10

Language Processing
and the Human Brain
No doubt a reasonable model of language use will incorporate, as a basic component, the
generative grammar that expresses the speaker-hearer’s knowledge of the language; but
this generative grammar does not, in itself, prescribe the character or functioning of a
perceptual model or a model of speech production.

NOAM CHOMSKY, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, 1965

The Human Mind at Work

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444

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 The Human Mind at Work 445

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Comprehension
“I quite agree with you,” said the Duchess; “and the moral of that is—‘Be what you would
seem to be’—or, if you’d like it put more simply—‘Never imagine yourself not to be
otherwise than what it might appear to others . . . to be otherwise.’”
“I think I should understand that better,” Alice said very politely, “if I had it written down:
but I can’t quite follow it as you say it.”
LEWIS CARROLL, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, 1865

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 446 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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The Speech Signal

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 The Human Mind at Work 447

FIGURE 10.1 | A spectrogram of the words heed, head, had, and who’d, spoken with a
British accent (speaker: Peter Ladefoged, February 16, 1973).
From LADEFOGED/JOHNSON. A Course in Phonetics (with CD-ROM), 6E. © 2011 Cengage Learning.
Reproduced by permission.

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VKDSHVRIWKHYRFDOWUDFW

Speech Perception
The mice think they are right, but my cat eats them anyways (sic) . . . perception is
everything.
TERRY GOODKIND (B. 1948)

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 448 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 The Human Mind at Work 449

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Bottom-Up and Top-Down Models

I have experimented and experimented until now I know that [water] never does run
uphill, except in the dark. I know it does in the dark, because the pool never goes dry;
which it would, of course, if the water didn’t come back in the night. It is best to prove
things by experiment; then you know; whereas if you depend on guessing and supposing
and conjecturing, you will never get educated.
MARK TWAIN, Eve’s Diary, 1906

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 450 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 The Human Mind at Work 451

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Oh, are you from Wales?
Do you know a fella named Jonah?
He used to live in whales for a while.
GROUCHO MARX (1890–1977)

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 452 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 The Human Mind at Work 453

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Syntactic Processing
Teacher Strikes Idle Kids
Enraged Cow Injures Farmer with Ax
Killer Sentenced to Die for Second Time in 10 Years
Stolen Painting Found by Tree
AMBIGUOUS HEADLINES

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 454 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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 The Human Mind at Work 455

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 456 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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Speech was given to the ordinary sort of men, whereby to communicate their mind; but to
wise men, whereby to conceal it.
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Lexical Selection
Humpty Dumpty’s theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau,
seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words “fuming” and
“furious.” Make up your mind that you will say both words but leave it unsettled which
you will say first. Now open your mouth and speak. If . . . you have that rarest of gifts, a
perfectly balanced mind, you will say “frumious.”
LEWIS CARROLL, Preface to The Hunting of the Snark, 1876

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 The Human Mind at Work 457

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 458 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

Application and Misapplication of Rules

I thought . . . four rules would be enough, provided that I made a firm and constant
resolution not to fail even once in the observance of them.
RENÉ DESCARTES, Discourse on Method, 1637

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 The Human Mind at Work 459

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 460 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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 Brain and Language 461

Brain and Language

The human brain is a most unusual instrument of elegant and as yet unknown capacity.
STUART SEATON

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The Human Brain

The human brain is unique in that it is the only container of which it can be said that the
more you put into it, the more it will hold.
GLENN DOMAN

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 462 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

Front
Corpus Callosum

Left Right
Hemisphere Hemisphere

Cortex White
Matter

Back

FIGURE 10.2 | Three-dimensional reconstruction of the normal living human brain. The
images were obtained from magnetic resonance data using the Brainvox technique. Left
panel = view from top. Right panel = view from the front following virtual coronal section
at the level of the dashed line.
Courtesy of Hanna Damásio.

The Localization of Language in the Brain

“Peanuts,” United Feature Syndicate, Inc

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Brain and Language 463

FIGURE 10.3 | Phrenology skull model.

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 464 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

FIGURE 10.4 | Lateral (external) view of the left hemisphere of the human brain, showing
the position of Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas—two key areas of the cortex related to
language processing.

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The Linguistic Characterization of Aphasic Syndromes

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 Brain and Language 465

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 466 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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 Brain and Language 467

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 468 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Brain and Language 469

FIGURE 10.5 | Three-dimensional reconstruction of the brain of a living patient with

Broca’s aphasia. Note area of damage in left frontal region (dark gray), which was caused
by a stroke.
Courtesy of Hanna Damásio.

FIGURE 10.6 | Three-dimensional reconstruction of the brain of a living patient with

Wernicke’s aphasia. Note area of damage in left posterior temporal and lower parietal
region (dark gray), which was caused by a stroke.
Courtesy of Hanna Damásio.

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 470 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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It takes only one hemisphere to have a mind.
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 Brain and Language 471

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 472 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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 Brain and Language 473

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 474 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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Language and Brain Development

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 Language and Brain Development 475

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 476 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

Brain Plasticity
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Language and Brain Development 477

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 478 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 The Modular Mind: Dissociations of Language and Cognition 479

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The Modular Mind: Dissociations

of Language and Cognition
[T]he human mind is not an unstructured entity but consists of components which can be
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NEIL SMITH AND IANTHI-MARIA TSIMPLI, The Mind of a Savant: Language, Learning, and
Modularity, 1995

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 480 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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 The Modular Mind: Dissociations of Language and Cognition 481

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 482 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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Summary
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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Summary 483

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 484 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 Summary 485

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 486 CHAPTER 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.