8.

Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates

8.1. Planning Stage (Level 1) difficult projects, the bridge engineer should use the
8.2. Bridge Type Selection (Level 2) higher end of the range.
8.3. PS&E Stage (Level 3)
8.1.10. Ancillary Costs
The Bridge Section supports the project manager by The values in Table 8-1 incorporate only the basic bid
providing several types of quantity calculations and item costs for typical bridges. Increase these values to
cost estimates for structures during the planning, reflect the ancillary costs to determine the estimated
environmental, and design stages. These submissions total project cost.
are needed for planning and budgeting purposes.
Either the Bridge Section or the region will determine
8.1. Planning Stage (Level 1) these costs. In either case, clearly identify in the
Bridge Section frequently provides planning estimates estimate whether the ancillary costs are included. Use
for projects involving bridges and other transportation the following guidance for adding contingency,
structures. mobilization, and construction engineering costs to the
planning cost estimate:
Typically planning level estimates are requested at the
Statewide Transportation Improvement Program Bridge Approach Roadway Costs
(STIP) development and regional project initiation Include the approach roadway costs (sometimes called
stage. These estimates are developed quickly, with “logical touchdown costs”) in planning estimates if
very limited information, and require many not included separately by the regions. Use 30
assumptions. The following applies to developing a percent of the cost of the bridge for the cost of
planning cost estimate: transitioning from the new bridge to the existing
roadway. In the Department’s experience, this
8.1.8. Responsibility provides a conservative estimate suitable for planning
Bridge Section engineers develop planning cost and preliminary budgeting purposes.
estimates. The Chief Bridge Engineer reviews all
planning estimates before they are sent to the regions. Contingencies
For anticipated but undetermined costs, add a 20 to 30
8.1.9. Basis for Estimate percent contingency factor based on the sum of the
Base the planning estimates on historical cost data, estimated construction costs. The contingency factor
location, the anticipated structure and foundation type, is related to the amount of uncertainty in the
and estimated square foot of deck area. hydraulic, foundation, and roadway geometric
information at the time the estimate is being
Deck area is a function of the anticipated bridge
developed.
length and width. Develop an approximate length
from any existing site information or by increasing the Mobilization and Demobilization
existing bridge (if any) length by 10 percent then Add 10 percent of the basic bid item costs for the
rounding up to a logical value. contractor’s mobilization and demobilization. This is
Consult with the Statewide Hydraulics Engineer to the cost incurred by the contractor to mobilize the
verify the existing waterway opening prior to labor and equipment necessary for construction. A
finalizing the preliminary bridge length. higher percentage may be justified for projects in
remote areas.
For bridge width, match the proposed roadway width
plus the width of the proposed bridge rails/barriers. Engineering
Widths are sometimes determined by reviewing other Add 15 to 20 percent of the estimated cost for
recent projects in the same highway vicinity of the preliminary engineering. Add 15 percent for
project. construction engineering.

Use Table 8-1 as a starting point for estimating the Indirect Cost Allocation Program (ICAP)
bridge construction costs. For more complicated or Add the percentage specified in the most recent
Department ICAP memorandum to the total

Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual 8-1 8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
March 2023
preliminary engineering and construction costs to For smaller projects, percentages for contingencies,
account for Department overhead cost to construct the mobilization, and engineering may be higher. For
project. larger projects, these percentages may be lower.
Table 8-1
2023 Structural Material Cost Ranges*
Typical Span
Structure Types Range (feet) Estimated Cost
Corrugated Pipe 1-7 $250-$500 / LF
Hydraulic
Structures Concrete Box Culvert 5-20 $500 -$4000 / LF
Plate Arch Culvert 10-20 $250-$750 / LF

Post-Tensioned Concrete Box Girder 120-240 $300-$600 / SF

Prestressed Concrete Voided Slab 20-60 $350-$750 / SF
Prestressed Concrete Decked Bulb-Tee 50-145 $300-$500 / SF
Prestressed Concrete Girder 50-140 $400-$600 / SF
Steel Rolled Girder 20-120 $400-$600 / SF
Steel Rolled Girder with Precast Deck Panels 20-120 $400-$750 / SF
Structures for
Steel Plate Girder 60-400 $400-$750 / SF
Conventional Site
Conditions Steel Box Girder 100-400 $400-$800 / SF
Timber 10-20 $250-$500 / SF
Glulam Timber 15-40 $250-$500 / SF
Plate Arch Railroad Tube 25-35 $2000-$5000 / SF

Segmental Post-Tensioned Box Girder 200-600 $750-$1500 / SF

Structures for Cable Stayed Bridge 600-1200 $1000-$2000 / SF
Special Site
Conditions Suspension Bridge 600-5000 $1000-$3000 / SF
Arch Bridge 50-400 $1000-$2000 / SF
Movable Span Bridge 200-350 > $2500 / SF
Tunnel 30+ > $3000 / SF
* While these cost ranges are reasonably accurate at the time of publication, they should be used with caution due to
inflation and volatility in construction materials, equipment operation, and labor costs.

8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates 8-2 Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual
March 2023
8.2. Bridge Type Selection (Level 2) measurement, and basis of payment. Division
At the Bridge Type Selection stage, the project 500 presents structural items. For some
manager submits a “start package” including specialty or new items, the pay item number
preliminary highway alignment data, proposed typical may not be in the database. If unable to locate a
section, and site contours including right-of-way pay item, the bridge engineer may request a new
limits. Lay out the bridge using the preliminary pay item through the Regional Bid Tab
roadway plan, profile, typical section, site topography, Coordinator.
and other available design information included in the 2. Units of Measurement. Record the quantity of
start package. The layout should include estimated all contract bid items consistent with the terms
piles sizes, cast-in-place (CIP) concrete member sizes, and units of measurement presented in the
span lengths, and riprap geometry. Most member applicable item sections of the Alaska Standard
sizes can be accurately estimated from past projects, Specifications for Highway Construction. Table
geometric compatibility, and simplified structural 8-2 presents the units of measurements for
analysis. typical bridge items.
3. Computations. The bridge engineer may use
The project manager may request estimates for manual and computer methods to compute
multiple bridge types during the development of the bridge quantities. Prepare computation sheets
environmental document. for each bid item and retain all computation
sheets in the project file.
Select the most feasible, constructable, and usually the 4. Significant Digits. In all quantity calculations,
most economical type of structure to fit the project retain enough significant digits so that accuracy
and develop General Layout and Site Plan sheets. is neither sacrificed nor exaggerated. Calculate
This structure may differ from the structure quantities for individual structure elements to
envisioned in earlier estimates. Use the General one significant figure beyond the rounding
Layout and Site Plan to calculate preliminary value shown in Table 8-2, when applicable.
quantities and develop the Bridge Type Selection 5. Rounding. Match exactly the quantity of any
estimate. item provided in quantity summaries with the
8.2.8. Quantity Calculations number provided on computation sheets.
Round the total item quantity for a structure to
General Guidelines the value shown in Table 8-2. Note any
The quantity calculations require rapid (typically, a required rounding of a raw estimate on the
day per bridge or less) but close approximation of the computation sheet consistent with Table 8-2.
final bridge quantities. Include all items required for Do not round the result of a quantity calculation
bridge construction, and use graphs and tables, similar until the value is ready for incorporation into the
bridges, and computations based on dimensions from Bridge Basis of Estimate Table. Do not round
the preliminary plans. The objective is to complete a lump-sum items and items measured as “each.”
relatively accurate estimate in a minimal amount of 6. Bridge Basis of Estimate Table. Segregate the
time. Bridge quantities are typically placed in a table quantities into separate columns with respect to
on the General Layout or Site Plan Sheet. the substructure and superstructure. For lump-
Consider the following guidelines when calculating sum items, provide the calculated quantity for
quantities: the item.

1. Pay Items. Each pay item has an official title Lump-Sum Items
and item number that is tied to the Standard In general, DOT&PF uses the lump-sum method of
Specifications for Highway Construction, which payment for items of work that are easily defined and
are also listed in the Department’s bid item unlikely to vary. Lump-sum items are estimated using
database. The Department uses these coded the units identified in Table 8-2. When a lump-sum
item numbers for tracking and as a historic item is developed without using an estimating unit
database. Cross check all items against the (Removal of Structures and Obstructions, Cofferdams,
Standard Specifications, Standard etc.), note the basis of the estimated cost and any
Modifications, and Special Provisions to ensure special circumstances or relevant information in the
the use of the appropriate pay items, methods of quantity calculation package. Ensure this information

Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual 8-3 8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
March 2023
is properly addressed in the plans and Special • Known foundation problems at the bridge site
Provisions. • Anticipated construction logistics (e.g., traffic
control during construction)
Excavation and Riprap
• Any other factors that are considered
Where possible at the Bridge Type Selection stage, appropriate for the structure
round excavation and riprap quantities to the nearest
• Judgment and experience of the bridge engineer
10 cubic yards. Do not provide the dimensions of
width, length, and depth more accurately than the Inflation
nearest foot. Do not adjust the cost for expected inflation at the
Concrete time of construction. However, note the date the cost
estimate was prepared.
Calculate concrete subtotals for various elements (e.g.,
abutments, piers) in cubic feet to the nearest tenth of a Ancillary Costs
cubic foot. Carry dimensions to the hundredth of a The discussion on ancillary costs found in Section 8.1
foot, except for a thin cross section multiplied by a applies to the Bridge Type Selection cost estimate,
large length (e.g., slab cross section) where rounding except as follows:
to one hundredth could produce a large discrepancy in
the final quantity. After totaling all subtotals, convert • Reduce the percentage of anticipated but
the total to cubic yards and round according to Table undetermined costs as more quantities are
8-2. calculated.
• Add 15 percent of the estimated cost for
8.2.9. Cost Estimate construction engineering.
The bridge engineer updates the structural costs used
for the planning construction cost estimate at the Preliminary engineering costs rarely vary enough to
Bridge Type Selection stage. The bridge engineer justify a separate line in a Bridge Type Selection
should make a reasonable estimate of the structure estimate. In the unusual case where preliminary
quantities (within ± 10 percent). If the quantities can engineering costs are significantly different between
be estimated, use the following procedure for the alternatives, include separate line items for
updated cost estimate: preliminary engineering and construction engineering.

Unit Costs Life-Cycle Costs Analysis

Review historic data from similar projects to When required by the Chief Bridge Engineer, conduct
determine the unit costs. Possible sources include bid a life-cycle cost analysis for each design alternative.
tabulations maintained by the Bridge Section and This analysis allows the user to compare different
Means Heavy Construction Cost Data, an industry design lives for each alternative. TRB’s National
publication. For elements with little or no known Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP)
information, contact industry sources for possible unit Report 483: Bridge Life-Cycle Cost Analysis contains
cost guidance. a methodology for bridge life-cycle cost analysis
(BLCCA), software that automates the methodology,
See Table 8-2. and a guidance manual for implementing BLCCA.
Adjustments
Adjust the estimated construction cost to reflect the
conditions at the bridge site. Adjustment factors may
include:
• Geographic location
• Age of most recent construction costs
• Recent trends in cost of materials (e.g.,
shortages)
• Extent of falsework required
• Anticipated difficulty of construction
• Size of project relative to size of previous
projects for which cost data is available

8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates 8-4 Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual
March 2023
 Table 8-2
Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
(Type Selection)
Page 1 of 5
Pay Item Pay Item Rounding Unit
Number Name Quantity Method of Calculating Quantities Accuracy Cost
202.002 Removal of SF Total area of existing bridge deck 1 $50/SF to
3.0000 Bridge $85/SF

205.000 Excavation for CY Only needed when excavation exceeds 10 $45/CY to

1.0000 Structures that associated with “normal” work. In $75/CY
such cases, assume that the total volume
is equal to the cross sectional area at
centerline roadway times the estimated
length perpendicular to the cross section.

205.000 Structural Fill CY Fill between the wingwalls times the 1 $45/CY to
6.0000 maximum height from the bottom of the $100/CY
footing to the bottom of the approach slab
or roadway section times 50 feet behind
each backwall or end diaphragm.

501.000 Class A CY Volume of concrete based upon 0.1 $1000/CY

1.0000 Concrete preliminary dimensions of columns/piles, to
cap beams, wingwalls, diaphragms, etc. $2500/CY
Assume all pipe piles are filled with CIP
concrete from the bottom of the cap down
55 feet.

501.000 Class A-A CY Volume of concrete based upon 0.1 $1500/CY

2.0000 Concrete preliminary dimensions of CIP deck slabs to
and approach slabs. $2500/CY

501.000 Precast LBS Determine the number and cross 1 $0.65/LB

7.0000 Concrete sectional area of prestressed girders to
Members, (typically 6 to 8 girders in the cross $0.80/LB
Girders section for standard two-lane bridges)
using the Department’s bulb-tee program
or other reasonable approach. Calculate
the weight of each girder using 160 PCF.

503.000 Reinforcing LBS Assume 4% of the total weight of all CIP 10 $2.00/LB
1.0000 Steel concrete (Class A + Class A-A) for to
standard decked bulb-tee girder bridge. $2.75/LB
Assume 8% when drilled shafts are used.

Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual 8-5 8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
March 2023
 Table 8-2
Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
(Type Selection)
Page 2 of 5
Pay Item Pay Item Method of Calculating Rounding
Number Name Quantity Quantities Accuracy Unit Cost

503.000 Epoxy- LBS Assume 2% to 3% of the total weight of 10 $2.75/LB to

2.0000 Coated all CIP concrete (Class A + Class A-A) for $3.50/LB
Reinforcing standard decked bulb-tee girder bridge.
Steel Assume 6% when CIP decks are used.

504.000 Structural LBS Calculate the preliminary girder sized 10 $4.00/LB to

1.0000 Steel based upon standard depth-to-span ratio $6.50/LB
and slenderness ratios. In lieu of $10.00/LB for small
structural analysis, assume the following: quantities (e.g.,
seismic retrofit
Continuous spans: w = 20+0.2*L work)
Simple spans: w = 25+0.3*L

Where L is the maximum individual span

length (feet) and w is the total unit weight
of structural steel (pounds per square
foot) including girders and all steel
included in the pay item.

505.000 Furnish LF ABUTMENTS: For non-liquefiable soils, 1 $125/LF to $175/LF

5 Structural assume one HP 14 × 117 pile per girder for HP14X117
Steel Piles reaction. For liquefiable soils, assume $300/LF to $400/LF
that one 24-inch diameter × ½ inch pipe for 36-inch
pile is used per girder reaction. diameter
$500/LF to $750/LF
PIERS: For pier heights less than 15 feet, for 48-inch
assume 36-inch diameter × ¾ inch pipe diameter
piles are used at a spacing of 10 feet.
Otherwise, assume 48-inch diameter × 1-
inch pipe piles are used at a spacing of
12 feet.

505.000 Drive EA The number of each type of pile to be 1 $10,000/pile to

6 Structural driven $15,000/pile for
Steel Piles HP14x117

$20,000/pile for 24-

inch diameter

$30,000/pile to
$40,000/pile for 36-
inch diameter

$40,000/pile to
$50,000/pile for 48-
inch diameter

8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates 8-6 Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual
March 2023
 Table 8-2
Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
(Type Selection)
Page 3 of 5
Pay Item Estimating Rounding
Number Pay Item Name Quantity Method of Calculating Quantities Accuracy Unit Cost
507.000 Steel Bridge Railing, LF Calculate the total two-tube bridge 1 $250/LF to
1.0002 2-Tube length including rail on the wingwalls $300/LF
from preliminary bridge layout

507.000 Steel Bridge Railing, LF Calculate the total three-tube bridge 1 $250/LF to
1.0003 3-Tube length including rail on the wingwalls $350/LF
from preliminary bridge layout

507.000 Concrete Barrier LF Calculate the total bridge barrier 1 $250/LF to

4.0000 length including rail on the wingwalls $325/LF
from preliminary bridge layout

508.000 Waterproofing SF Calculate total membrane area on 1 $10/SF to

1.0000 Membrane bridge deck and approach slabs $15/SF
between curbs.

511.000 Mechanically SF Calculate the total area of wall face 1 $50/SF to

1.0000 Stabilized Earth Wall based upon preliminary bridge layout. $75/SF
Area of wall is measured from top of
coping to bottom of wall panels.

512.000 Falsework SF Typically the cost of falsework is 1 $50/SF to

2.0000 included in the 501 pay items – that $100/SF
is, it is subsidiary to CIP concrete.
Falsework may be bid as a separate
pay item for CIP box girders or other
non-standard bridge types are
specified that require significant
amounts of falsework. If falsework is
bid as a separate pay item, reduce
the unit cost of CIP concrete.

513.000 Field Painting of Steel SF Avg. value of 125 SF per ton of 1 $35/SF to
1.0000 Structures structural steel. Table 3 on page 270 $50/SF for
of "Good Painting Practice Third (E) bridges w/
Edition," Steel Structures Painting zinc paint.
Council provides more detail.
Calculate actual surface area and $40/SF to
check conversion factors from this $75/SF for
table on large, deep plate and box (E) bridges w/
girders. lead paint

513.000 Field Metallizing of SF Calculate using the same methods as $40/SF to

2.0000 Steel Structures 513.0001.0000 $60/SF

Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual 8-7 8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
March 2023
 Table 8-2
Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
(Type Selection)
Page 4 of 5
Pay Item Estimating Rounding
Pay Item Name Method of Calculating Quantities Unit Cost
Number Quantity Accuracy
520.0001 Temporary SF Calculate the deck area based upon 1 $125/SF to
.0000 Crossing the estimated length and width $175/SF
required for the detour bridge.
Typical bridge width is 34 feet out-to-
out.
606.0016 Transition Rail EA Typically, there is one thrie beam 1 $3000/EA to
.0000 transition railing at each end of the $4000/EA
bridge railing – 4 per bridge.
611.0001 Riprap, Class II CY Calculate the volume of riprap using 10 $75/CY to
.0002 the preliminary bridge layout. The $125/CY
riprap volume can be estimated as
the cross section area times the In remote
length of the riprap measured along locations,
the center-of-gravity of the cross $250/CY
section. In lieu of calculations, use depending upon
1000 CY for “normal” riprap usage local availability
and 2500 CY for “extensive” riprap
usage.
631.0002 Geotextile, SY Calculate the area of geotextile from 10 $3.00/SY to
.0001 Erosion Control, the preliminary bridge layout. In lieu $6.00/SY
Class 1 of calculations, use the same area of
geotextile in SY as volume of riprap
in CY.
640.0001 Mobilization and % The mobilization and demobilization Subtotal of all
.0000 Demobilization is typically taken to be 10% of the other bridge bid
total construction cost. Thus, use prices time 1/9
11.1% of the subtotal bridge bid
cost.
NA Construction % Use 15% of the total estimated Total bridge cost
Engineering construction cost including
mobilization
times 15%
NA ICAP % This “overhead” cost changes every Total bridge plus
year. Use the published value. In lieu construction
of the published value, use 5%. engineering cost
times ICAP %

8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates 8-8 Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual
March 2023
 Table 8-2
Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
(Type Selection)
Page 5 of 5

Pay Item Pay Item Estimating Rounding

Method of Calculating Quantities Unit Cost
Number Name Quantity Accuracy

Contingency % For preliminary designs, include a Total bridge

contingency that is reflective of the cost including
available information. Use the following: ICAP times
the
1. 15% to 20% for 1R and 3R projects appropriate
depending on the complexity and factor
number of bridges

2. 20% to 25% when roadway, hydraulic

and foundation information is available
and used in the preliminary bridge
layout

3. 25% to 30% when roadway information

is available and an existing bridge is
being replaced but no specific
hydraulic or foundation data is
available

4. 30% to 35% when roadway information

is available but no hydraulic or
foundation information is available and
the proposed bridge is not reasonably
close to any existing bridge

Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual 8-9 8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
March 2023
8.3. PS&E Stage (Level 3) 5. Bolts, Nuts, and Washers. Measure bolts,
8.3.8. Quantity Calculations nuts, and washers for payment based on the
computed weight as presented in the Alaska
Update Calculations Standard Specifications.
The bridge engineer must revisit all quantity 6. Fillet Welds. Estimate fillet welds using Table
calculations as determined at the Bridge Type 8-4 and the Alaska Standard Specifications.
Selection stage (see Section 8.2.1) and update as 7. Rounding. Round the total of the structural
necessary. steel to the nearest 10 lbs.
Reinforcing Steel 8.3.9. Cost Estimate
The reinforcing steel quantity is based on the weight Update Estimate
of the reinforcing bar. Calculate bar lengths to The bridge engineer must revise the cost estimate
hundredths of a foot. Accumulate total lengths of bar from the Bridge Type Selection stage (see Section
in each size before weights are extended to reduce 8.2.2) to reflect the final bid items and quantities. No
rounding errors. Use Table 8-3 to obtain the weight in “contingency” is used at the PS&E stage.
pounds for the appropriate reinforcing steel size. Do
not include the weight of incidental items in this Submit the final estimate to the project manager in
quantity. spreadsheet format along with the plans and Special
Provisions. Some project managers also want a copy
Structural Steel of the quantity calculations, and these should be
The structural steel quantity is based on the weight of submitted with the PS&E package if requested.
the steel components in the structure. The contract
documents present structural steel as a lump sum bid The project manager merges the cost estimates for
item, but also provide the steel weight as information structural and other project pay items to determine the
only to assist the contractor in preparing the bid. Engineer’s Estimate for the project.
Include the weight of all beams, plates, diaphragms,
Engineer’s Estimate
stiffeners, bearing plates, bolts and nuts, shear studs,
rockers, rollers, pins and nuts, expansion dams, The Engineer’s Estimate is the final estimate used for
roadway drains and scuppers, weld metal and programming construction funding. It lists the total
structural shapes for expansion joints, and pier quantity and estimated price for each pay item. Pay
protection in the estimate. item quantities in the Engineer’s Estimate must match
the estimate of quantities in the plans and the bid
Calculate the weight of the steel using the following schedule in the bidding documents. The project
guidelines: manager uses the Engineer’s Estimate as a basis for
requesting Authority to Advertise (ATA) a project.
1. Lengths. Carry lengths to the hundredth of a After bids are received, the Engineer’s Estimate
foot. provides a basis for determining the reasonableness of
2. Unit Weights. Structural steel has a weight the bids.
density of 490 lb/feet3. See the Alaska Standard
Specifications for the weight density of other Design Aid Formulas
common metals. The following figures present various mathematical
3. Shapes, Plates, Railing, and Flooring. relationships to assist the bridge engineer with
Calculate the nominal weights and dimensions quantity estimating:
as shown on the contract drawings, deducting
for copes, cuts, and open holes, exclusive of bolt • Figure 8-1  Slope Equations
holes. • Figure 8-2  Trigonometric Solution of
4. Casting. Compute the weights for castings Triangles
from the dimensions shown on the plans with a • Figure 8-3  Area of Plane Figures
5 percent allowance for fillets and overruns. • Figure 8-4  Surface Area and Volume of
Deduct the weight for drillings or borings. The Solids
bridge engineer may use scale weights for
castings of small complex parts, because it
could be difficult to compute their weight
accurately.

8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates 8-10 Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual
March 2023
 Table 8-3
Reinforcing Steel Sizes and Weights

Nominal Properties
Bar Size Diameter Area Weight
US Customary Metric
(in) (in2) (lb/ft)
Designation Designation
#3 #10 0.375 0.11 0.376

#4 #13 0.500 0.20 0.668

#5 #16 0.625 0.31 1.043

#6 #19 0.750 0.44 1.502

#7 #22 0.875 0.60 2.044

#8 #25 1.000 0.79 2.670

#9 #29 1.128 1.00 3.400

#10 #32 1.270 1.27 4.303

#11 #36 1.410 1.56 5.313

#14 #43 1.693 2.25 7.650

#18 #57 2.257 4.00 13.600

Table 8-4
Weights of Fillet Welds

Nominal Size (in) 1/4 5/16 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1

Weight (lb/ft) 0.20 0.25 0.35 0.55 0.80 1.10 1.50 2.00

Note: Estimate other welds based on their theoretical dimension plus 50% for overrun.

Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual 8-11 8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
March 2023
CASE I CASE II

A
X=
X= A S1 + S 2
S1 − S 2

CASE III CASE IV

X = A + (S2 – S1) B Area = A + X (B) X = A + (S2 – S1) B Area = A + X (B)

2 2

CASE V CASE VI

X = A – (S1 + S2) B Area = A + X (B) X = A + (S1 + S2) B Area = A + X (B)

2 2

Figure 8-1
Slope Equations

8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates 8-12 Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual
March 2023
 Right-Angled Triangles
Given: Sought: Formulae:

A,B,b sin A = a , cos B = a , b = c 2 − a2

c c
a,c

Area Area = a c 2 − a2
2

2 2
A,B,c tan A = a , tan B = b , c= a +b
b a
a,b

Area Area = ab
2

B = 90° – A, b = a cot A, c= a
B,b,c
sin A
A,a
a 2 cot A
Area Area =
2

B = 90° – A, a = b tan A, c=
b
B,a,c
cos A
A,b
2
Area b tan A
Area =
2

B,a,b B = 90° – A, a = c sin A, b = c cos A

A,c
2 2
Area c sin A cos A c sin 2A
Area = or
2 4

Figure 8-2
Trigonometric Solution of Triangles
Page 1 of 2

Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual 8-13 8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
March 2023
 s = a+b+c
2

Oblique-Angled Triangles
Given: Sought: Formulae:

A sin 1 A =
(s − b)(s − c ) , cos 1 A =
s(s − a )
, tan 1 A =
(s − b)(s − c )
2 bc 2 bc 2 s(s − a )

B sin 1 B =
(s − a)(s − c ) , cos 1 B =
s(s − b )
, tan 1 B =
(s − a)(s − c )
2 ac 2 ac 2 s(s − b )
a,b,c

C sin 1 C =
(s − a)(s − b) , cos 1 C =
s(s − c )
, tan 1 C =
(s − a)(s − b)
2 ab 2 ab 2 s(s − c )

Area Area = s(s − a )(s − b )(s − c )

a sin (A + B )
b,c b = a sin B c = a sin C =
sin A sin A sin A
a,A,B
Area Area = 1 a b sin C =
a 2 sin B sin C
2 2 sin A

B sin B = b sin A
a

a,b,A c c = a sin C = b sin C = a 2 + b 2 − 2 (ab) (cos C )

sin A sin B

1
Area Area = (ab)(sin C)
2

a sin C a−b
A tan A = tan 1 (A − B ) = cot 1 C
b − a cos C 2 a+b 2

(2bc )(cos A ) c c = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C =

a sin C
a,b,C sin A

1
Area Area = (ab)(sin C)
2

a2 = b2 + c2 – (2bc )(cos A ) , b2 = a2 + c2 – (2ac )(cos B ) , c2 = a2 + b2 – (2ab)(cos C )

Figure 8-2
Trigonometric Solution of Triangles
Page 2 of 2

8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates 8-14 Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual
March 2023
 Square
Diagonal = d = s 2
Area = s2 = 4b2 = 0.5 d2
Example: s = 6; b = 3; Area = (6)2 = 36
d = 6 x 1.414 = 8.484
Rectangle and Parallelogram 2 2
Area = ab or b d − b
Example: a = 6; b = 3
Area = 3 x 6 = 18

Trapezoid
1
Area = h (a + b )
2
Example: a = 2; b = 4; h = 3
Area = 1 × 3 (2 + 4 ) = 9
2
Trapezium
Area = 1
2
[ ( )
a h + h1 + bh1 + ch ]
Example: a = 4; b = 2; c = 2; h = 3; h1 = 2
Area = 1 [4(3 + 2) + (2 × 2) + (2 × 3 )] = 15
2
Triangles
Formulas apply to both figures.
Area = 1 bh
2
Example: h = 3; b = 5
Area = 1 (3 × 5 ) = 7.5
2
Area = s(s − a )(s − b )(s − c ) where: s = a + b + c
2
Example: a = 2; b = 3; c = 4
s = 2 + 3 + 4 = 4.5; Area = 4.5(4.5 − 2)(4.5 − 3 )(4.5 − 4 ) = 2.9
2
Regular Polygons
5 sides = 1.720477 s 2 = 3.63271 r 2
6 sides = 2.598150 s 2 = 3.46410 r 2
7 sides = 3.633875 s 2 = 3.37101 r 2
8 sides = 4.828427 s 2 = 3.31368 r 2
Area
9 sides = 6.181875 s 2 = 3.27573 r 2
10 sides = 7.694250 s 2 = 3.24920 r 2
11 sides = 9.365675 s 2 = 3.22993 r 2
12 sides = 11.196300 s 2 = 3.21539 r 2
n = number of sides; r = short radius; s = length of side; R = long radius.
Area = n s 2 cot 180° = n R 2 sin 360° = nr2 tan 180°
4 n 2 n n

Figure 8-3
Area of Plane Figures
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Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual 8-15 8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
March 2023
 Circle

π = 3.1416; A = area; d = diameter

p = circumference or periphery; r = radius
p = π d = 3.1416d p = 2 πA = 3.54 A

p = 2 π r = 6.2832r p = 2A = 4A
r d
p p
d= = d = 2 A = 1.128 A
π 3.1416 π
p p A = 0.564 A
r= = r=
2π 6.2832 π

A=
πd 2 = 0.7854d 2 A=
p2 p2
=
4 4π 12.57
pr pd
A= πr 2 = 3.1416r 2 A= =
2 4
Circular Ring
( ) (
Area = π R 2 − r 2 = 3.1416 R 2 − r 2 )
Area = 0.7854 (D2 – ) = 0.7854(D – d)(D + d)
d2
Area = difference in areas between the inner and outer circles.
Example: R = 4; r = 2
Area = 3.1416(42 – 22) = 37.6992

Quadrant
2
Area = πr = 0.7854 r = 0.3927c
2 2
4
Example: r = 3; c = chord
Area = 0.7851 x 32 = 7.0686

Segment

b = length of arc; θ = angle in degrees; c = chord = (

4 2hr − h 2 )
c (r − h)
Area = 1 [br − c (r − h)] = πr 2 θ − p
2 360 2
c
When θ is greater than 180°, then x difference between r and h is added
2

to the fraction
πr 2 θ
360
Example: r = 3; θ = 120°; h = 1.5
5.196 (3 − 1.5 )
Area = 3.1416 x 3 2 x 120 − = 5.5278
360 2

Figure 8-3
Area of Plane Figures
Page 2 of 3

8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates 8-16 Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual
March 2023
 Sector
Area = br = πr 2 θ
2 360°
θ = angle in degrees; b = length of arc
Example: r = 3; θ = 120°

Area = 3.1416 × 3 2 × 120 = 9.4248

360

Spandrel

Area = 0.2146 r2 = 0.1073 c2

Example: r = 3
Area = 0.2146 x 32 = 1.9314

Parabola
l = length of curved line = periphery – s

l= s
8h
2
[ c(1 + c ) + 2.0326 x log ( c + 1+ c )] where c =  4sh 
2

Area = 2 sh
3
Example: s = 3; h = 4
Area = 2 × 3 × 4 = 8
3

Ellipse
Area = πab = 3.1416ab

a2 + b2
Circumference = 2π (close approximation)
2
Example: a = 3; b = 4.
Area = 3.1416 x 3 x 4 = 37.6992

Circumference = 2 x 3.1416
(3)2 + (4)2 = 6.2832 x 3.5355 = 22.21
2

Figure 8-3
Area of Plane Figures
Page 3 of 3

Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual 8-17 8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
March 2023
 Parallelopiped
S = perimeter (P) perpendicular to sides x lateral length (l): Pl
V = area of base (B) x perpendicular height (h): Bh
V = area of section (A) perpendicular to sides x lateral length (l): Al

Prism, Right, or Oblique, Regular or Irregular

S = perimeter (P) perpendicular to sides x lateral length (l): Pl
V = area of base (B) x perpendicular height (h): Bh
V = area of section (A) perpendicular to sides x lateral length (l): Al

Cylinder, Right, or Oblique, Circular or Elliptic, etc.

S = perimeter of base (P) x perpendicular height (h): Ph
S = perimeter (P1) perpendicular to sides x lateral length (l): P1 l
V = area of base (B) x perpendicular height (h): Bh
V = area of section (A) perpendicular to sides x lateral length (l): Al

Frustum of any Prism or Cylinder

V = area of base (B) x perpendicular distance (h) from base to center of gravity
of opposite face: Bh

For cylinder: 1 A (I1 + I 2 )

2

Pyramid or Cone, Right and Regular

S = perimeter of base (P) x 1 slant height (l): 1 Pl
2 2

V = area of base (B) x 1 perpendicular height (h): 1 Bh

8 8

Pyramid or Cone, Right, or Oblique, Regular or Irregular

V = area of base (B) x 1 perpendicular height (h): 1 Bh
3 3
V = 1 volume of prism or cylinder of same base and perpendicular height
3
V = 1 volume of hemisphere of same base and perpendicular height
2

Frustum of Pyramid or Cone, Right and Regular, Parallel Ends

S = (sum of perimeter of base (P) and top (p)) x 1 slant height (l): 1 l (P + p)
2 2
V = (sum of areas of base (B) and top (b) + square root of their products) x
1 perpendicular height (h):
3
(
1 h B + b + Bb
3
)
S = Lateral or Convex Surface Area V = Volume

Figure 8-4
Surface Area and Volume of Solids
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8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates 8-18 Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual
March 2023
 Frustum of any Pyramid or Cone, Parallel Ends
V = (sum of areas of base (B) and top (b) + square root of their products)
(
x 1 perpendicular height (h): 1 h B + b + Bb
8 8
)

Wedge, Parallelogram Face

V = 1 (sum of three edges (a, b, a) x perpendicular height (h)

6
x perpendicular width (d): 1 d h (2a+b)
6

Prismatoid

V = 1 perpendicular height (h) x (sum of areas of base (B) and top (b) + 4 x area of
6
section (M) parallel to bases and midway between them): 1 h(B + b + 4M)
6
The Prismatoid formula applies also to any of the foregoing solids with parallel bases,
to pyramids, cones and spherical sections, and to many solids with irregular surfaces.

Sphere

S = 4 π r2 = π d2 = 3.14159265 d2 V = 4 π r 3 = 1 π d3 = 0.52359878 d3
3 6

Spherical Sector

S = 1 π r (4b + c ) V = 2 π r 3b
2 3

Spherical Segment

S = 2 π r b = 1 π 4b + c 
4 
2 2
 3 24
(
V = 1 π b2 (3r − b ) = 1 π b 3c 2 + 4b2 )
Spherical Zone

V = 1 π b 3a + 3c + 4b 
3 2 2
S= 2π rb
24  

Circular Ring

S = 4 π 2Rr V = 2 π 3 Rr 2

S = Lateral or Convex Surface Area V = Volume

Figure 8-4
Surface Area and Volume of Solids
Page 2 of 3

Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual 8-19 8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates
March 2023
 Ungula of Right, Regular Cylinder

Base = Segment, b a b Base = Half Circle

S = (2 r m – o x arc, b a b) h S = 2rh
r −o

2 2
V =  2 m 3 − o x area, b a b  h V= r h
3 r −o 3
Base = Segment, c a c Base = Circle
h
S = (2rn + p x arc, c a c) S = rπh
r +p
1 2
V =  2 n3 + p × area, cac  h V= r πh
3  r +p 2

Ellipsoid

V = 1πr a b
3

Paraboloid

V = 1 π r2h
2
Ratio of corresponding volumes of a Cone, Paraboloid, Sphere, and Cylinder of equal
height: 1 : 1 : 2 : 1
3 2 3

Bodies Generated by Partial or Complete Revolution

l = length of a curve 
 rotating about an axis I - I on one side and in plane of axis
A = area of a plane 

r = distance of center of gravity of line or plane from axis I - I and for any angle of
revolution, a°
2 r π a° = length of arc described by center of gravity
360

S = length of curve x length of arc about axis = l 2 r π a°

360
For complete revolution, S = 2 r π l

V = area of plane x length of arc about axis = A 2 r π a°

360
For complete revolution, V = 2 r π A

S = Lateral or Convex Surface Area V = Volume

Figure 8-4
Surface Area and Volume of Solids
Page 3 of 3

8. Quantity Calculations and Cost Estimates 8-20 Alaska Bridges and Structures Manual
March 2023