PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 POINTERS TO REVIEW 3.

Results are limited since they are usually based on

Lesson #1 & 2 the analysis of numbers and are not obtained from
Quantitative Research detailed narratives.
Quantitative Research 4. It provides less elaborate accounts of human
according to Aliaga and Gunderson, (2000), is perceptions.
“explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data 5. In experiment research, the level of control might
that are analyzed using mathematically based not be normally placed in the real world because it is
methods (in particular statistics)”. usually done in a laboratory.
- this type of research utilizes numbers and statistical 6. Preset or fixed alternative answer may not
analysis. necessarily reflect the true answers of the
- it is ideal in studying phenomenon which must participants.
content with the problems of measurement 7. Findings can be influenced by the researcher's
perspective since most of the time, the participants
Characteristics of Quantitative Research are unknown to him/her.
1. it is reliable and objective
2. it uses statistics to generalize a finding Importance of Quantitative Research in Different
3. it reduces and restructures a complex problem to a Fields
limited number of variables - Most areas of study have to deal with processes that
4. it looks at the connections between variables and involve experimentations, tests, and research.
establishes cause and effect relationships in highly - In these situations, quantitative measures are more
controlled circumstances or less involved.
5. it tests theories or hypotheses - In validating result or findings, quantitative research
6. it assumes that the sample is representative of the can be useful
population
7. the subjectivity of its methodology is a secondary Education
concern - Quantitative research can be used in measuring the
8. it deals with the details of the subject level of performance of students as well as the
teachers.
Advantages of Quantitative Research - It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of
1. It allows the researcher to measure and analyze the methods used, the different programs conducted,
the data to arrive at an objective answer to the and the satisfaction of all stakeholders in the
problem posed or stated. educational sector including students, faculty, parents,
2. The result is reliable since the study uses a big administrators, the community, the government, and
sample of the population. non- governmental organizations.
3. Standards are usually used in choosing the
instruments, in sampling procedures, and in choosing Business
the most appropriate statistical treatment, thus - Quantitative research is a very valuable tool in
making the research replicable. business when it is used intelligently.
4. Personal biases can be avoided since personal - It can improve the overall marketing strategy, help
interaction is not part of the research process. the company make informed decisions on how to
5. Processes involved are simplified since the steps in move forward with a particular product or service; and
doing quantitative research are made easy and even solicit consumer's opinions for productivity.
systematic.
6. Results can be reduced through statistical Medical and Health Allied Service
treatments and interpreted in a few statements. - Since health practitioners are concerned with human
life, the discharge of their duties is very critical.
Disadvantages of Quantitative Research - Thus, healthcare procedures, routines, and other
1. The context of the study of the experiment is systems must be based on the result of scientific
ignored in such a way that it does not consider the investigation
natural setting where study is conducted
2. Having a large study sample requires researchers
to spend more resources.
Science and Technology Kinds of Experimental Research
- The noted observation for a phenomenon, the rate BASED ON THE WHERE THE EXPERIMENTAL
of processing of certain devices, and the time RESEARCH IS DONE:
consumed for any procedure are factors to be 1. Laboratory Research
considered. 2. Field Research
- The data collected will lead to a more responsible BASED ON THE MANNER OF SELECTING
and accountable operation of the different PARTICIPANTS
components of technology. 1. True Experimental
2. Quasi-Experimental
Lesson #3
Kinds of Quantitative Research Lesson #4
Nature and Kinds of Variables
Descriptive Research
- It is also known as NON-EXPERIMENTAL Variables
RESEARCH. - is a central concept in research
- This design is concerned with describing the nature, - is anything that may assume varied numerical and
characteristics and components of the population or a categorical values
phenomenon. - are “changing qualities or characteristics” of persons
- There is no manipulation of variables or search for or things like age, gender, ideas, achievements,
the cause and effect related to the phenomenon. confidence, and so on that are involved in your
research study
Correlational Research
- It is a systematic investigation of the nature of Continuous Variables
relationships, or associations between and among - a variable that can take an infinite number on the
variables without necessarily investigating into casual value that can occur within a population. Its values
reasons underlying them. can be divided into fractions
- can take any value within a range
Evaluation Research
- This kind of research aims to assess the effects, Interval
impacts or outcomes of practices, policies or - A measurement where the difference between two
programs. values does have meaning. The interval between
values makes sense and can be interpreted
Survey Research - Differences between measurements but no true zero
- This kind of research is used to gather information
from groups of people by selecting and studying Ratio
samples chosen from a population. - Possess the properties of interval variable and has a
- Subtypes: clear definition of zero, indication that there is none of
Cross-sectional - just single point in time 2 that variable
Longitudinal - over a period of time - Differences between measurements, true zero exists

Causal Comparative Research Discrete Variables

- It is also known as EX POST FACTO (after the fact) - also known as Categorical Variable is any variable
RESEARCH. that has a limited number of distinct values and which
- This kind of research derives conclusion from cannot be divided into fractions
observations and manifestations that already - whole numerical value - typically counts
occurred in the past and now compared to some
dependent variables. Nominal
- a variable with no quantitative value, it has two or
Experimental Research more categories but does not imply ordering of cases
- This research utilizes scientific method to test - Categories (no ordering or direction
cause-and-effect relationships under conditions
controlled by the researcher.
- An independent variable is manipulated to determine
the effects on the dependent variable.
Ordinal b. The settings or locale of the study;
- a variable that has two or more categories which can c. The respondents or participants involved in the
be ranked but a value cannot be placed to them. study;
Distances between attributes do not have any d. The time and period when the study was
meaning conducted.
- Ordered Categories (rankings, order, or scaling) 2. The title must be broad enough to include all
aspects of the study but should be brief and concise
Dependent Variable as possible.
- also called outcome variable is the result of effect of 3. The use of the terms "Analysis of _____", "A Study
the changes brought about by another variable of "An Investigation of _" and the like should be
avoided.
Independent Variable 4. If the title contains more than one line, it should be
- the one responsible for the conditions that act on written in an inverted pyramid.
something else to bring about changes 5. When typed or encoded in the title pages, all words
in the title should be in capital letters. 6 If possible, the
Independent - CAUSE - Dependent title should not be longer than 15 substantive words.
6. If possible, the title should not be longer than 15
Lesson #5 substantive words.
Research Topic 7. Avoid a long, detailed title that gives too much
information.
Research Topic 8. To shorten the title, delete the terms "assessment"
- it is the general idea of interest that you would like to and "evaluation" if these are already emphasized in
pursue in your study the text.
- it summarizes the main idea of the whole paper and
is the most notable part of the research paper Lesson #6
Sources of Related Literature
Selecting a Research Topic
1. It has already been written about. Characteristics of Related Literature
2. It must be original. a. The surveyed materials must be as recent as
3. It should be significant to the field of study or possible.
discipline. b. Materials reviewed must be objective and
4 It must necessarily arouse intellectual curiosity. unbiased.
5. It should be of the researcher's interest and the c. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study.
researcher must be with the topic. d. Surveyed materials must have been based upon
6. It should be a modest one for a beginner to be genuinely original and true facts or data to make valid
carried on within a limited period of time. and reliable.
7. It should be clear, not ambiguous. e. Reviewed materials must not be too few or too
8. It should be specific, not general. many.
9. It should consider the training and personal
qualifications of the researcher. Related Literature
10. It should consider the availability of data involved - is composed of discussions of facts and principles to
in the study and the methods and techniques to be which the present study is related. It refers to written
employed in gathering them. works like studies, inquiries, or investigations already
11. It should consider the availability of effective conducted.
instruments for gathering the data and their treatment.
12. It should consider the financial capacity of the Sources of Related Literature
researcher to support the project. Primary Sources
13. It should consider the time factor involved in the - are the origin of information under study,
undertaking fundamental documents relating to a particular
subject or idea. Often they are first hand accounts
Guidelines in the Formulation of a Research Title written by a witness or researcher at the time of an
1. The title must contain the following elements: event or discovery.
a. The subject matter or research problem;
E.g. published books, magazines, encyclopedias, operational definition the researcher may spell out the
almanacs etc. details of the manipulation of a variable.

Secondary Sources Review of Related Literature

- are documents or recordings that relate to or discuss - is the documentation of comprehensive review of the
information originally presented elsewhere. published and unpublished work from secondary
sources of data in the area of specific interest to the
E.g. Information from the internet, unpublished thesis researcher.
and dissertations
Lesson #7
Where to locate the Sources? Citation Styles
1. Libraries
2. Government and/or private offices Citation
3. National Library - It is a formal reference to a published or unpublished
4. Library of Department of Education, Culture and source that you consulted and obtained information
Sports from while writing your research paper.

Related Legal Base Importance of Citing your References

- refers to the legal bases, literature and studies which - Proper citation allows readers to locate the materials
have direct bearing or relation to the present study. It you used.
determines the relevance of the study to the - Citing other people's words and ideas demonstrates
government's thrusts. The major sources of related that you have conducted a thorough review of the
legal bases are laws and department directives such literature on your topic.
as circulars, orders, memoranda, and others which - Other researcher's ideas can be used to reinforce
are related to the present study. your arguments.
- The ideas of other researchers can be used to
Related Literature explain reasons for alternative approaches.
- may be defined as "Written works collectively, - Ideas are considered intellectual property and there
especially, those of enduring importance, exhibiting can be serious repercussions if you fail to cite where
creative imagination and artistic skill in a particular you got an idea from.
period, language and subject".
Citation Styles
E.g. The works of Paulo Coelho, Jane Austen, and - Dictates the necessary information needed for a
Tom Clancy citation and how these information is ordered, as well
as punctuation and other formatting
Related Studies
- published and unpublished research studies are APA Style
sources of materials that are included in this section. - (American Psychological Association)
The research studies which have direct bearing to the - is used by Education, Psychology and Science. The
present study are segregated into foreign and local APA style allows for in-text citations, direct quotations
studies. and endnotes and footnotes. It also enables the
author to use the past tense of verbs in the reportage.
Conceptual
- also known as constitutive, is that which is given in
dictionaries. It is the academic or universal meaning
attributed to a word or group of works. Moreover, it is
mostly abstract and formal in nature.

Operational
- also known as functional. Operational definition may
be measured and experimental. The measured
operational definition states the way the concept is
measured in the investigation. In an experimental
 ● the names and locations of the companies
that published your copies of the sources
● the dates your copies were published
● the page numbers of your sources (if they
are part of multi- source volumes)

Difference of APA from MLA Referencing Style

MLA Style
- (Modern Language Association)
- used mostly in the arts and humanities. MLA style
focuses on the citation of books, anthologies, literary
works, audio-visual material, multimedia and similar
works with much more detail.

Lesson #8 & 9
Scope and Delimitation and Significance of the
Study

Scope of the Study

- Identifies what topic the researcher intends to cover
- explains what information or subject is being
analyzed.
- details how in-depth your study

Delimitation of the Study

- boundaries of the research study.
- explain why certain aspects of a subject were
chosen and why others were excluded.
- factors and variables not to be included in the
investigation such as sample size.

Guidelines in Writing Scope and Delimitation of

the Study
Bibliography
- Indicate the principal variable, locale and time frame.
- It is a list of all of the sources you have used
- Mention the group of participants/respondents to
(whether referenced or not) in the process of
whom you research directed to.
researching your work. In general, a bibliography
- Tell the subject matter of your study.
should include:
- Write the topics or information which are not
● the authors' names
included in your research.
● the titles of the works
Significance of the Study
- Define who will benefit out of the findings of the
study.
- written statement that explains why your research
was needed.
- justification of the importance of your work and
impact it has on your research field, it's contribution to
new knowledge and how others will benefit from it.

Possible Beneficiaries are:

- The subject itself.
- Experts who are concerned about the problem
- Administrators/policy-makers who make the
decisions and implement programs
- The future researchers.
- Those who are affected by the problem

Pointers in Writing Significance of the Study

Refers to the statement of the problem

- It can guide you in identifying the specific
contribution of your study.
- Observe a one-to-one correspondence between the
statement of the problem and the significance of the
study

Write from general to specific contribution

- Start by looking into the general contribution of your,
such as its importance to society as a whole.
- Then, look at the contribution to individuals which
may include yourself as a researcher.