7

(e) Nitrosyl chloride, NOCl, is a gas at room temperature. It has the structure shown.

O N Cl

(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outer shell electrons

in nitrosyl chloride.

O N Cl

[2]

(ii) Nitrosyl chloride has a boiling point of –6 °C.


Explain why nitrosyl chloride has a low boiling point.

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[Total: 13]

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© UCLES 2017 0620/42/F/M/17 [Turn over

 3

2 (a) Complete the table to show the electronic structure of the atoms and ions.

electronic structure

F 2,7

Si

Ca2+

N3–
[3]

(b) Predict the formula of the compound formed between Ca2+ and N3–.

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.
(c) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangements in the two ions present in

lithium chloride, LiCl.
Show outer shell electrons only. Include the charges on the ions.

compiled by @learntodayigcse

[3]

(d) Sulfur dichloride, SCl 2, is a covalent compound. It has the structure Cl –S–Cl.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

sulfur dichloride.
Show outer shell electrons only.

[3]

© UCLES 2017 0620/42/O/N/17 [Turn over

 4

(e) In terms of attractive forces, explain why LiCl has a higher melting point than SCl 2.

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(f) Suggest the identity of a covalent compound with a higher melting point than LiCl.

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[Total: 14]

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© UCLES 2017 0620/42/O/N/17

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1 This question is about gases.


(a) The following substances are gases at room temperature.

letter A B C D E F G H
substance SO2 Ar CO Cl 2 NH3 CO2 CH4 C 3H 8

Identify, by letter:

(i) a gas which combines with water to form acid rain ...................................................... [1]

.
(ii) two gases which exist as diatomic molecules .............................................................. [2]

.
(iii) a gas which bleaches damp litmus paper ..................................................................... [1]

.
(iv) a gas which is used as an inert atmosphere in lamps .................................................. [1]

.
(v) two gases which are found in clean dry air .................................................................. [2]

.
(vi) two gases which are found in refinery gas. .................................................................. [2]

.
(b) NF3 has covalent bonds.

(i) What is a covalent bond?

compiled by @learntodayigcse .............................................................................................................................................
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....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(ii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

NF3.
Show outer shell electrons only.

F N F

[3]

© UCLES 2018 0620/42/F/M/18
 4

3 Fluorine is a Group VII element. Fluorine forms compounds with metals and non-metals.

(a) Predict the physical state of fluorine at room temperature and pressure.

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.
(b) Fluorine exists as diatomic molecules.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

fluorine. Show outer shell electrons only.

F F

[2]

(c) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and fluorine.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

compiled by @learntodayigcse
.
(d) Explain why chlorine does not react with aqueous sodium fluoride.

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© UCLES 2019 0620/42/F/M/19
 4

3 This question is about phosphorus and compounds of phosphorus.


(a) Phosphorus has the formula P4. Some properties of P4 are shown.

melting point / °C 45
boiling point / °C 280
electrical conductivity non-conductor
solubility in water insoluble

(i) Name the type of bonding that exists between the atoms in a P4 molecule.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(ii) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why P4 has a low melting point.

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.
(iii) Explain why phosphorus is a non-conductor of electricity.

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compiled by @learntodayigcse
(b) Phosphorus, P4, reacts with air to produce phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10.

(i) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(ii) What type of chemical reaction is this?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(c) Phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10, is an acidic oxide.

Phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10, reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a salt containing

the phosphate ion, PO43–. Water is the only other product.

Write a chemical equation for the reaction between phosphorus(V) oxide and aqueous

sodium hydroxide.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.
© UCLES 2019 0620/42/M/J/19
 5

(d) Phosphine has the formula PH3.


Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

phosphine. Show outer shell electrons only.

H P H

[2]

(e) Phosphine, PH3, has a similar chemical structure to ammonia, NH3.

Ammonia acts as a base when it reacts with sulfuric acid.

(i) What is meant by the term base?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

compiled by @learntodayigcse
.
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between ammonia and sulfuric acid.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2019 0620/42/M/J/19 [Turn over
 3

2 Fluorine forms both ionic and covalent compounds.


(a) Magnesium reacts with fluorine to form the ionic compound magnesium fluoride.

The electronic structures of an atom of magnesium and an atom of fluorine are shown.

Mg F

(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagrams to show the electronic structures of one magnesium

ion and one fluoride ion. Show the charges on the ions.

......... .........

Mg F

compiled by @learntodayigcse [3]


(ii) What is the formula of magnesium fluoride?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.
(iii) Magnesium fluoride does not conduct electricity when it is solid.

What can be done to solid magnesium fluoride to make it conduct electricity?

In your answer explain why magnesium fluoride conducts electricity when this change is

made.

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© UCLES 2020 0620/42/M/J/20 [Turn over
 4

(b) Carbonyl fluoride, COF2, is a covalent compound. The structure of a molecule of COF2 is


shown.

F F
C

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of


carbonyl fluoride. Show outer shell electrons only.

F F

[3]

(c) The melting points of magnesium fluoride and carbonyl fluoride are shown.

melting point / °C

compiled by @learntodayigcse magnesium fluoride

carbonyl fluoride
1263
–111

(i) Explain, using your knowledge of structure and bonding, why magnesium fluoride has a

high melting point.

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.
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.
.............................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
(ii) Explain, using your knowledge of structure and bonding, why carbonyl fluoride has a low

melting point.

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[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2020 0620/42/M/J/20