. A balloon displaces air and it results in mercury = 136000 kg m–3).

O

buoyant force. Th s buoyant force is more P =99960 Pa

W

than the weight of the balloon and hence density (ρ) = 13600Kg m-3
the balloon moves up. g = 9.8ms-2 P = hρg
a. As the balloon moves up what happens h =P/ρg
E

to the density of it? = 99960/13600 x 9.8

C

Density of the balloon never change. = 0.75m (OR) = 75 cm

N

IX. Numerical Problems.

b.Write the condition for floating of balloon.
IE

1. A block of wood of weight 200 g fl ats on

i) Weight of the balloon is equal to the weight
of the air displaced. the surface of water. If the volume of block is
SC

ii) The density of the balloon lesser than the 300 cm3 calculate the upthrust due to water.
density of circles that place Weight of the wooden block =200g
c. Buoyant force depends on the density of = 0.2 x 9.8
. Ans: Air = 1.96N
Volume of block = 300cm3
3. Two diferent bodies A and B are completely
Since block is floating
immersed in water and undergo the same Upthrust W = upthrust
loss in weight.
Upthrust = Weight
a. Will the weight of the body A and body B =1.96N
in air be the same? Ans: Equal mg

1.Fluids 5 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
 
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CPBU
XJUI
B
IPMF
JO
UIF
CPUUPN
XJMM
FWFOUVBMMZ

8h
8

#
BOU
CFDBVTF
UIF
QSFTTVSF
JO
UIF
IPMF
EVF

UP

NhH

NH
ϮHW (OR)
XBUFS
JT
HSFBUFS
UIBO
UIBU
PG
BUNPTQIFSF

Nh


N
ϮW
QSFTTVSF%VF
UP
UIJT
QSFTTVSF
EJGGFSFODF
UIF



Y


Y
Y Since the object is
floating on water XBUFS
TUBSUT
UP
GMPX
JOUP
UIF
CPBU%VF
UP
UIF


Y


Y

XFJHIU
PG
UIF
CPBU
BO
JODSFBTFE
BOE
JU
TUBSUT
UP


 Upthrust = Weight
So apparent =0 TJOL
JOUP
UIF
XBUFS
Apparent weight = 0
'MVJET  IUUQTZPWBOQFUFSUSJDIZCMPHTQPUDPN