Summer 2021 Complete Quadrilaterals and the Miquel Point Victor Rong

Complete Quadrilaterals and the Miquel Point

Victor Rong

July 9, 2021

R
M

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A

Q C
D

Theorem 1: Miquel’s Theorem

Let ABC be a triangle and let D, E, F be points on lines BC, CA, and AB respectively.
Then the circumcircles of AEF , BF D, and CDE intersect at a point known as the Miquel
point.

Theorem 2: Miquel’s Theorem for a Complete Quadrilateral

Let ABCD be a quadrilateral and let P := AC ∩ BD, Q := AB ∩ CD, and R := AD ∩ BC.

Then the circumcircles of QAD, QBC, RAB, and RCD intersect at a point known as the
Miquel point.

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Summer 2021 Complete Quadrilaterals and the Miquel Point Victor Rong

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Q C
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Lemma 1: Spiral Similarity

M is the center of spiral similarity for pairs of lines AB, CD; AD, BC; RA, CQ; RB, DQ;
and RC, AQ.

Lemma 2
The angle bisectors for ∠AM C, ∠BM D, and ∠QM R are the same line and

M A · M C = M B · M D = M Q · M R.

Lemma 3
Inversion about M with power M A · M C and reflecting about the angle bisector of ∠AM C
overlays the diagram.

Lemma 4
M and the circumcenters of QAD, QBC, RAB, and RCD are concyclic.

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Theorem 3: Simson Line of the Miquel Point

The feet of the perpendiculars of M to the four sides of the complete quadrilateral are
collinear.

Theorem 4: Gauss-Bodenmiller Theorem

The circles with diameter AC, BD, and RQ are coaxial and the orthocenters of QAD, QBC,
RAB, and RCD lie on this common axis.

Theorem 5: Newton-Gauss Line

The midpoints of the three diagonals (AC, BD, and QR) are collinear. Furthermore, this
line is perpendicular to the Simson line of M .

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Q O C
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Theorem 6: Brocard’s Theorem

If ABCD is cyclic with circumcenter O, then P is the pole of QR, Q is the pole of RP , R
is the pole of P Q, and O is the orthocenter of triangle P QR.

Lemma 5
M lies on QR if and only if A, B, C, D are concyclic. Furthermore, if ABCD is a cyclic
quadrilateral, M is the foot of O on QR and P and M are inverses with respect to inversion
about the circumcircle of ABCD.

Lemma 6
If ABCD is cyclic with circumcenter O, M lies on the circumcircles of AOC and BOD.
Furthermore, M O bisects ∠AM C and ∠BM D.

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A Problems

A1. Prove the theorems and lemmas. Some are tricky!

A2. (ToT 2015). Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral, K and N be the midpoints of the diagonals
and P and Q be points of intersection of the extensions of the opposite sides. Prove that ∠P KQ +
∠P N Q = 180.
A3. (IMO 2013). Let ABC be an acute triangle with orthocenter H, and let W be a point on the
side BC, lying strictly between B and C. The points M and N are the feet of the altitudes from
B and C, respectively. Denote by ω1 is the circumcircle of BW N , and let X be the point on ω1
such that W X is a diameter of ω1 . Analogously, denote by ω2 the circumcircle of triangle CW M ,
and let Y be the point such that W Y is a diameter of ω2 . Prove that X, Y and H are collinear.
A4. (CGMO 2006). Let O be the intersection of the diagonals of convex quadrilateral ABCD.
The circumcircles of 4OAD and 4OBC meet at O and M . Line OM meets the circumcircles of
4OAB and 4OCD at T and S respectively.
Prove that M is the midpoint of ST .
A5. (USAMO 2006). Let ABCD be a quadrilateral, and let E and F be points on sides AD and
AE
BC, respectively, such that ED = BF
F C . Ray F E meets rays BA and CD at S and T , respectively.
Prove that the circumcircles of triangles SAE, SBF , T CF , and T DE pass through a common
point.
A6. The Miquel point of a circumscribed quadrilateral ABCD is M , and its incenter is I. Prove
that the circumcircle of AM I is tangent to IC.
A7. (Serbia MO 2017). Let ABCD be a convex and cyclic quadrilateral. Let AD∩BC = {E}, and
let M, N be points on AD, BC such that AM/M D = BN/N C. Circle around 4EM N intersects
circle around ABCD at X, Y prove that AB, CD and XY are either parallel or concurrent.
A8. (USATST 2000). Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral and let E and F be the feet of perpen-
diculars from the intersection of diagonals AC and BD to AB and CD, respectively. Prove that
EF is perpendicular to the line through the midpoints of AD and BC.
A9. (China TST 2008). Let ABC be a triangle and ` be a line which cuts lines BC, CA, and AB at
D, E, and F , respectively. Denote by O1 , O2 , O3 the circumcenters of triangles AEF, BF D, CDE,
respectively. Prove that the orthocenter of triangle O1 O2 O3 lies on `.

B Problems

B1. (Serbia MO 2017). Let ABCD be a convex cyclic quadrilateral. Let E := AD ∩ BC and let
M, N be points on AD, BC, respectively, such that AM : M D = BN : N C. The circumcircle of
4EM N intersects the circumcircle of ABCD at points X and Y . Prove that AB, CD and XY
are either parallel or concurrent.
B2. (China TST 2006). Let ABCD be a convex cyclic quadrilateral with circumcenter O where
O is not on any of the sides of ABCD. Let P := AC ∩ BD. The circumcentres of 4OAB, 4OBC,
4OCD and 4ODA are O1 , O2 , O3 and O4 respectively.
Prove that O1 O3 , O2 O4 , and OP are concurrent.
B3. (ISL 2009). Given a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, let the diagonals AC and BD meet at E and

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the lines AD and BC meet at F . The midpoints of AB and CD are G and H, respectively. Show
that EF is tangent at E to the circle through the points E, G and H.
B4. (Korea 2008). Quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle with center O. Let E := AB ∩ CD
and let P and R be the projections of E onto BC and AD, respectively. Let Q := EP ∩ AD, S :=
ER ∩ BC. Let K be the midpoint of QS. Prove that E, K, O are collinear.
B5. (CGMO 2019). Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral. Line AC intersects BD at P , and line
BC intersects AD at Q. Let M be the midpoint of CD and let the reflection of line AB over line
P Q intersect CD at K. Prove that P, Q, M, K are concyclic.
B6. (ARMO 2019). Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle with AC < BC. A circle passes through
A and B and crosses the segments AC and BC again at A1 and B1 respectively. The circumcircles
of A1 B1 C and ABC meet each other at points P and C. The segments AB1 and A1 B intersect at
S. Let Q and R be the reflections of S in the lines CA and CB respectively. Prove that the points
P, Q, R, and C are concyclic.
B7. (Taiwan TST 2018). Given a 4ABC with circumcircle Ω and a point P. Let D be the second
intersection of AP with Ω, E, F be the intersection of BP, CP with CA, AB, respectively, M be
the intersection of (AEF ) with Ω, T be the intersection of the tangent of Ω at B, C and U be
the second intersection of T D with Ω. Prove that the reflection of U in BC lies on (DM P ).
B8. (USAMO 2018). In convex cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, we know that lines AC and BD
intersect at E, lines AB and CD intersect at F , and lines BC and DA intersect at G. Suppose
that the circumcircle of 4ABE intersects line CB at B and P , and the circumcircle of 4ADE
intersects line CD at D and Q, where C, B, P, G and C, Q, D, F are collinear in that order. Prove
that if lines F P and GQ intersect at M , then ∠M AC = 90◦ .

C Problems

C1. (China TST 2016). The diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD intersect at P , and there
exist a circle Γ tangent to the extensions of AB, BC, AD, DC at X, Y, Z, T respectively. Circle Ω
passes through points A, B, and is externally tangent to circle Γ at S. Prove that SP ⊥ ST .
C2. (Brazil MO 2016). Let ABCD be a non-cyclic, convex quadrilateral, with no parallel sides.
The lines AB and CD meet in E. Let M 6= E be the intersection of circumcircles of ADE and
BCE. The internal angle bisectors of ABCD form a convex, cyclic quadrilateral with circumcenter
I. The external angle bisectors of ABCD form a convex, cyclic quadrilateral with circumcenter J.
Show that I, J, M are collinear.
C3. (ISL 2006). Points A1 , B1 , C1 are chosen on the sides BC, CA, AB of a triangle ABC
respectively. The circumcircles of triangles AB1 C1 , BC1 A1 , CA1 B1 intersect the circumcircle of
triangle ABC again at points A2 , B2 , C2 respectively (A2 6= A, B2 6= B, C2 6= C). Points A3 , B3 , C3
are symmetric to A1 , B1 , C1 with respect to the midpoints of the sides BC, CA, AB respectively.
Prove that the triangles A2 B2 C2 and A3 B3 C3 are similar.
C4. (ISL 2012). Let ABC be a triangle with circumcenter O and incenter I. The points D, E and
F on the sides BC, CA and AB respectively are such that BD + BF = CA and CD + CE = AB.
The circumcircles of the triangles BF D and CDE intersect at P 6= D. Prove that OP = OI.
C5. (IMO 2011). Let ABC be an acute triangle with circumcircle Γ. Let ` be a tangent line to Γ,
and let `a , `b and `c be the lines obtained by reflecting ` in the lines BC, CA and AB, respectively.

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Show that the circumcircle of the triangle determined by the lines `a , `b and `c is tangent to the
circle Γ.
C6. Prove that the Miquel point of a complete quadrilateral lies on the nine-point circle of the
triangle determined by its three diagonals.
C7. Let I be the incenter of 4ABC. Let P be a point lie on the incircle (I) of 4ABC. Let ` be
a line passing through P and tangent to (I). Let `a , `b , `c be the reflection of ` in BC, CA, AB,
respectively. Let M be the Miquel point of complete quadrilateral {`, `a , `b , `c }. Find the locus of
M as P varies on (I).

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