affecting

Mole Fraction 1×1 Factors VP

Solutions solute Solvent in water
:

g. sugar
-

-_ -1 e.

(B) (A) T T ✗ substance n substance

Nature of
liquid 1
__

1) XP ✗
Less amount Move amount solute solvent ntotal
Force of attraction
11%11/11 =
Volume of solute ✗ 100 30%11/11 Solution

↳
2) Temperature XP ✗
Temp .

Volume of solution 30Mt solute present solute (B) solvent / Al

in 100Mt solution .
NB na
-

Note :
XP does not
depend on -

" NB " " NA

liquid
= =

Amount of
2)
t.to/W=Weightofso1utex1oo--l3O/.W/w 1)
☐
.

NA + NB MA + NB
↳
Weight of solution 30
gm
solute is
✗ A -1×13=1
2) Volume of vessel

present in solution Surface

loogm .

3) area .

3) 1- W/ ✗ =

Weight of solute ✗ 100 30% W/ 11 Vapour pressure of the solution :

volume of solution ↳ solute

30
gm present of solution nonvolatile solute and volatile solvent
case -1 :
HP
containing
in 100Mt solution .

P•A PA P•A= V. Pof Pa V. Pof solution

pure solvent
> -

Molarity
-

per litre of solution

No of moles
.

present .
Routt 's Law : V. Pof
any volatile component is
directly proportional to

M= n solute M= N solute ✗ 1000 mole fraction in solution .

p•a
PA
PAXXA P•A= Pof
Volume of 50M in litre .
Volume of solution in Mt .
v.
pure solvent

PA -_p•AXA xa= Mole Fraction of solvent in solution .

Molality
o g
Molal
.

Im Mole Fraction in xp
PA __
V. Pof solution
n solute semi molal vapour phase :

-12m
m= -

P•AxA HP of solution volatile solute and volatile solvent

PA Case -1
containing
:
of solvent in
weight kg ya
=

=P°AxatP•BKB
.

molal FT
Yom
Deci -
-

P= RAKA P•BXB XA -1×13=1

.pe#p;zxB-P.A
+
M= N solute ✗ 1000 p•BxB
IB

jy-YY.tt?y.gyp=p;z+(P.n--P
y,
= =

p=p
of solvent PT PAKA -1%3×13 P=P•A IP :3 FAI
weight ing Piz
+
XB
-

;) XA
VAPOUO pressure :
xa=0 xa=1
✗
B.
=L xB=0
At
equilibrium ,
1120111 H2O /
Vapour )
of Solution
Types :

Rate of evaporation __
Rate of condensation .

" Ideal solution solution which follows Routt 's law at all and
Temp conc
Pressure exerted by vapours of
liquid its
-

on
.

PA =
RAKA Force of attraction :

known
surface is as
Vapour pressure .

PB =
P°BXB A- A = B B - =
A -

substances
p=Ph-xA+P°BxB AVmi✗=O AS mix > 0

Hexane and Heptane AHmi×=0 AGmix< 0

e.
g.
- -

Volatile Nonvolatile p0 =

2) Non Ideal solution -

Solution which does not Follow Routt 's law

can be converted to vapour cannot be converted into vapours
-

PA =/ PAKA PB =/ P•AXB
H2O .CH } OH C2H5 OH
e.
g. e.
g.
Udea NHZCONHZ
glucose
- -

, .
.

Force of attraction

FEE
a) -

ve deviation
some
important terms :
pas Pitsea ( A- B) > ( A- A) and / B- B)
d- -

density
PBT P•BXB A
a) 1. W/ 11 =
t.lv/WXd M=
Molarity Ph P•AXA+P•BXB Hmi✗< 0 AGMIXLO
b) M =
10 ✗ 1. W/ W Xd MM solute =
Molar mass solute
e. Chloroform and acetone Acid H2O
g. ,
-1

msn.m-m.it
. b) + ve Deviation Force of attraction
c) m =
1000M MM solvent =
Molar mass solvent
PA > poaxa ( A- B) < ( A- A) and / B- B)
✗ solute =
Mole Fraction Of Solute
wood -

M ✗ MM solute
-

PB > p•BxB Vmi✗ > 0 AS mix > 0

Mole Fraction of solvent

p.n-xn-i-p.BXBe.g.cztls-OH-CH3-qg-C.tl
✗ solvent =
p >
d) m= ✗ solute ✗ 1000

C2H5OH -1 H2O CS2tCH3 CH 's

-4g
}
-

solvent MM solvent
, ,
x ✗ .
 I RLVPI
colligative properties :
a) Relative
Lowering of vapour pressure
of solute b) Elevation in BP
3) Depression in
Freezing point
which depend on no .

. .

solvent
Tf >
Tf Tf
=
FP of
pure
particles and not on nature c) Depression in FP
ATF =
Tj Tf-

Tf
=
FP of solution
of particles d) Osmotic
pressure Experimentally A- Tf
.

.
✗ m
kg =
Molal depression constant or

Atf imkf coyoscopic constant

=

Boiling point .

11792
-

kf =
R MM solvent
Kf
=
RIT;)
at which VP is
Temperature equal to atmospheric pressure
AH
1000 ✗
fusion 1000 X L fusion
XP ✗ 1-
BP

41 Osmotic pressure ( T1 )
Azeotrope -

Solution which boils at constant -1

-

we cannot
separate azeotropes spontaneous movement of solvent
through semi -

permeable
From low conch to conc ?
Van 't hoff Factor Ii ) :
membrane
High
IT =
i CRT i =
Van 't Hoff Factor
Factor that takes into account number of
particles after
c= conch 1
Molarity )
dissociation / association .

R= Universal constant
gas
i =
No of -

particles after diss / asso

1- =

Temperature 1kt .

No of particles before diss/ ASSO

solution 11 -11,1 Isotonic
.

=
11-1=11-2

Hypotonic solution
solution 217121 having less OP
=

i =
Abnormal
colligative property i =
Normal Molar mass

Hypertonic solution
having more OP
=

Normal
Colligative property Abnormal molar mass

solubility
substances Defined as max .
amount of solute which can be dissolved

Non -

electrolyte Eleitoolyte in fixed amount of solvent .

Does not dissociate or associate .

Solubility of solid in
liquid
Assoiiation
v

i =3 Dissociation
Depends on two factors
e.
g.
Urea
glucose sucrose i > 1 i< 1
a) Temperature Endothermic TT
solubility t
. ,
.

i I + ( n 1) ✗ i
11-(2--1) ✗
= - =

of dissociation
Exothermic Tt
solubility t,

✗
Degree
=

of association b) Pressure No effect

✗
Degree
= -

Relative ( RNP )
1)
lowering of
Vapour pressure Pit > PA -

Solubility of Gas in
liquid :

of solution volatile solute

v. P
containing non -

Depends on two factors

RHP =
PTA PA =

JCB
Temperature Dissolution of
liquid always
-

a) in is
gas
-

pin
exothermic .
TT
solubility I
of
lowering Vapour pressure PIA PA
= -

b) Pressure
Solubility ✗ Pressure
-

Elevation in V. P of
2)
Boiling point : P•A > PA PA
pure solvent
=

v. Px
1
PA =
V. P of solution Henry 's Law : Partial
pressure of
gas is
directly
BIT
Nonvolatile solute add v.pt B.PT
proportional to the mole Fraction .

P ✗ x
Elevation in
.

Boiling point =
To =
Tb To
-

P =
KH X KH =

Henry 's constant

Experimentally ☐To imkb
molality
.

=
m =
,

At const P
2
i =
Han 't Hoff factor
.

,
KH T =
oct ,
=

Solubility t
,

( To /
.

Kb =
R
1
Kb =
molal elevation constant or
KH ✗
000×11-41

ibulioscopic constant .
Solubility .