Thermodynamics II

Dr. Ahmed Helmy Abdel Aziz

E-mail: [email protected]

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 2- Simple Steam Power Cycle

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 Steam Power Cycle
• RANKINE CYCLE:

The Ideal Cycle For Steam Power Plants

The ideal Rankine cycle consists of the following four processes:

1-2 Isentropic compression in a pump
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3-4 Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser

Video
Coal-Fired Plant
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 Steam Power Cycle
• Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle:
Then the conservation of energy relation for each device can be expressed as
follows:

The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle is determined from;

Notes

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Notes

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Notes

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 Steam Power Cycle
• Deviation Of Actual Steam Power cycle From Idealized One

The deviation of actual pumps and turbines from the isentropic ones can be
accounted for by utilizing isentropic efficiencies, defined as;

where states 2a and 4a are the actual exit states of the pump and the turbine,
respectively, and 2s and 4s are the corresponding states for the isentropic
case.
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Example Actual Rankine Cycle

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 Example
Rankine Vapor Power Cycle
500

The T-s diagram for the Rankine 6000 kPa

cycle is given below. 400

Locate the processes for heat 300

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transfer and work on the diagram.

T [C]
200

10 kPa
100 2
4
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

s [kJ/kg-K]

Compute the thermal efficiency of an ideal Rankine cycle for which

steam leaves the boiler as superheated vapor at 6 MPa, 350oC, and is
condensed at 10 kPa.

We use the power system and T-s diagram shown above.

P2 = P3 = 6 MPa = 6000 kPa
T3 = 350oC
P1 = P4 = 10 kPa
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Example: Pump
The pump work is obtained from the conservation of mass and energy for steady-
flow but neglecting potential and kinetic energy changes and assuming the pump is
adiabatic and reversible (isentropic).

Since the pumping process involves an incompressible liquid, state 2 is in the

compressed liquid region, we use a second method to find the pump work or
the h across the pump.
Recall the property relation: dh = T ds + v dP

Since the ideal pumping process 1-2 is isentropic,

ds = 0.

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Example: Pump
The incompressible liquid assumption v  v1  const .
allows h2  h1  v1 ( P2  P1 )
The pump work is calculated from

Using the steam tables

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Example: Boiler
Now, h2 is found from h2  wpump  h1
kJ kJ
 6.05  191.81
kg kg
kJ
 197.86
kg
Boiler
To find the heat supplied in the boiler, we apply the steady-flow
conservation of mass and energy to the boiler. If we neglect the potential
and kinetic energies, and note that no work is done on the steam in the
boiler, then
2  m
m 3  m
 2 h2  Q in  m
m  3h3
Q in  m
 (h3  h2 )
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Example: Boiler
We find the properties at state 3 from the superheated
tables as
 kJ
h3  3043.9
P3  6000 kPa  
 kg

T3  350 C
o
  s  6.3357 kJ


3
kg  K
The heat transfer per unit mass is
Qin
qin   h3  h2
m
kJ
 (3043.9  197.86)
kg
kJ
 2845.1
kg

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Example: Turbine
The turbine work is obtained from the application of the conservation of
mass and energy for steady flow. We assume the process is adiabatic
and reversible and neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

m3  m4  m 
m 3h3  Wturb  m
 4 h4
W  m
turb  (h  h )
3 4
We find the properties at state 4 from the steam tables by noting
s4 = s3 = 6.3357 kJ/kg.K and asking three questions.
kJ kJ
at P4  10kPa : s f  0.6492 ; sg  8.1488
kg  K kg  K
is s4  s f ?
is s f  s4  sg ?
is sg  s4 ? 28
Example: Turbine
s4  s f  x4 s fg
s4  s f 6.3357  0.6492
x4    0.758
s fg 7.4996
h4  h f  x4 h fg
kJ kJ
 191.81  0.758(2392.1)
kg kg
kJ
 2005.0
kg
The turbine work per unit mass is

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Example:Net Work and Efficiency
The net work done by the cycle is
wnet  wturb  wpump
kJ
 (1038.9  6.05)
kg
kJ
 1032.8
kg

The thermal efficiency is 1032.8

kJ
w kg
th  net 
qin kJ
2845.1
kg
 0.363 or 36.3%
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