UNIT I

CHAPTER

2 Types,Objects and Name Spaces

Syllabus
Types, Objects, and Namespaces:The Basics About Classes, Buildinga Basic Class
Value Types and Reference Types, Understanding Namespaces and Assemblies.
Advanced Class Programming.

2.1 Object Oriented Programming

Object Oriented Programming (00P) is a programming model where programs are
organized around objects and data rather than action and logic.
OOP allows decomposition of a problem into a number of entities called objects and then
builds data and functions around these objects
G Features

1. Classes
It is user define data type and it is only a logical representation of data. It helps to
link member variables and methods.

2. Objects
These are basically instance of a class. It is basically representation of real time
entity.
Concepts
The three main concepts of object oriented programming are :
1. Encapsulation
2. Abstraction

3. Polymorphism
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 2-4 Types, Objects and Name
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2.2.2 Adding Propertles
If we declare a member as private it is not accessible outside. In order to achieve this We
have to declare property accessor. Accessors usually have two parts. The get acCessor
allows your code to retrieve data from the object.
cases, you might .
The set accessor allows your code to set the object's data. In some
one of these parts, such as when you want to create a property that can be examined 1but
not modified.

Ex. 2.2.2

Class numb

{ public int x;
public int y;
public int x
{
get{
retun X;

set

{
X=value;

public int y

getí
retun y;

Set

y=value;
 Adv. Web Prog. (MUB.Sc. IT- Sem-V) 2-5 Types, Objects and Nanme Spaces
When we create an object we can access the property directly.
numb n = new num);
n.x = 10;// calls Set
n.y = 12;/l cals Set
2.2.3 Constructor

It is aspecial type off method which is called when an object is created.

The name of the constructor should be the name of the class and it does not return any
value.
Class numb

int x,y;
public numb)

public void get)

public void put)

{

A default constructor does not have any parameter but if you need, a constructor can
have parameters. Such constructors are called parameterized constructors.
This technique helps you to assign initial value to an object at the time of its creation
2.2.4 C# Destructors

Adestructor is a special member function of a class that is executed whenever an object

of its class goes out of scope.
A destructor has exactly the same name as that of the class with a prefixed tilde (~) and it
can neither return a value nor can it take any parameters.
Destructor can be very useful for releasing memory resources before exiting the program.
Destructors cannot be inherited or overloaded.
 Adv. Wotb Prog. (MU B.Sc. IT - Som-V) 2-6 Typos, Objects and Name s
Creatlon of object
Ex. 2.2.3
class numb

int x,y:
public numb)

public void get)

}
publicvoid put)
{
}

public partial class Default :System. Web. UI.Page

{
numb n=new numb0; //object is created
D.get);
n.put0:
}

2.2.5 Adding an Event

the
Classes can also use events to notify your code. We use delegates for the events with
same signature of events.
event keyword. As wit
Then you can define an event based on that delegate using the
accessibilities, althoug
properties and methods, events can be declared with different
public events are the default.
 Adv. Web Prog. (MU B.Sc. IT-Sem-V) 2-7 Types, Objects and Narne Spaces

Syllabus Toplc :Value Types and reference Types

2.3 Types-Value and Reference

The Types in .NET Framework are either treated by Value Type or by Reference Type. A
Value Type holds the data within its own memory allocation and a Reference Type
contains a pointer to another memory location that holds the real data.
Reference Type variables are stored in the heap while Value Type variables are stored in
the stack.

Stack Heap
Value Types
Reference Types
Pointers to the
Reference Type

Fig. 2.3.1
P Value Type

A Value Type stores its contents in memory allocated on the stack. When you created a
Value Type, a single space in memory is allocated to store the value and that variable
directly holds a value.
If you assign it toanother variable, the value is copied directly and both variables work
independently. Predefineddata types, structures, enums are also value types, and work in
the same way.
Value types can be created at compile time and Stored in stack memory, because of this,
Garbage collector can't access the stack.
E.g
int y = 56;
Reference Type
Reference Types are used by a reference which holds a reference (address) to the object
but not the object itself. Because reference types represent the address of the variable
rather than the data itself, assigning a reference variable to another doesn't copy the data.
Instead it creates a second copy of the reference, which refers to the same location of the
heap as the original value.
 T Adv. Wob Prog. (MU B.Sc. IT - Sem-V) 2-8 Types, Objects and
Name Spa,
Reference Type variables are stored in a different arca of memory called the
means that when a reference type variable is no longer uscd, it can be marked heap. Th
for
collection. Examples of reference types are Classes, Objects, Arrays, Indexers, garta
C.g.
etc.
Interfac
int|] a = new int|20]:
In the above code the space required for the 20 integers that make up the array is
on the heap.
allocae,
Syllabus Topic : Understanding Namespace and Assemblies
2.4
Namespace
Anamespace is designed for providing a way to keep one set of names separate
another. The class names declared in one namespace does not froa
conflict with the same ol
names declared in another.

T Defining a Namespace
A namespace definition begins with the keyword
namespace followed by the namesar:
name as follows:
namespace namespace name {
ll code declaration

To call the
namespace-enabled version of either function or variable, add the namespa:
name as follows
namespace name.item name;
G The using Keyword
The using keyword states that the
For examnple, we are using the program is using the names in the given namespa
System namespace in our programs.
 Adv. Web Prog. (MU B.Sc. IT-Sem-V) 2-9 Types, Objects and Name Spaces

E.g.
using System :
2.4.1 Assembly
An assembly is a fundamental building block of any NET framework application. It
contains the code that is executed by common language runtime.
For example, when you build a simple C# application, Visual Studio creates an assembly
in the form of a single portable executable (PE) file, specifically an EXE or DLL. Every
assembly has a file called 'manifest' file that stores all information about that assembly.
These informations are known as metadata. The manifest file contains all the metadata
necded to specify the assembly's version requirements, security identity, and all metadata
needed to define the scope of the assembly and resolve references to resources and
classes.

An assembly can be a single file or it may consist of the multiple files. In case of multi
file, there is one master module containing the manifest while other assemblies exist as
non-manifest modules.

2.4.1.1 Components of Assembly

Manifest

It describes the assembly.

The manifest file contains all the metadata needed to specify the assembly's version
requirements, security identity, and all metadata needed to define the scope of the
assembly and resolve references to resources and classes.
Type Metadata
Itcontains metadata, which describes each and every type (class, structure, enumeration,
and so forth).
MSIL

It contains Intermediate language code.

r Re8ources

It contains bitmaps, icons, audios and other types of resources.

 Types, Objects and
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Components ofAssembly

1.Private assemblies

2.Shared assemblies

Fig. 2.4.1

1. Private assemblies
Normally used by a Singleapplication, and stored in the application's directory.
language-specific resources for an application.
Often used to deploy
2. Shared assemblies
global assembly cache, which is a repository of
Normally stored in the
assemblies maintained by .NET.
assemblies within the same application, the same copy of the
For all the calling
original location.
shared assembly is used from its
Programming
Syllabus Toplc :Advanced Class
2.5 Advanced c# programming
2.5.1 Inheritance

Represents a relationship between classes.

Types
Single inheritance
Multiple inheritance
Hierarchical inheritance
Multilevel inheritance

Defining a subclass
class subclass_name : baseclass_ name

variable declaration;
method declaration;
 Adv. Web Prog. (MU B.Sc. IT- Sem-V) 2-11 Types,Objects and Name Spaces

Base and Derived Classes

Aclass can be derived from more than one class or interface, which means that it can
inherit data and functions from multiple base classes or interfaces.
The syntax used in C# for creating derived classes is as follows -
Kacess-specifier> class <base class> {

class <derived class>>: <base class> {

G Ex. 2.5.1

Class room

public int length;

public int breadth;
public room (int x, int y)
{
length = x;
breadth = y;

public int area)

return(length breadth);

Class rooml : room

int height;
public rooml(int x, int y, int z) : base (x, y)
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