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Assessment Bundle

Topic 1

Marks 106

Time 132 minutes

13 questions

Q1.
The fruit fly is a species of small insect.

The fruit fly has a gene that codes for an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase (AD). AD
catalyses the breakdown of alcohol when alcohol is in the insects’ food.

The gene coding for AD has two alleles, ADF and ADS.

(a) The enzyme encoded by the ADF allele catalyses the breakdown of alcohol faster

than the enzyme encoded by the ADS allele. Suggest why.

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(3)

A scientist took a random sample of adult fruit flies from a population. He measured the
frequency of the ADF allele in this sample (generation 0). He then:

• selected 100 of these insects at random and kept them in a container

• fed the insects food containing alcohol
• let the insects reproduce
• repeated these steps for 45 generations of fruit fly reproduction.

The scientist measured the frequency of the ADF allele in the 45th generation.

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(b) Suggest why the scientist took his sample from the population at random.

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(1)

The table below shows the scientist’s results.

Generation of fruit
Frequency of ADF
fly reproduction

0 0.20

45 0.74

(c) Alcohol is toxic to fruit flies. Suggest and explain why the frequency of the ADF allele
changed during the 45 generations.

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(4)

(d) Identify the type of selection investigated in the 45 generations of fruit fly
reproduction.

Tick (✓) one box.

No selection

Directional selection

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 Random selection

Stabilising selection

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q2.
(a) Complete the table below with ticks ( ✓) to show which elements are found in the
following biological molecules.

Element
Biological molecules
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus

Galactose

Phospholipid

RNA

Sucrose
(2)

After Watson and Crick proposed the model of DNA structure, scientists investigated the
possible mechanisms for DNA replication.

Two scientists grew a bacterial population, providing them with a nitrogen source
containing only the heavy isotope of nitrogen, 15 N. As soon as all the DNA in this
population contained 15 N, the scientists changed the nitrogen source to one containing
only the lighter isotope of nitrogen, 14 N. They changed the nitrogen source at 0 hours.

During the investigation, the scientists measured the size of the population of bacterial
cells.

Figure 1 shows the scientists’ results.

Figure 1

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(b) The generation time for a population of bacteria is the time taken for all the bacteria
to divide once by binary fission.

Use Figure 1 and the following equation to calculate the generation time for this
population of bacteria. Give your answer in hours.

Generation time _______________ hours

(2)

At intervals during this investigation, the scientists removed samples of the bacterial
population, isolated the DNA and measured the density of the DNA.

DNA made using 15 N has a higher density than DNA made using 14 N.

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Figure 2 shows the scientists’ results.

Figure 2

There are three possible models of DNA replication.

These models are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

(c) Which of these models, P, Q or R, is supported by the results shown in Figure 2?

Give the letter and name of the model supported and explain why the results do not

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 support the other models.

Model _______________

Name _____________________________________________________________

Explanation for first

unsupported model __________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Explanation for second

unsupported model __________________________________________________

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q3.
The diagram below shows the structure of molecules found in organisms.

(a) Complete the table below by putting the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in the box next
to each statement. Each letter may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Letter Statement

is a monomer in an enzyme’s active site

is a monomer in cellulose

is produced during photosynthesis and respiration

forms a polymer that gives a positive result with a

biuret test
(4)

(b) Raffinose is a trisaccharide of three monosaccharides: galactose, glucose and

fructose. The chemical formulae of these monosaccharides are:

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 • galactose = C6H12O6
• glucose = C6H12O6
• fructose = C6H12O6

Give the number of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms in a molecule
of raffinose.

Number of carbon atoms _______________

Number of hydrogen atoms _______________
Number of oxygen atoms _______________
(1)

(c) A biochemical test for reducing sugar produces a negative result with raffinose
solution.

Describe a biochemical test to show that raffinose solution contains a non-reducing

sugar.

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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q4.
(a) Explain the arrangement of phospholipids in a cell-surface membrane.

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 ___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Describe how an ester bond is formed in a phospholipid molecule.

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(2)

(c) State and explain the property of water that helps to prevent temperature increase in
a cell.

Property __________________________________________________________

Explanation ________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q5.
(a) Explain five properties that make water important for organisms.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(5)

(b) Describe the process of semi-conservative replication of DNA.

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(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q6.
(a) Describe how the structure of glycogen is related to its function.

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 ___________________________________________________________________
(4)

The diagram shows the primary structure of part of a polypeptide. Each shape represents
an amino acid. Identical amino acids have the same shape.

(b) Name the type of peptidase which will hydrolyse the bond labelled G in the diagram
above.

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(1)

(c) Give the number of different R groups in the polypeptide shown in the diagram
above.

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(1)

A scientist used an enzyme to digest a polypeptide containing 101 amino acids. The
digestion produced a range of smaller polypeptides.

The scientist determined the number of amino acids in each of the polypeptides produced.
He also counted the number of polypeptides of each length.

The table below shows some of the scientist’s results.

Number of amino acids in Number of polypeptides of

polypeptide each length

5 2

15 3

20

(d) Use the information in the table above to calculate the number of polypeptides:

6 amino acids in length ______________________________________________

20 amino acids in length _____________________________________________

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q7.
A scientist investigated a sequence of reactions catalysed by two enzymes, GOx and
HRP. Figure 1 shows this sequence of reactions.

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 Figure 1

(a) Use Figure 1 to identify all of the products formed when this sequence of reactions
is completed.

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(1)

(b) The scientist joined DNA molecules together to make tiny cages. The cages are
exactly 20 nm long, 20 nm wide and 17 nm deep.

He trapped one GOx molecule and one HRP molecule together in each cage. The
GOx molecule and HRP molecule fill 9% of the cage volume.

The volume of a GOx molecule is eight times larger than an HRP molecule.

Use this information to calculate the volume of a GOx molecule. Give the
appropriate unit with your answer.

Show your working.

Answer _______________
(3)

The scientist investigated the activity of GOx and HRP enzymes when they are:

• trapped inside cages (T) and

• not trapped (NT), but free in solution with no cages.

Figure 2 shows his results.

The error bars show ± 2 standard deviations.

± 2 standard deviations include 95% of the data.

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 Figure 2

(c) What can you conclude from Figure 2 about the effect of trapping GOx and HRP
inside cages?

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(3)

(d) The design of the scientist’s investigation did not include a suitable control.

Suggest a suitable control.

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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

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Q8.
(a) Describe the induced-fit model of enzyme action and how an enzyme acts as a
catalyst.

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(3)

(b) Scientists investigated the action of the enzyme ATP synthase. They made reaction
mixtures each containing:

• ATP synthase
• buffer (to control pH)
• substrates.

One of the substrates required in these reaction mixtures is inorganic phosphate

(Pi).

Tick (✓) one box to show which other substrate the scientists must add to the
reaction mixtures to produce ATP.

Adenine

Adenosine diphosphate

Glucose

Ribose

(1)

(c) The scientists investigated the effect of concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on
ATP synthase activity.

After 2 minutes, they stopped each reaction and then measured the concentration of
ATP.

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 The figure below shows the scientists’ results.

Suggest and explain a procedure the scientists could have used to stop each
reaction.

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(2)

(d) Explain the change in ATP concentration with increasing inorganic phosphate
concentration.

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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q9.
(a) Describe how an ATP molecule is formed from its component molecules.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(4)

A scientist investigated the effect of cyanide on the rate of amino acid uptake in two types
of Escherichia coli, G and H.

• G cells produce enzymes involved in ATP production only on their cell-surface

membrane.
• H cells produce enzymes involved in ATP production on their cell-surface
membrane and in their cytoplasm.

The graph below shows her results.

(b) Use the graph above to calculate the percentage decrease in the rate of amino acid
absorption by H cells in 30 mmol dm–3 cyanide solution.

Answer __________ %
(1)

(c) Using the graph above and the information provided, what can you conclude about
amino acid uptake by G cells and by H cells?

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q10.
Uronema marinum is a single-celled eukaryotic organism. The diagram below is a
photograph of U. marinum taken through an optical microscope.

(a) Explain why it is not possible to determine the identity of the structures labelled X
using an optical microscope.

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(2)

(b) U. marinum cells ingest bacteria and digest them in the cytoplasm.

Describe the role of one named organelle in digesting these bacteria.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(3)

(c) Calculate the actual length of the cell shown between Y and Z in the diagram above.

The magnification of the image is × 900

Give your answer in μm and to 2 significant figures.

Show your working.

Answer __________ μm
(2)

(d) In large cells of U. marinum, most mitochondria are found close to the cell-surface
membrane. In smaller cells, the mitochondria are distributed evenly throughout the
cytoplasm. Mitochondria use oxygen during aerobic respiration.

Use this information and your knowledge of surface area to volume ratios to suggest
an explanation for the position of mitochondria in large U. marinum cells.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q11.
A student investigated the activity of the enzyme amylase. He cut three identical wells (D,
E and F) in starch-agar in a Petri dish. He added 0.2 cm3 of:

• amylase solution to well D

• boiled amylase solution to well E

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• water to well F.

After 60 minutes, he covered the starch-agar with iodine solution. The figure below shows
his results.

(a) Explain the appearance of the agar in the clear area surrounding well D.

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(2)

(b) What can you conclude about the activity of amylase from the appearance of the
agar surrounding well E and well F in the figure above?

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(2)

(c) The student cut out a piece of agar from the clear area surrounding well D. He
obtained a solution of the substances contained in this piece of agar.

Describe a different biochemical test the student could use with this solution to
confirm that amylase had affected the starch in the clear area surrounding well D.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(2)

The diameter of the clear area around well D is 18 mm

In a different investigation, the student prepared a dilution of the amylase solution. He did
this by mixing amylase solution and water in the volumes shown in the table below.

Amylase solution /
Water / cm3
cm3

1.6 2.4

He prepared a starch-agar Petri dish identical to the figure above, but with a single well.
He added 0.2 cm3 of the diluted amylase solution to this well and left the Petri dish for 60
minutes.

(d) Use all of this information to predict the diameter of the clear area that will form
around the well containing the diluted amylase solution.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

Show your working.

Answer __________ mm
(2)

(e) The student used a ruler to measure the diameter in mm of the clear area around
well D in the figure above.

Use this information to explain why the answer to part (d) should be given to the
nearest whole number.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q12.
The diagram below shows part of a DNA molecule.

(a) Name the type of bond between:

complementary base pairs _______________________________________

adjacent nucleotides in a DNA strand _______________________________

(2)

(b) The length of a gene is described as the number of nucleotide base pairs it contains.

Use information in above diagram to calculate the length of a gene containing 4.38 ×
103 base pairs.

Answer _______________ nm
(2)

(c) Describe two differences between the structure of a tRNA molecule and the
structure of an mRNA molecule.

1 _________________________________________________________________

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2 _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

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 (d) In a eukaryotic cell, the structure of the mRNA used in translation is different from
the structure of the pre-mRNA produced by transcription.

Describe and explain a difference in the structure of these mRNA molecules.

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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q13.
(a) The general structure of a fatty acid is RCOOH.

Name the group represented by COOH.

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(1)

(b) Figure 1 shows the structure of a fatty acid R group.

Figure 1

Name the type of R group shown in Figure 1.

Explain your answer.

Type of R group _____________________________________________________

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Explanation ________________________________________________________

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(2)

(c) Describe how you would test for the presence of a lipid in a liquid sample of food.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(2)

In 1935, scientists suggested a model for the chemical structure of a cell-surface

membrane. Figure 2 shows the membrane structure the scientists suggested.

Figure 2

(d) Give one similarity and two differences between the membrane structure shown in
Figure 2 and the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure.

Similarity __________________________________________________________

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Difference 1 ________________________________________________________

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Difference 2 ________________________________________________________

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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

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Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) 1. Different primary structure/amino acid sequence;

2. Different tertiary structure/shape of active site;

3. Enzyme-substrate complexes more likely (with enzyme from ADF allele);

Accept converse for ADS
Accept is more complementary
3

(b) Avoids bias

OR

Results (likely to be) reliable/repeatable;

1

(c) 1. Flies with ADF/allele have selective advantage (in presence of alcohol);
Accept converse for ADS
Accept description of selective advantage

2. So insects (with ADF more likely to) reproduce;

3. Pass on ADF (allele/gene);

4. (So) allele frequency increases;

4

(d) Answer = Directional selection

1
[9]

Q2.
(a) 4 rows correct = 2 marks;;
2 or 3 rows correct = 1 mark;
0 or 1 row correct = 0 marks

(b) Correct answer for 2 marks, 0.8376308/0.84/0.8 (hours);;

Accept for 1 mark,

Evidence of 4 x 106 and 3 x 109 (written in any format, for correct readings from
graph)

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 OR

Evidence of 9.550746785 (correct number of generations)

OR

Evidence of 1.1938443348 (correct generations/ hour)

OR

Evidence of 50.26 (correct generation time in minutes)

Incorrect reading of graph, 3 x 106 and 2 x 109

Accept for 1 mark, calculation carried out correctly

Evidence of 9.380821784 (correct calculation of number of generations)

OR

Evidence of 1.172602723 (correct calculation of generations/ hour)

OR

Evidence of 51.16822503 (correct calculation of generation time in minutes)

OR

Evidence of 0.8528037505 (correct calculation of generation time in hours)

Incorrect reading of graph, 106.4 and 109.3 OR 106.3 and 109.2

Accept for 1 mark, calculation carried out correctly

Evidence of 9.633591475 (correct calculation of number of generations)

OR

Evidence of 1.204198934 (correct calculation of generations/ hour)

OR

Evidence of 49.82565445 (correct calculation of generation time in minutes)

OR

Evidence of 0.8304275742 (correct calculation of generation time in hours)

OR

Evidence of 0.83, with no other working

Accept correct rounding to any number of decimal places
2

(c) 1. (Model) Q and

(Name) Semi-conservative (replication);

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 Explanation

2. (Model) P (is unsupported because)

There should be two peaks in generation 1

OR

(Only) one peak is shown in generation 1

OR

There should be 3:1 (ratio) of peaks in generation 2

OR

There should not be an intermediate/15N 14N peak in generation 1/2/3

OR

The original/generation 0/15N peak should be in generation 1/2/3;

3. (Model) R (is unsupported because)

There should be >2 peaks in generation 2/3

OR

There should be one wide/overlapping peak in generation 3;

Accept answers 2. and 3. in either order
Accept for ‘peak’, density OR distribution
Accept for ‘>2’, many OR several
3
[7]

Q3.
(a)
Letter Statement

is a monomer in an enzyme’s active

B;
site

D; is a monomer in cellulose

is produced during photosynthesis

C;
and respiration

forms a polymer that gives a

B;
positive result with a biuret test
Must be in correct order
4

(b) C = 18, H = 32, O = 16;

Accept only these answers
1

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 (c) 1. Heat with acid and neutralise;
Accept boil/water bath for heat
Accept named alkali for neutralise
Accept named examples, eg HCl, NaHCO3

2. Heat with Benedict's (solution);

3. Red precipitate/colour;
Accept other colours eg orange/ brown/green
3
[8]

Q4.
(a) 1. Bilayer
OR
Water is present inside and outside a cell;
Accept annotated diagram for ‘bilayer’
Accept cytoplasm/tissue fluid for water
Accept for two marks, annotated diagram of bilayer with
water labelled on each side

2. Hydrophobic (fatty acid) tails point away/are repelled from water

OR

Hydrophilic (phosphate) heads point to/are in/are attracted to water;

2

Ignore hydrophilic/phosphate heads protect hydrophobic/fatty acid tails

(b) 1. Condensation (reaction)

OR

Loss of water;

2. Between of glycerol and fatty acid;

Accept labelled diagram
2

(c) 1. High (specific) heat capacity;

2. Buffers changes in temperature;

Accept ideas such as a lot of energy needed/gained to
change temperature
2
[6]

Q5.
(a) 1. A metabolite in condensation/hydrolysis/ photosynthesis/respiration;

2. A solvent so (metabolic) reactions can occur

OR

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 A solvent so allowing transport of substances;

3. High (specific) heat capacity so buffers changes in temperature;

For ‘buffer’ accept ‘resist’.

4. Large latent heat of vaporisation so provides a cooling effect (through

evaporation);
Reject latent heat of evaporation

5. Cohesion (between water molecules) so supports columns of water (in plants);

For ‘columns of water’ accept ‘transpiration stream’. Do not
credit ‘transpiration’ alone but accept description of ‘stream’.
For ‘columns of water’ accept ‘cohesion-tension (theory)’.

6. Cohesion (between water molecules) so produces surface tension supporting

(small) organisms;
For cohesion accept hydrogen bonding
Ignore reference to pH. Allow other suitable properties but
must have a valid explanation.
For example
• ice floating so maintaining aquatic habitat beneath
• water transparent so allowing light penetration for
photosynthesis
5 max

(b) 1. DNA helicase unwinds DNA/double helix

OR

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds;

2. Both strands act as templates;

Accept description of ‘template’, eg exposed bases on single
(polynucleotide) strands

3. (Free DNA) nucleotides line up in complementary pairs/A-T and G-C;

4. DNA polymerase joins nucleotides (of new strand);

Reject forms hydrogen bonds/joins bases

5. Forming phosphodiester bonds;

6. Each new DNA molecule consists of one

old/original/template strand and one new strand;
5 max
[10]

Q6.
(a) 1. Helix/coiled/branched so compact;
Accept description of ‘compact’, eg many glucoses packed
closely/densely/tightly

2. Polymer of glucose so easily hydrolysed;

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 3. Branched so more ends for faster hydrolysis;

4. Glucose (polymer) so provides respiratory substrate for energy (release);

5. Insoluble so not (easily) lost (from cell)

OR

Insoluble so does not affect water potential/osmosis;

4 max

(b) Endo(peptidase);
Correct spelling
1

(c) 3;
1

(d) 1. (6 amino acids in length) 1;

2. (20 amino acids in length) 2;

Accept for 1 mark, 55 (2 5 + 3 15) if no other mark awarded.
2
[8]

Q7.
(a) All three correct and no other substances = 1 mark Gluconic acid, water, green
pigment;
Accept in any order
1

(b) Correct answer for 3 marks = 544 and nm3;;;

Accept for 2 marks:

612 (cage volume occupied by enzymes)

OR

68 (volume of HRP)

OR

544 (correct answers with no unit)

Accept for 1 mark:

6800 (cage volume)

3

(c) 1. (Trapping) increases enzyme/GOx/HRP activity;

2. Difference/increase is significant

OR

Difference is not (likely to be) due to chance;

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 3. (Because) SDs do not overlap;
Accept for ‘standard deviations’, error bars
3

(d) Denatured enzymes

OR

Inactivated enzymes

OR

Empty cages (in water);

Accept any valid method of denaturing/inactivation
1
[8]

Q8.
(a) 1. Substrate binds to the active site/enzyme

OR

Enzyme-substrate complex forms;

Accept for ‘binds’, fits

2. Active site changes shape (slightly) so it is complementary to substrate

OR

Active site changes shape (slightly) so distorting/breaking/forming

bonds in the substrate;

3. Reduces activation energy;

3

(b) 1. Adenosine diphosphate;

1

(c) Mark in pairs, 1 and 2 OR 3 and 4 OR 5 and 6

1. Boil

OR

Add (strong) acid/alkali;

Accept heat at > 50oC OR at very high temperatures

2. Denatures the enzyme/ATP synthase;

OR
Accept for 'denatures', a description of denaturation

3. Put in ice/fridge/freezer;

4. Lower kinetic energy so no enzyme-substrate complexes form;

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 OR
Accept ES for enzyme substrate complex

5. Add high concentration of inhibitor;

6. Enzyme-substrate complexes do not form;

2

(d) 1. (With) increasing Pi concentration, more enzyme-substrate

complexes are formed;

2. At or above 40 (mmol dm-3) all active sites occupied

OR

At or above 40 (mmol dm-3) enzyme concentration is a limiting factor;

2
[8]

Q9.
(a) 1. and 2. Accept for 2 marks correct names of three components adenine,
ribose/pentose, three phosphates;;
Accept for 1 mark, correct name of two components
Accept for 1 mark, ADP and phosphate/Pi
Ignore adenosine
Accept suitably labelled diagram

3. Condensation (reaction);
Ignore phosphodiester

4. ATP synthase;
Reject ATPase
4

(b) Correct answer for 1 mark = 57/57.1;

1

(c) 1. (Amino acid uptake by) active transport;

Accept for ‘transport’, process

2. Cyanide reduces/stops amino acid uptake;

3. ATP production stops on membranes

OR

Enzymes not working on membranes;

4. ATP production continues in cytoplasm

OR

Enzymes active in cytoplasm;

3 max
[8]

Page 31 of 36
Q10.
(a) 1. Resolution (too) low;

2. Because wavelength of light is (too) long;

2

(b) 1. Lysosomes;

2. Fuse with vesicle;

Accept phagosome for vesicle

3. (Releases) hydrolytic enzymes;

Accept lysozymes for "hydrolytic enzymes"
Accept ‘Ribosomes/ Rough endoplasmic reticulum form
hydrolytic enzymes = 2 marks
Accept ‘Golgi body forms lysosomes’ = 2 marks
Accept ‘Golgi body / ribosomes / rough endoplasmic
reticulum’ for 1 mark if no other mark awarded.
3

(c) Correct answer for 2 marks = 32;;

Accept for 1 mark,

29 000 (correct conversion to μm)

OR

32.2 (correct answer but incorrect significant figures)

OR

OR

An incorrect answer that shows division by 900

2

(d) 1. Large(r) cells have small(er) surface area to volume ratio;

2. (Takes) longer for oxygen to diffuse (to mitochondria)

OR

Less/no oxygen diffuses (to mitochondria)

OR

Diffusion distance/pathway is long(er);

Accept converse for all marking points.
2
[9]

Q11.

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 (a) 1. Amylase hydrolyses starch;

2. (To) maltose;
2

(b) 1. (E) Amylase/enzyme is denatured;

Accept a description of denaturation

2. (F) amylase is needed for/causes starch hydrolysis/breakdown/digestion

OR

(F) water (alone) does not (cause starch) hydrolysis/breakdown/digestion;

Ignore ‘it is a control’
2

(c) 1. Heat in Benedict’s (solution);

Reject description of non-reducing sugar test

2. Red/green/orange (precipitate/colour) (shows maltose/reducing sugar);

Accept for ‘heat’, water bath
2

(d) Correct answer for 2 marks = 7;;

Accept for 1 mark,

7.2 (correct answer but not rounded)

OR

Evidence of 1.6 ÷ 4.0/0.4/40% (correct dilution factor)

OR

Evidence of 0.08 (correct amylase volume in 0.2cm3)

2

(e) 1. Reduces (human) error/uncertainty;

2. (It is) the resolution of a ruler;

3. (For a ruler measurement) the uncertainty is ±1(mm)

OR

(For a ruler measurement) the true value lies with ±1(mm);

Ignore can only measure to whole numbers
Ignore reliability and precision
Accept, the uncertainty of a ruler reading is (±)0.5(mm) OR
readings of <1mm are not accurate
1 max
[9]

Q12.
(a) 1. Hydrogen (bonds);

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 2. Phosphodiester (bonds);
Accept ester/covalent bond
2

(b) Correct answer for 2 marks = 1489/1489.2;;

Incorrect answer but for 1 mark accept:

876

OR

1861 - 1862
2

(c) 1. tRNA is 'clover leaf shape', mRNA is linear;

Must be a comparison
Reject tRNA is double stranded
Accept tRNA is folded for tRNA is ‘clover leaf shaped’

2. tRNA has hydrogen bonds, mRNA does not;

3. tRNA has an amino acid binding site, mRNA does not;

Accept ‘CCA end' for amino acid binding site

4. tRNA has anticodon, mRNA has codon;

2

(d) 1. mRNA fewer nucleotides

OR

Pre-mRNA more nucleotides

OR

mRNA has no introns/has (only) exons

OR

Pre-mRNA has (exons and) introns;

Accept mRNA is shorter OR pre-mRNA is longer

2. (Because of) splicing;

2
[8]

Q13.
(a) Carboxyl;
Accept carboxylic acid
1

(b) Type of R group

1. Unsaturated (fatty acid/hydrocarbon);

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 Explanation
Accept alkene

2. Double bond (between carbons);

Accept for ‘double bond’, C=C
2

(c) 1. Add ethanol/alcohol then add water and shake/mix

OR

Add ethanol/alcohol and shake/mix then pour into/add water;

Reject heating the emulsion test
Accept ‘Add Sudan III and mix’
Ignore a second shake

2. White/milky (emulsion)

OR

(emulsion) test turns white/milky;

Ignore cloudy
Reject precipitate
Accept (for Sudan III) top (layer) red
2

(d) (Similarity)

1. Both have a phospholipid bilayer

OR

Both have fatty acid/hydrophobic tails pointing in/face each other

OR

Both have phosphate/polar/hydrophilic heads pointing out

OR

Both have protein;

Accept 2 marks max if 1. is not achieved

(Differences)

2. No channel/carrier proteins, whereas fluid mosaic does

OR

Protein layer outside (phospholipids), fluid mosaic is 'dotted';

Accept for ‘no channel/carrier’, no intrinsic
Accept only one type of protein whereas fluid mosaic has
many (types)

3. Cholesterol is not present whereas it is present in fluid mosaic;

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4. Glycoprotein is not present whereas it is present in fluid mosaic;

5. Glycolipid is not present whereas it is present in fluid mosaic;

Accept first answer refers to 1935 model unless otherwise
stated
3 max
[8]

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