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Utf8' 'Table of Contents

Uploaded by

sina afzali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetic theory - review

Maxwell’s equations 13
Integral forms 16
Electromagnetic power 19
Lorentz force law 20
Constitutive relations 21

Potential fields
Potential field approach 26
Gauge invariance, time dependent sources 28
Magn. vector potential, Gauge condition, uniqueness 30

Numerical methods in electromagnetics


Different steps in analysis 33
Boundary element method (BEM) 34
Finite differences (FD) 35
Finite element method (FEM) 36
Stages in a typical FE analysis 39

Motivating examples 42

Electromagnetic models
Different types of field computations 3
Electrostatics 4
Electrokinetics 6
Electrodynamics 8
Magnetostatics 10
Magnetodynamics 12
Full wave 14
Model choice 16

Continuous mathematical structure


Maxwell’s equations 20
Square integrable vector fields – useful definitions 21
Maxwell’s house – Tonti diagram 22
Classification of 2nd order PDEs 23
Strong and weak formulations 25
Constraints 27
Boundary conditions (BCs) 28

Discrete mathematical structure – Whitney elements


Discrete mathematical structure 34
Finite elements 35
Whitney elements 37
Conformity 42

Electrostatic formulations and discretization


Electrostatics 45
Spatial discretization – electrostatics 48
Magnetodynamic formulations and discretization
Magnetodynamics or magneto-quasi-statics (MQS) 3
Magnetodynamics 4
Spatial discretization – magnetodynamics 8
Boundary conditions – Quality between formulations 13
Reduction to 2D models 15
Flux and flux linkage of a coil 18
Coil model 19
Permanent magnet – Scalar & linear model 23

Organization of a FE code
Finite elements 3
Mesh data structures 4
Electrostatics – Example 5
(2D Nodal shape functions, Dofs of nodal values,
Nodal elements, Modal basis functions,
Matrix coefficients, System of equations)

Open boundary problems 13


Low frequency (truncation, Dirichlet/Neumann BC,
Asymptotic BC, Kelvin/Shell transformation) 16
High frequency (Wave propagation, Global BC,
Local BC (Helmholtz, Maxwell Silver-Muller),
Absorbing layers, Perfectly matched layers (PMLs)) 23

FE analysis
Steps in a FE analysis 35
System solvers 36
Sparse matrix – reordering 37
Direct methods – LU factorization 38
Special matrices 40
Recurrences and Krylov methods 43
Generalized minimum residual 45
Convergence behavior 46
Other solvers 47
Preconditioning 48
Computational cost 49

Convergence of iterative methods


Iterative methods – Convergence 3
Iterative methods – Error estimation and stop criterion 6
Accuracy enhancement 8
Adaptation/refinement examples 10
Error estimations 15

Solving nonlinear problems


Magnetostatics 21
Successive substitution (fixed point method) 22
Newton method 24
Applications 28
Time-harmonic and transient simulation
Type of problems 32
Phasors – Energy and Power 33
Phasor fields 34
Static field 35
Pulsating field 36
Rotating field 37
Coil: massive vs. stranded conductor 38
Time integration for spatially discretized PDEs 39
Theta methods 40
Runge-Kutta methods & Multistep/-point methods 41
Adaptive time step – Step-up converter 42

Some mesh issues


Grid generation and complex geometries 3
Mesh properties 4
Meshing electromagnetic devices 6
Accuracy of derived quantities 8
Grid generation 9
Delaunay triangulation 14
Local mesh modification 19
Face and edge swapping 20
Boundary layer meshes 21

Post-processing of electromagnetic quantities


Circuit parameters (resistances, induct., capacit.) 3
Parameter extraction 9
Energy/Co-Energy 11
Flux linkage 12
Inductance from flux linkage/energy/co-energy 13

Force computation – Virtual work, Maxwell stress tensor


Lorentz forces 17
Virtual work 19
Maxwell stress tensor 23
Eggshell method/Arkko’s method (Averaging MST) 28

Losses
Electromagnetic power 34
Eddy current/Joule, iron, hysteresis,
excess/anomalous, dielectric losses 35
Magnetic energy density, Lorentz force density
– frequency domain 44
Current and voltage as global quantities
Circuit coupling 3
Solid/massive conductor 4
Stranded conductor 5
Global conditions of current and voltages 6
Current as a strong global quantity 7
Voltage as a weak global quantity 9
Circuit equations 14

Movement treatment
Eulerian approach 19
Lagrangian approach (explicitly considering motion) 21
Sliding-surface techniques 24
Moving-band technique 25
Interface conditions 26
Locked-Step Approach 28
Linear interpolation 29
Mortar FE method 32
Hybrid FE-BE model 35

Coupled problems involving electromagnetism 36


Electrical energy transfer (fields, time scales) 41
Temperature dependence 43
Strong coupled approach
– Properties of the Jacobian (Newton alg.) 45
Global convergence issues 46
Examples 48

Optimization, field computation and design rules


Optimization & simulation driven design 5
Modeling considerations 7
Physical models vs. experimental models 8
Problem type 10
Multiplication of challenges 11
Iterative/deterministic techniques 14
Heuristic/stochastic methods 16
Evolution strategy 17

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