AN OVERVIEW OF GREEN WALL SYSTEMS: ITS PERFORMANCE AND BENEFITS IN PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020)

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

AN OVERVIEW OF GREEN WALL SYSTEMS: ITS

PERFORMANCE AND BENEFITS IN SUSTAINABLE
DESIGN
Neha Mary Boby1, Shanta Pragyan Dash2, Deepika Shetty3

1
B. Arch, Manipal School of Architecture and Planning, Manipal, Karnataka.
2
Assistant Professor, Manipal School of Architecture and Planning, Manipal, Karnataka.
3
Professor, Manipal School of Architecture and Planning, Manipal, Karnataka.
Neha Mary Boby, Shanta Pragyan Dash, Deepika Shetty, AN OVERVIEW OF
GREEN WALL SYSTEMS: ITS PERFORMANCE AND BENEFITS IN
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN-Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of
Egypt/Egyptology 17(7), ISSN 1567-214x

ABSTRACT

In order to serve its aesthetic function, people have added greenery to their homes from a
very long time. The new innovations used in these systems, however, have now incorporated
the plant's functional advantages into this building efficiency and are seen as part of a green
urban transformation and renovation strategy. In order to identify and systemize the different
technology and characteristics of these green wall systems, the main purpose of this study is
to investigate the variety of green wall system types. The study main objective is to explore
the system requirements and construction method of these green wall systems in a sustainable
environment modelling its advantages, performance and quality, in order to achieve
sustainability in architecture. The outcome of the study would enable designers to choose
suitable walling systems for their type of buildings, taking into account climatic constraints
and environmental impacts, as well as the effect of their cost and life cycle, in line with
sustainable strategies to achieve long-term efficiency.

Keywords: Green walls, Green roofs, Green wall systems, composition system, sustainability.

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INTRODUCTION

Building facades using green technologies, such as green walls, are also
used. However, by incorporating existing technologies into the execution
of such systems, the functional utility of the plant can be optimized (Auld,
H 2003). Often as part of a sustainability approach, greening systems are a
part of the process of ensuring thermal comfort. Green systems contribute
to the use of plants in the urban context without occupying land on the
street level. Therefore, integrated urban design considers the reduction of
the island's heat effect in the urban context (Lee, 2006). In fact, covering
any building with vegetation will enhance the urban ecosystem and urban
ecology, storm water control, air quality, temperature mitigation, thus
cooling the urban

Figure 1: The section of Hanging Garden of Babylon, circa 500 B.C

through Robert Koldewey’s description.

heat island. The implementation of greener technology would also have

socio-economic consequences. The aim of these systems is to promote
growth of urban areas through healing process by promoting well-being of
the members by providing a therapeutic environment with landscape or
vegetation, enhancing the image of the city, as well as providing functional
benefits by regulating heat gain (Dunnett, 2006).Green walls can also be
referred to as a vegetated wall surface. The use of green walls was used by
the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Fig-1) and by the Romans and Greeks
(Philippi, 2006). Vines were typically used to cover the pergola or shade
building features in the Mediterranean climate. Throughout the 17th and
18th centuries, these plants were used as a building cover in the UK and
central Europe. During the 19th century, they were used in building

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envelopes of European and North American cities. We have mainly

investigated green facades' botanical aspects since the 1980s (Dunnett,
2008). The “Garden City Movement” inspired urban planning of the 19th
century. The current idea of a garden within a house is a product of the Art
Nouveau movement. While this occurred, new incentive schemes were
launched to install this first. A significant amount of space was cut out of
Berlin in 1983-1997 for greenery (Coffman, R & Martin, J 2004).

The aim of the paper is to examine the most significant green wall systems
available, classifying the most significant existing green wall systems
across the globe. The study of the green walls' solutions offers a
representative collection of wall composition and material. The paper is
divided into two major parts. The paper classifies green walls, explains
their features, and includes a description of the various systems. Secondly,
the green walling schemes have been systematized by the composition,
installation and maintenance methods and their environmental impacts.
There are two subsections added: A comparison of green roofs with
conventional roofing, including variations in construction and
maintenance, and the environmental efficiency of these green wall systems
and factors influencing the efficient application of Green wall technology
in building systems. The outcome of the paper shall enable the designers to
select the appropriate type of Greening wall system suitable to their
context to address the major challenges of environmental sustainability.

1. DEFINITION OF GREEN WALLS

Identification and classification of green walls schemes is based on

construction methods and maintenance characteristics. Several researchers
use various terms to refer to the green wall. The term vertical greening is
used, while vertical gardening is used. Indirect greening and direct
greening were used by Ottelé et al. and Perini et al. (Ottelé, 2011). Another
concept to incorporate green walls to enhance the interior environment is
known as bio walls. Both the living wall device and Internet of Things
technology are included in this category. The theory of green walls can be
summarized as the collection of plant species on or up within a vertical

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surface, such as a facade, partition wall, etc. There is a clear difference

between the green facade of the Climbing Plants and the wall covering it
with material and technology to support the various plant species that can
be grown uniformly along the soil medium (Francis et.al, 2011).

2. GREEN FACADES IN WALLING SYSTEMS

The two applications (climbing and hanging) provide the basis for a green
facade. Plants are directed at an upward surface or taper in direction as
they grow up or into a vertical surface for hanging. Facades can be
classified as indirect and direct. To create a clear green facade, plant
species are directly attached to the wall (Fig-2). To create an indirect green
facade, plants are supported by a structure. Self-clinging green facades are
also regarded as a direct green card scheme that cling directly to the
ground. Solutions for these green facades usually include the vertical
support structure of the structural component for the growth of the plants.
On the roof or inside the house the plants are often placed on top of the
support structure and protected by it. Indirect greening systems may
include modular solutions which use single integrated supports while also
providing modularity via multiple trails which cover the surface. The main
difference between these module plant trailers and the support system for
plant growth on the facade.

Figure 2: : Direct (A) and Indirect (B) Green Wall System

Living Walls:

Living walls are made of pre-vegetated vertical modules or plants that are
attached vertically to a structure (Fig-3). These panels may be made of
wood, plastic, stone, artificial stone, ceramic tile, metal, iron, reinforced

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cement or bricks, porous pavement, or just plain mud. Since plants can be
so diverse and thick, living walls need more extensive maintenance than
green facades. There are different types of living walls, including interior
and exterior styles.

Figure 3: Living Walls

1. Modular Living Wall: A modular living wall framework emerged as a

result of using modular green roof technology. Modular systems consist of
a square or rectangular frame that holds growing media. The specific
growing medium can be customized to suit selected plants and other
design objectives. The nutrient requirements can be found in the modules
within the growing medium. Water is supplied to the plant at various
amounts in a gravity-flow system. Green modular systems are also pre-
grown, producing an instant ‘green' look. Specifications may be from 12
and 18 months before initial availability.
2. Vegetated Mat Wall: The ‘Mur Vegetal' is a green wall designed by
Patrick Blanc. It is made of two layers of fabric with pockets that support
plants and growing media. The walls are protected by a frame and are
backed by a waterproof membrane, because the wall is very moist.
Nutrients are dispersed by an irrigation system that cycles water down
from the surface (Fig-4).

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Figure 4: Vegetated Mat Wall

3. Bio filtration: The aim of an active living wall is to filter the indoor air
and provide thermal power. A hydroponically developing system is
supplied by a nutrient rich water that is vaped from a gutter that is
contained in the bottom of the wall system. A sheet of synthetic cotton and
a density of up to three feet of dirt surround the roots (Fig-5). Through
emitting these gaseous compounds, vegetation consumes the carbon
monoxide and dioxide of these released VOCs. Cooler air flows into the
system the through trees and is then spread around the building through the
ventilation system. It is also possible for an array of green facade systems
to be integrated, including the "green facade" combined with an advanced
conventional system.

Figure 5: Bio Filtered Wall

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3. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

The approach to green wall technology primarily focuses on the design of

systems and their structural components (supporting materials, growing
media, vegetation, wastewater and irrigation) to ensure more efficient
solutions and better performance at all stages of construction (installation,
maintenance and repair). In the development of green walls, alternative
building types (e.g. industrial spaces, high-rise buildings), building styles
(new or existing building walls) and surface types (e.g. sloping surfaces,
indoor partition walls and freestanding structures) are also of
consideration.

I. SUPPORTING ELEMENTS

Typically, buildings with green façades do not have a significant support

structure. Once in the cliff, they depend entirely on the ability of the
climbing plants to attach themselves to the cliff. However, the production
of order to gain more understanding may become too heavy when the
vegetation reaches its maximum coverage and the possibility of falling
increases. Green facades are said to serve as "double skin facades" that
contribute to the building of an air gap between the surface of the building
and the plants. Placing the support structure around the tree helps to keep
the tree from collapsing. These modular or continuous structures are
attached to the root system of the plant, keeping the plants steady so that
they have more strength to tolerate weathering and competition (e.g., wind,
precipitation, snow). As most green facades are supported by a structure of
attached cables or ropes, copper is the most common material for
supporting green facades. We can use steel frames and steel wires to hold
the climbing plants and get them to bear the weight of the rising faster
plants. Grids and wires provide the farmer with a limited period of time to
cultivate plants and to preserve the soil's resources.

Green facade buildings also have pots filled with soil deposited within
each of them, as well as support structures located at various heights along
the exterior walls as well as a table in the centre containing soil, allowing
components to be situated at different heights along the outer walls. Living

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walls need a structure to support the elements and the system allows plants
to be mounted on it. The Continuous LWS (Living Wall System) is based
on the installation of an electronic system that avoids space between the
device and the floor or wall, and for this type of LWS, the electronic
device should be wall-

Figure 6: Continuous LWS

system

mounted (Fig-6). Aside from the frame (bottom panel), the bottom is
protected by the insulation formed by the frame. And it helps protect the
layers close to it as well. It has layers [coated with layers] fastened to the
bottom that allow it to be flexible, permeable and root-proof. The outside
panel layer is mapped, and then a tiny pocket in the cut-out is for the
positioning of plants. Modular hardware for wearables can take several
forms; specially built hardware for wearables (e.g., trays, containers,
planter tiles or flexible bags). Modular trays are usually made up of several
interlocked parts, made of lightweight materials such as plastic (e.g.
polyethylene or polypropylene) or sheets of metal (e.g. aluminium,
galvanized or stainless steel). Each module typically requires an
interlocking mechanism on the side of the package to communicate with
another module to ensure system reliability. These modular parts can also
include a front covering that forms a grid to protect the plants from the
effects of falling. Standard trays and vessels are usually fixed to a surface-
mounted vertical and/or horizontal foundation as a standard. In the frame

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profile attached to the vertical side, the back layer can also include
mounting brackets that can be mounted to hooks or any other mounting
means. Modular vessels provide for the mounting of similar-looking plants
together in a line, in the same component (Fig-7).

Given their function, these buildings are usually made from polymeric
materials and they become a major impact on the building surface due to
their shape. To keep the plants light and not get too heavy, one can
typically fill the LWS with a growing medium, which is quickly able to
respire, a porous medium, where plants will rapidly expand, composed of
organic and inorganic compounds or a covering of inorganic sub-strata,
generally foam. The principal materials used in modular LWS are various
receptacles of rising media. Built from a mixture of the light substrate with
the traditional nutritive elements, the risen media are necessary to lengthen
the life and strength of the container and to grow more seeds, it will
increase the storage quality of the plants (e.g., combination of organic and
inorganic fertilizers, nutrients and hormones for plants or other additions).
The author indicates that one way to avoid its detachment is, by integrating
rising media (like aluminium hydroxide) into the mesh bag that houses
soil. This module could carry several bags and position them around the
growing media. This could allow for more plants to be packed into the
module. This could also be used to up the growing media of each
particular plant in the module.

II. GROWING MEDIA

Figure 7 : Modular Vessels as growing
medium
With regard to green façades, only
modular system needs the choice of growing media which must be
lightweight, with each component suspended and adjusted to the plant
species and climatic conditions selected. Continuous LWS also do not
have substrates in the area of living walls. These systems use lightweight
absorbent screens where plants are placed in pockets, as mentioned before.
Continuous LWS are usually based on a hydroponic system involving, a
constant supply of nutrients and water, due to the lack of substrate (Fig-8).

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The lack of soil is substituted by the supply of the requisite nutrients, for
the growth of plants by irrigating water.

In order to reduce its weight, modular LWS are normally filled with a
rising medium where roots can proliferate, made from organic and
inorganic compounds or have a coating of inorganic substrate, usually
foam. In order to achieve a good water retention ability, most modular
LWS contain growing media based on a combination of light substrate
with a granular substance, expanded or porous (e.g. mineral granules with
moderate to fine particles, coconut fibres or recycled fabric), The substrate
may have enhanced nutrients for plant growth (e.g., combination of
organic and inorganic fertilizers, nutrients and hormones for plants or
other additions) (e.g., combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers,
nutrients and hormones for plants or other additions). The incorporation of
rising media into geotextile bags to prevent its detachment is suggested by
some modular LWS. These bags could span the entire module and enable
several plants to be added or individually cover the growing media of
every plant. Additionally, each plant should have a separate front cover to
prevent the growing media from falling.

Figure 8: Hydroponic system in

LWS

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III. VEGETATION

The appropriate vegetation for the green wall depends on the

environmental conditions of the building, the characteristics of the
building, and the surrounding conditions in which it is situated. There have
been several issues with plants' durability, even felt by the studied
processes. Climbing plants are considered an environmentally friendly
vertical greening choice. Two main types of foliage, evergreen or
deciduous, are the plant species on the list below (Fig-9). Evergreen trees
will begin to grow even throughout the fall. During this time the deciduous
plants will gradually go through extreme leaf loss and give the forest a
frozen appearance. Plants can be positioned around the face of a wall (e.g.,
root climbers and adhesive suckers) to their own support, or can be put
upon a structure that protects them (e.g., twining vines, leaf-stem climbers,
leaf climbers and scrambling plants). Efficiently sued as plaster, they have
also previously been used to coat the exterior walls of small buildings in
Germany and France. The traditional vines most particularly built-in
pergolas in the warm summers to protect the facades. There is also a
problem with climbing plants, which is an increase in limitations on their
growth. Some species can reach more than 5 or 6 m, even others can be
more than 25 m in height, but often require more than 3-5 years to mature.

A study in the Mediterranean Continental climate showed that after one

yeargrowth of many climbing plants and perennials (Hereda helix,
Lonicera japonica) and deciduous plants (Parthenocissusquinquefolia,
Clematis sp) the foliage density achieved was insufficient to cover their
bases Parthenocissusquinquefolia (Virginia Creeper), also known as dwarf
privet, Privet lanuginosa, or Chinese privet, will effectively cover the
whole ground surface in the long term, but none of the species selected
were able to cover the full ground surface after a year. Some plants often
have a rough time adapting to this climactic conditions, with strong year-
round temperature variations and poor rainfall, such as Clematis, which
has been affected by summer conditions. Living wall structures inspire
new aesthetic concepts behind green walls that occur now, and share
possibilities for plant species outside of nature, based on creative strategies

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involving plant species, the inclusion of patterns, changes in color, a

variety of form, forms, and density of vegetation, and efficiency of growth.
This technique also provided for green walls to be applied to a wide
variety of plant varieties, allowing shrubs, grasses and perennials to be
introduced into the project as long as their drainage and nutrient needs are
taken into account. Hydroponics requires only a wide variety of plants to
grow, totally indifferent conditions of growth: the plants are grown, the
cuttings are cut, or the seeds are planted. In such instances, according to
the intended visual style (like "Lord of the Rings")., trees are selected.
This involves sufficient watering and nutrients for proper growth. It is
therefore necessary to assess the growth, colour, flowering, foliage and
general plant composition of plants according to the artistic purposes of a
certain building (e.g., building structure in the urban context,
advertisement of a specific company, or contrasting of a building or
interiors).

Figure 9: Types of Vegetation in LWS

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Plants on the other hand should have low irrigation needs (exam lesson
outline, for example, learn accurate salinity levels for various varieties of
turf grass). Adapt to local environmental conditions (exam practice
outlines teach when to drink, and when to not) (e.g., wind, precipitation,
temperature, drought and frost).The LWS addressed at the meeting
included a new modular option for greenhouse walls that work by
incorporating a landscape of succulent sheets into the frame. The use of
drought resistant plants as succulents reduces the amount of water the
plant uses. Urban brownfield sites also have low maintenance demands,
eliminating the requirement for the structure to have an incredibly heavy
structure. Although carpets for hills, carpets can to be painted blades or
trees, they even to attain a flat vegetated surface is very wonderful. The
use of perennials and shrubs on larger surfaces enables the growth of more
ornamented Green walls have unique potential for urban farming,
particularly in cities where there is a lack of land for agriculture, reducing
the impact of food production systems on the climate. The plants living in
such areas have such a diversity of colours and shapes that make them
appear weathered. Japanese studies have also shown a methodology for
using plant species that can be used on sloping surfaces. The integration of
vegetables and aromatic herbs into green walls, green partitions and green
vaults are considered to be modern concepts in green walls, green
partitions and green vaults, as planters and containers strengthen the
functional potential of the wall, the partition or the vault.

IV. DRAINAGE

V. Figure 10: Drainage system in LWS

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In the green walls, the excess of fluid runoff happens by gravity.

Geotextiles are utilized through retrofit LWS systems that allow proven by
avoiding of roots and that enables lighting of a permeable membrane with
a permeable membrane used as a substrate with the conveyance of water
inlets and out outlets that can be pooled and reused for modules at the
floor, as well as the vertical gaps with the modular trays so as to pool the
water accessible and ready to offer drainage. Often the lower portion of a
modular can be either concave, bent, pierced or manufactured in a porous
or absorption material for a better drainage system. Examples involve
containers (i.e., fermentation tanks), which suggest a use of a substance
such as cellulose or polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or glass (e.g., inoculation of
sand or any form of material as a barrier to absorb rain water, heavy metals
and pollutants) or a granular inert filler (e.g., expanded slate, expanded
clay, gravel) promoting the drainage of roots and the development of
plants (Fig-10). Consistent with other modular system designs, the
inclusion of grooves or holes on certain sides and rear of modules for
improved air ventilation and eliminating the extra humidity of the air is
often mentioned in many cases of modular system

VI. IRRIGATION

The parameters differ based on the type of device, the plants, and
temperature. To help plant growth, modular green facades and landscaping
require an irrigation system. Nutrients, fertilizers, nutrients, phosphates,
amino acids or hydroponic elements can be applied to water to boost the
growth and vigour of plants. A consistent irrigation tube mounted at the
top produces the LWS water flow. The continuous LWS irrigates using a
watering system.Central device mounted at the top of the building. The
pore size allows consistent water and nutrient delivery in the case of a
continuous LWS.A recess in the upper surface of the module. The
irrigation tubing requires a modular package of LWS. For irrigating the
growing media by gravity, holes are in the recess. These drain holes are
used to allow excess water to irrigate the modules beneath. Irrigation
tubing can be made in a range of materials (e.g. rubber, plastics,
thermoplastic tubes, silicone and irrigation tubes). Using irrigation systems

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that provide regulated delivery and strength to the needs of the plants. A
filtration system may also be mounted to avoid clogging. Any LWS
recommend strategies to limit treated water use. Strategies such as
reducing water use by the reuse of water from rooftops, the use of water
from the wastewater system and the installation of sensors that control the
water tank, the volume of water supplied and environmental conditions.
Modular or continuous LW systems also have a drain, or an excess water
tank, to repair and reinstate watering system as needed. Devices are being
built that sense the levels of the nutrients that are required. This will help
minimize the intake of nutrients and fulfil plant requirements.

VII. INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

In the long-run, green building facades with plants nearby are more cost
effective but are subject to some constraints on plant variety, such as plant
height and scale. Since plants are frequently transferred from one area to
another, keeping a constant degree of relative humidity for all vegetation is
challenging. Lacking in expertise, many planting seedlings and plants still
require a leading hand to ensure a proper coverage area. It is also
important to remember that certain species of climbing plants can damage
the surface of buildings, destroy buildings with their roots in cracks and
carry cracks. On a modular trellises, a new station could do something
different, instead of the same station working the entire time. Plants that
are grown at a range of heights also helps mitigate the impact of a
dispersed growth of climbing plants on the surface and encourages poor
plants to be replaced. In the market, there are a limited amount of modular
LWS that are being used to minimize problems of installation,
maintenance, and repair. Such modular systems allow for each of the
individual components to be disassembled for repairs, and, on some, there
is a movable cover (the front) that allows for maintenance of the walling
material, or the installation of plants or other features. In order to be able
to handle the transportation and the manufacturing processes, these
modular pieces can also be nested into one another. the architecture basis
as opposed to the traditional modular structure, the continuous LWS is best
suited for the creation of different vegetated surfaces. Many plants on earth

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live in a comparatively low density climate with an average of thirty plant

species per square meter and a density below thirty kg/m2. Planting
systems that use continuous irrigation are usually hydroponic systems and
they need a more permanent water source to provide a normal outcome,
which results in a higher cost due to more upkeep and respect to water use.
It's also necessary, though, to remember that any green wall system would
have its own needs, based on its aesthetic capacity, cost and maintenance
requirements, with benefits and disadvantages. The option of the most
appropriate design method is often closely related to the locations of the
building features (e.g. access-level, height) and environmental
requirements (e.g., exposure to sun, shading and wind, precipitation).
Therefore, it is important to pay careful attention to the structural
variations and main characteristics of these samples.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF GREEN WALLS

Numerous experiments have been undertaken by scholars to evaluate the

environmental efficiency of different green wall systems over their entire
lifetime, in order to properly explain whether green wall systems can be
considered sustainable. Direct green facades are a more sustainable and
economical solution. In view of the lack of materials used and the low
maintenance requirements, these structures have negligible environmental
effects. Their durability may be questioned when determining the life-
cycle of certain LWS. Variations in the type of products used, their
longevity, their recycling ability, plant lifespan and water use can have a
direct effect on the overall environmental impact. According to Ottelé et
al., the incorporation of stainless steel as a support system could have an
effect 10 times greater than the use of other recyclable products (e.g.
HDPE, FSC certified hardwood or coated steel). The consistency of
products is another important problem. Many objects, such as PVC and
others, are of little lifespan and need to be replaced more than once during
the life of buildings. However, green wall solutions often use materials
that have a major environmental impact. Latest experiments have shown
that certain systems can reduce the environmental burden by applying
thermal resistance to the wall, leading to a reduction in heating and cooling

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energy usage. The cost of green wall systems may also be a vector with a
significant influence on the selection process. Compared to direct and
indirect green facades, LWS is costlier. Based on the devices used, the
modular green facades have varying prices, such as the galvanized steel
system, which could be 4-8 times costlier than the HDPE framework. In
the case of LWS, the costs also rely strongly on the materials used and the
design of the unit, with a cost of EUR 1200/m2. The costs are often
dependent on the application process (taking into account the surface
dimension and ease of access) and the criteria for repair work (e.g.,
irrigation, nutrients, plants replacement). Improving the performance
evaluation of recent green wall systems will, however, lead to an
improvement in their installation in buildings and, as a result, to a price
reduction. Importantly, the decision to make the green wall scheme more
suitable for a given project should be based not only on the architecture
and climate limitations, but rather on the environmental effect of the
components (e.g. the energy or services required and the recyclability of
materials) and associated costs during its life cycle.

A green wall provides the public and private sectors alike with great
advantages. Green walls are a great investment in environmentalism and
urban growth given the wide surface area available. In areas where roads
and parking lots have a lot of vegetation, air pollution is minimized. Plants
in a garden act as a great filter for toxins and can consume a great deal of
toxins in the air. The benefits of a green wall in regards to energy
efficiency are awarded to the design variables that include the leaf area,
leaf density, site conditions, and size of the project. Some of the green
walls benefits are shared by almost all green walls, so they would meet the
same design/client goals as any other green wall. Some of their benefits
are hard to design and acquire in any other way than they are built. Small
projects to construct individual private spaces, and big projects like
buildings will create a wall of vegetation. Green walls are incorporated
into the architecture of structures, systems and multiple forms. The major
impacts of green walls with respect to the area of impact is illustrated in
the following table. (Table-1).

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Table-1: Environmental benefits of Green Walls

Serial Area of Benefits

no. impact
1 Noise The growing media of modern plants in a living wall system
Reduction will lead to a reduced sound level that a wall could reflect or
transmit from the living wall system. There are many factors
that affect the noise reduction of living walls, such as the
depth of the increasing media, the "constructively smart"
integrated architecture, and the widespread pattern of
structural layers.
2 Improved The airborne contaminants, including dust and pollen. The
Indoor Air noxious gases and VOC's from carpets, furniture and other
Quality building components.
3 Improved Seals up a thin layer of air within the plant mass. The heat
Energy would be a restriction, particularly of thick green vegetation.
Efficiency Sunlight is decreased by shading and through the plant
processes of evapotranspiration. May be used to create a
preventative against heavy winds during cold seasons. The
interior applications that use the outside air for heating and
cooling purposes can save on energy costs.
4 Building It protects exteriors from UV radiation, the elements, and
Structure temperature variations that wear down materials. Studies say
Protection damage from wind can be minimized by applying a material
to seal or air tightness to the entrance of doors, windows,
cladding, etc.
5 Aesthetic Augments the visual perception. Adjusted to conceal some
Improvement unsightly features. Increases the land value. It will have
interesting freestanding structural features, etc.
6 Reduce Urban It can reduce environmental heating. Cools down the ambient
Heat Island temperatures in the city. With the advent of vertical air
Effect flow slows down, thus cooling the air.
7 Improved It absorbs airborne toxins and material that is collected on
Exterior Air plant leaves. Pollutants are filtered out for us to breathe.

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Quality

5. COMPARISON OF BENEFITS BETWEEN A GREEN ROOF

AND A CONVENTIONAL ROOF

Urban green space performs ecological roles in the built environment,

softening the visual lines of the city, and promoting biodiversity. Green
roofs are usually populated by numerous insects, ants, spiders, and
have been used by nesting birds. Studies have shown that "green roofs"
and other gardens really help preserve rainforest and helps stabilize
rainwater. Although so a brand new technology, it is applied in
miniature-scale but it serves and involves wide section of society. The
following Table-2 includes details comparing the beneficial benefits of
a green roofing systems to a conventional roof system with the basic
formwork is courtesy (Peck, 2008, Anjali Gupta, 2018).

Serial Beneficial aspects Green Roof Convention roof

No.
1 Energy Insulate roofs of any Mostly one can achieve a light
Conservation buildings. coloured roof and reduced
energy usage by adding
insulation to a home, or by
painting the roof white.
2 Air Quality Shading and the None
evapotranspiration of
water rises.
3 Mitigation of Prevents temperature Combined with the light
Urban Heat Island increases coloured roof, for instance.
white tiled roofs.
4 Improved water It preserves its None
quality atmospheric deposition
and retards roof
material deterioration.
Reduced volume reduce

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pollutant loadings
5 Temperature In hot season mitigation Achieved through insulation
6 Storm water At 10-35 percent during None
volume retention the rainy season, and at
65-100 percent during
the dry season.
7 Vegetation Allows seasonal None
evapotranspiration;
photosynthesis.
8 Habitat for Species For bird and insects None
9 Cost offsets Reduced storm water None
facilities, electricity
savings, higher rents,
improved property
values; all these help us
and the public gain as
we save energy and
lower usage.
10 Durability Inside a protective Almost zero security and low
water-vapour barrier, a exposure to means that roofs
practical and robust could only last for
waterproof approximately 20 years.
membrane can last 36
years until it needs to
be properly sustained.
Table-2: Comparison of benefits between Green roofs and Conventional Roofs

6. FACTORS FOR ACHIEVING SUCCESSFUL GREEN

FACADES

Design, construction and maintenance requirements for green facades

and living walls will differ by device type chosen and the conditions of
the constructed and natural environment. Architects, builders and
building management must take the following into account: General

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building entry, fire safety, fire solutions, and electrical device

efficiency.

1. The connection of the sides to the building or freestanding frame,

which will act as a form of additional defence mechanism. Figuring out
the structural loads in larger structures after factors such as snow,
plants and wind are added in, is also critical.
2. Assess the amount and consistency of any particular plant to reduce the
wind and light exposure. Architects need to take into account design
decisions that elicit aesthetic considerations and site orientation, which
will need to be decided by the developers.
3. To maintain the health of the living structures in the marine or aquatic-
in-pedestrian systems, plant management and/or long term
maintenance plan must be made by the system.
4. The organization should consult with suppliers who may have licensed
or specially qualified engineers who may be able to conduct the project
successfully. This would mean sufficient selection of plants for a
particular area, the proper interval for spacing between plants for
desired coverage, that the nursery (garden) needs to be demolished and
set up, and then returned to the retailer where it is purchase.

CONCLUSION

One of the key challenges in the field of green walls is to find

innovative ways to consider the benefits of water preservation
materials, irrigation means and easier assembly and repair, as well as
to demonstrate their potential for applications in the field. For building
façades, the use of green walls has becoming a core component of
sustainable architecture. In the years to come they will become very
significant features in our communities. Green design developments,
such as green walls, provide a broad variety of opportunities for
designers who are interested with adding the building envelope to
accomplish different aims and to construct innovative free standing
architectural features on the interior and external surfaces of structures.
Since companies who manufacture these devices have extensive

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knowledge of design as well as the production methods, it is essential

if the project has a firm grasp on them so they can help direct the green
wall through the creation process.

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