Munich Personal RePEc Archive

A Study on Body Fat Percentage for

Physical Fitness and Prevention of
Obesity: A Two Compartment Model

Mohajan, Devajit and Mohajan, Haradhan

Department of Civil Engineering, Chittagong University of

Engineering Technology, Chittagong, Bangladesh, Department of
Mathematics, Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh

4 February 2023

Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/117158/
MPRA Paper No. 117158, posted 28 Apr 2023 12:53 UTC
 A Study on Body Fat Percentage for Physical Fitness and
Prevention of Obesity: A Two Compartment Model

Devajit Mohajan
Department of Civil Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology,
Chittagong, Bangladesh
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: +8801866207021

Haradhan Kumar Mohajan

Department of Mathematics, Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: +8801716397232

Abstract

The minimal amount of body fat is necessary for normal physiological functions that manages
body temperature, creates energy to perform all the physical activities, and protects the organs of
human body. Storage body fat consists of fat accumulation in adipose tissue. Total body fat in
human body is the sum of essential fat and storage fat. At present body fat percentage is
considered as one of the most accurate obesity evaluation tools. To determine body fat accurately
the clinicians should use the most appropriate, accurate, and accessible strategies available in the
scientific research area. Accurate measurement of body fat and lean body is essential for the
nutrition assessment, and an individual‟s overall health and well-being. In this study some
measurement processes are discussed to determine body fat percentage (BFP) properly of a
person by the analysis of two compartment model: fat mass and fat free mass.

Keywords: Body fat percentage, body mass, fat mass, obesity

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1. Introduction

Body composition and growth rate are key components of health sector. The body composition
variables are; lean body mass, bone mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage that influence
energy estimation (Jiménez, 2013). Appropriate, accurate, and accessible strategies are needed to
estimate an individual‟s adiposity, musculature, and body habitus (Vanderwall, 2017). Usually
the human body composition is analyzed with the two compartment model: i) fat compartment
(density 0.9g/cc at a temperature of 360 Celsius), which includes the entire content of chemical
fat or lipids in the body, and ii) fat-free compartment (density 1.1g/cc at a temperature of 360
Celsius), which includes all the rest of the body apart from fat (Brozek et al., 1963). The fat
compartment consists of full fat, such as subcutaneous fat, storage fat, and essential fats, and the
fat-free compartment contains not only lean body mass, such as muscle, bone, water, nerves,
veins and organic structures; but also 2% to 8% lipid, based on gender (Heyward & Wagner,
2004; Can et al., 2019).

The prevalence of global overweight and obesity have increased both in developed and
developing countries due to sedentary lifestyle that becomes a major health concern worldwide.
Obesity is a condition of abnormal or excess fat accumulation in adipose tissue, to the extent that
health may be impaired (WHO, 2005; Mohajan & Mohajan, 2023a). At present more than 1
billion (1 in 8 people) people are obese worldwide; among them 650 million are adults, 340
million are adolescents, and 39 million are children (WHO, 2011; Obesity Statistics, 2023,
Mohajan, 2022). It is estimated that by 2030, globally 1 in 5 women and 1 in 7 men will have
obesity (WHO, 2014; Ibrahim et al., 2021). Early evaluation of obesity and overweight status is
necessary to prevent and control obesity and overweight that is associated with diseases (Barton,
2010).

For physical fitness body fat percentage (BFP) plays a crucial role in distinguishing between
healthy and obese individuals in health science. BFP measures how much of the body‟s
composition is fat (Chiplonkar et al., 2017). It is also a function of age and gender due to
differences in hormones. For example, female hormone estrogen and male hormone testosterone
control the sexual characteristics of males and females, respectively. Overall mortality,

2
cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorder diseases, and obesity are related to BFP (Cordova et
al., 2012; Bunn et al., 2019).

Physical inactivity, genetic predisposition, and dietary lifestyles are some causes of obesity and
non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Accurate classification of overweight and obesity is
necessary for the proper treatment in healthcare. Body Mass Index (BMI) is the most popular
method, where only the weight and height of an individual are considered. But BMI alone is not
an absolute indicator of obesity (Suresh & Reddy, 2017). BFP has a greater ability to
differentiate between lean mass and fat mass compared to BMI. Hence, BFP helps to identify
healthy and obese individuals more efficiently. Various studies support that BFP is strongly
correlated with physical fitness and aerobic capacity (Shoebuddin & Daimi, 2019).

2. Literature Review

In any research, the literature review section is an introductory unit of research, where activities
of previous researchers focus briefly (Polit & Hungler, 2013). Literature review helps the new
researchers to appreciate the subject matter, and also it serves as an indicator of the subject that
has been carried out before (Creswell, 2007). Mahmood Safaei and his coauthors have tried to
find causes and consequences of obesity. They have also tried to mitigate threats of global obese
people (Safaei et al., 2021). Tom Geeson-Brown and his coworkers have tried to determine
differences in body composition between playing standard and age in male rugby union and
rugby league athletes. They have stressed that practitioners should prioritize training and
nutritional strategies that maximize fat-free mass development (Geeson-Brown et al., 2020).

Jennifer Bunn and her coworkers have classified adults in the USA according to cardiovascular
fitness (CVF), BMI, and body fat using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) data (Bunn et al., 2019). Thant Zin and his coauthors have measured average BMI
and mean BFP by body fat analyzer for obesity awareness promotion. They have stressed that
further investigation about the determinants of obesity and body fat, including age, sex, race,
nutrition, and changes over time, is necessary (Zin et al., 2014). Sema Can and her coauthors
have examined the effects of exercise preferences on BMI, body fat according to by self-report.

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In their study they have obtained that the combine exercises in both of gender, compared with
only aerobic and strength have a more positive effect on body mass index and body fat (Can et
al., 2019). Kathryn E. Bradbury and her coworkers have observed that in the general population,
physically active people have a lower body fat percentage after taking BMI into consideration
(Bradbury et al., 2017).

Shiva Shanth Reddy Ainala and his coauthors have studied how body fat can increase the risk of
having serious health issues, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol content, diabetes,
cancer etc. They have obtained that the body fat percentage depends on different factors, such as
age, weight, and gender (Ainala et al., 2015). Gupta Swaroopa Rani N has consulted on various
measuring techniques to determine body fat percentage. She believes that BFP is a measure of
fitness level, since it is the only body measurement which directly calculates an individual‟s
relative body composition without help of height or weight (Rani, 2015). Rodrigo da Silva
Guerra and his coauthors try to identify which equation, Siri or Brozek, based on the two
compartment model, provides a more accurate conversion of body density in BFP in a group of
older adults. In their study they observe that they found that Brozek equation may correspond to
a more accurate alternative than Siri equation for the conversion of body density (BD) in BFP
among older adults (Guerra et al., 2010).

Pawel Macek and his coauthors have aimed to determine optimal cut-off points for BFP, with a
view of predicting the cardiovascular risk factors related to obesity. They have obtained that
there are some other cardiovascular risk factors except obesity are age, gender, hypertension,
dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and family history
(Macek et al., 2020). Daniel Ter Goon and his coworkers have found that higher level of
excessive BFP among school children in Central Pretoria, South Africa, also girls have
significantly higher BFP compared to boys. They have also realized that racially, black children
are fatter than white children (Goon et al., 2013). (Mohajan et al., 2012, 2013; Ferdous &
Mohajan, 2022; Mohajan & Mohajan, 2022a-j, 2023a-w)

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3. Research Methodology of the Study

The research design is the plan of the researchers to develop research area that is underpinned by
philosophy (Tie et al., 2019). Methodology is the guideline to perform any kind of research in
any kind of field, where scientific methods are followed precisely and efficiently (Kothari,
2008). Therefore, research methodology is a strategy for planning, arranging, designing and
conducting a fruitful research confidently to obtain a successful result (Legesse, 2014). In this
paper we have tried to discuss two compartment model: fat mass and fat free mass. We have
started the main text with the highlight of total body fat that consists of two kinds of fats: a)
essential body fat, and b) storage body fat. Then we have taken attempt to discuss obesity,
afterward we have deliberated Body Fat Percentage (BFP) with various measurement methods.

In the study we have tried our best to maintain the reliability and validity, and also have tried to
cite references properly in the text and reference list (Das & Mohajan, 2014a,b,c; Moolio et al.,
2009). To prepare this article we have dependent on the secondary data sources. We have used
books of famous authors, handbooks, and theses. We have also collected valuable information
from websites and internets to enrich the paper (Islam et al., 2009a,b, 2010a,b, 2011a,b,c,
2012a,b,c, Mohajan, 2011a-d, 2012a-h, 2013a-j, 2014a-g, 2015a-e, 2016a,b,c, 2017a-g,
2018a-e, 2020a-e, 2021a-e, 2022a-d, Rahman & Mohajan, 2019; Roy et al., 2021).

4. Objective of the Study

Main objective of this study is to discuss BFP and its related matters. At present obesity and
obesity related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) become global health concern. Some other
trivial objectives of the study are as follows:
 to familiar with the two compartment model,
 to focus on the two types of body fat, and
 to introduce the measurement methods of BFP.

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5. Total Body Fat

Body fat is necessary to store lipids from which the body creates energy. It also secretes a
number of important hormones, and provides the body with some cushioning as well as
insulation (Kravitz & Heyward, 1992). Total body fat consists of two kinds of fats; i) essential
body fat, and ii) storage body fat, and both of them are vital to good health. Accurate estimation
of lean body mass and fat mass are necessary for maintaining the total health and well-being of
individuals (Vanderwall, 2017; Lozano-Berges et al., 2017).

5.1 Essential Body Fat

Essential body fat (EBF) is the minimal amount of fat necessary for normal physiological
function, such as regulation of body temperature, production of sexual hormones, good
neurological function, vitamin absorption, healthy metabolism, balance blood sugar, oxygen
absorption, etc. (Bouchard et al., 1988). It is also necessary for the regulation of glucose,
cholesterol, energy release and storage to maintain life (Rani, 2015). EBF is found in the heart,
brain, lungs, nerves, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles, and bone marrow. It is not
visible, as it locates deep inside the body (Ainala, 2015).

It varies from one person to the other, depending on sex and age; 2-5% in men (athletes 6-13%),
and 10-13% in women (athletes 14-20%) (Bean, 2009). Below the minimum levels of essential
body fat the body cannot effectively deliver macro- and micro- nutrients to organs that cause
deficiencies and electrolyte imbalances. Consequently, physical and physiological health would
be negatively affected (Heyward & Wagner, 2004). In this situation the risk of fracture,
sarcopenia (gradual loss of muscle mass, strength and function), damage to the heart muscle,
poor growth may happen, and even may cause death (Going et al., 2011). The total weight of the
body except fat that is mainly made up of skeletal muscle and bone, which contains 72% water,
21% protein, and 7% mineral; by weight, is called “fat-free mass”, where density is 1.1g/cc at a
temperature of 360 Celsius (Rani, 2015).

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5.2 Storage Body Fat

Storage body fat consists of fat accumulation in adipose tissue, in the form subcutaneous fat that
is found under the dermis and wrapped around vital organs, such as around the liver, pancreas,
heart, intestines, and kidneys. It is a combination of brown, beige, and white fat cells. It increases
or decreases depending on the weight gain or lose (Flynn et al., 2023). Too much storage fat,
especially in waist area, increases risk of various non-communicable diseases. On the other hand,
when storage fat becomes too little; causes various problems, such as difficulties in temperature
regulation, hunger, fatigue, depression, infertility in women, etc. (Ye et al., 2022).

Abdominal fat storage patterns are generally compared to the shape of an apple, called the
“android shape” that is more commonly found in males and post-menopausal females, and
individuals experience chronic stress for generated fats (Flynn et al., 2023). Healthful ranges of
storage body fat are 12 to 24% for males and 25 to 31% for females that accumulates due to
excess energy. Excessive amounts of storage fat results overweight and eventually to obesity,
and can have serious negative health implications, which is categorizes body fat greater than
25% in males and 32% in females (Muth, 2009). A female requires higher levels of both types of
fat than a male to maintain reproductive functions. For example, due to the demands of
childbearing and other hormonal functions females need more fat (Going et al., 2011).

6. Obesity

Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease that is developed in human body when series of excess
food taking happens such a way that energy intake exceeds consumption, i.e., the excess amount
of calories is taken in and less is burnt (Goettler et al., 2017; Chooi et al., 2019). The World
Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as an “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that
may impair health”, and one of “the fundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energy
imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended” (WHO, 2014, 2016).

The world is facing obesity endemic due to sedentary lifestyle and consumption of high fat diet.
Obesity and its related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have increased globally as a result of

7
urbanization, industrialization, and mechanical changes of the society (Ellulu et al., 2014).
Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risk for global deaths. At least 2.8 million adults die
each year due to obesity related diseases. Hence, obesity has become a major public health
problem worldwide. Inappropriate eating habits and insufficient physical activity are main causes
of the rapid increase of overweight and obesity (Babajide et al., 2020; Mohajan & Mohajan,
2023a).

Obesity affects several systems of human body, such as circulatory, digestive, musculoskeletal,
respiratory, reproductive systems, and also causes emotional tension and psychological problems
(Eker & Şahin, 2002). The most common two ways of measuring the level of obesity are Body
Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat Percentage (BFP). BMI is a general indicator of nutritional
status, while BFP is a better predictor of visceral fat mass (Kupusinac et al., 2017).

Obesity is related to short- and long- term morbidities, such as hypertension, cardiovascular
diseases, certain types of cancer, Alzheimer disease, asthma, osteoarthritis, metabolic syndrome,
musculoskeletal disorders, liver steatosis, gallbladder disease, obstructive sleep apnea,
hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (Mohajan & Mohajan, 2023a).
In a severely obese person, excess adipose tissue hanging downward from the abdomen is
referred to as a panniculus or pannus which seem like an “apron of skin” that cannot be
effectively corrected through diet and exercise alone; needs a surgery to cure (Winicki et al.,
2022).

7. Body Fat Percentage (BFP)

The amount of fat mass found on the body expressed as the total mass of fat divided by total
body mass, and multiplied by 100, i.e.,
Total mass of fat
BFP   100 . (1)
Total body mass
Usually it is used to monitor progress during a diet or as a measure of physical fitness for certain
sports, such as body building. Women have been found to have higher BFP than men
(Chiplonkar et al., 2017).

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Body Fat Percentage (BFP) is a measure of fitness level, since it is the only body measurement
that directly calculates body composition of an individual without the use of height and weight. It
varies according to sex and age (Jackson et al., 2002). The healthy range of body fat for men is
typically defined as 8-19%, while the healthy range for women is 21-33% (Kupusinac et al.,
2017). In males, mean BFP ranged from 23% at 16-19 years to 31% at 60-79 years. On the other
hand, in females, it ranged from 32% at 8-11 years to 42% at 60-79 years (Gallagher et al.,
2000). BFP score is interpreted by the American Council of Exercise and is given in Table 1
(ACE, 2010).

Description Female% Male%

Essential fat 10-13 2-5
Athletes 14-20 6-13
Fitness 21-24 14-17
Acceptable 25-31 18-24
Obese ≥ 32 ≥ 25

Table 1: Categories of BFP. Source: (Rani, 2015).

8. Measuring of BFP

Many specific techniques are used for measuring BFP. Actually BFP is an anthropometric
measure that is done by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), independent measures
of body water, computed tomography (CT), air displacement plethysmography (ADP) or bod
pods, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), body
fat calipers or skinfold thickness, water displacement, hydrodensitometry (underwater
weighing), body volume and total body potassium, etc. (Freedman et al., 2013; Wohlfahrt-Veje
et al., 2014). Some measuring techniques of BFP are as follows:

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8.1 US Navy Method

The US Navy Method of BFP measurement is developed James A. Hodgdon and M. B. Beckett,
in 1984, whose validity is acceptable and comparable to the gold standard. BFP formula for
female is (Hodgdon & Beckett, 1984);
496
BFPfemale   450 . (2)
1.29579  0.35004  log10 waist - hip - neck  0.22100  log10 height
BFP formula for male is (Hodgdon & Beckett, 1984);
496
BFPmale   450 . (3)
1.0324  0.19077  log10 waist - neck  0.15456  log10 height

8.2 Body Mass Index (BMI) Method

Belgian Flemish astronomer, mathematician, statistician, and sociologist, Lambert Adolphe

Jacque Quetelet (1796-1874), has developed Body Mass Index (BMI), what he called “social
physics” (Quetelet, 1835; Mardolkar, 2017). The Body Mass Index (BMI) is defined as the body
mass divided by the square of the body height, whose unit is kg / m 2 or lb / inch 2 ; where height
is measured in meters/inch, and mass in kilograms/pounds (Taylor et al., 1998). BMI scale
determines whether the person falls into one of five different categories, such as in underweight,
normal, overweight, obese, and severely obese (WHO, 2004, Mohajan & Mohajan, 2023b). The
metric formula of BMI is as follows (WHO, 2004):
masskg
BMI  , (4)
heightm2

where unit is kg / m 2 .

kg / m2
If pounds and inches are used, a conversion factor of 703  is applied to measure
lb / in2
BMI. Therefore, the English formula of BMI is as follows (WHO, 2004):
masslb
BMI   703 , (5)
heightin2

where unit is lb / inch 2 .

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Body Mass Index (BMI) typically is associated with adverse health effects at obese levels, but
cannot distinguish fat, bone, and lean masses very accurately. When we want to differentiate
between fat mass and fat free mass then BMI formula is not appropriate. Also BMI does not
show any difference between genders, but body fat normal ranges differ for males and females
(Martin, 2016). The racial analysis indicates that black children accumulated more percentage
body fat (20.1%) than the whites (19.0%) (Daniels et al., 2000). Therefore, BMI cannot always
properly infer the risk of chronic disease that is associated with a higher degree of body fat
(Cornier et al., 2011). Hence, it may be particularly misleading in hospital patients and
nutritional management system, and it is not a part of compartmental model (Bunn et al., 2019,
Mohajan & Mohajan, 2023b).

In BMI method the formula of body fat percentage (BFP) is as follows (Deurenberg et al., 1991):
BFP  1.2  BMI  0.23  Age  10 .8  Gender  5.4 (6)
where Gender = „1‟ for men and „0‟ for women.
From equation (6) we see that BFP of women is about 10% higher than that for men due to
demands of childbearing and other hormonal functions. Therefore, for body fat measurement
BMI gives no satisfactory result (Mohajan & Mohajan, 2023b).

8.3 Skinfold Method

Skinfold measurement tries to determine how much fat is in the body. This method is quick,
inexpensive, and easily can perform. It estimates body composition based on skinfold thickness
through the equations developed by Andrew Jackson and Michael. L. Pollock in 1985 (Jackson
& Pollock, 1985). A scientific device, caliper (plicometer) is used to pinch body fat softly and
measures skinfold thickness at 3 to 7 sites on the abdomen, midaxilla, triceps, pectoral area,
quadriceps, subscapular area, thigh, and suprailiac area in millimeters to calculate BFP in
subcutaneous adipose tissue. The four-site skinfold equations are unique for males and females
and use the same variables: Sum of the four skinfolds expressed in millimeters and age in years
(Vanderwall, 2017). For the accuracy of measurement skilled and expert technician, familiar and
higher quality of caliper and the individual‟s hydration status are needed (Lohman et al., 1984).

Four-site skinfold equation for males is given by (Jackson & Pollock, 1985),
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 
BFPmale  0.29288  sum of skinfolds in mm   0.0005  square of the sum of skinfolds in mm 2 
 0.15845  age in year   5.76377 . (7)
Four-site skinfold equation for females is given by (Jackson & Pollock, 1985),

BFPfemale  0.292669  sum of skinfolds in mm   0.00043  square of the sum of skinfolds in mm 2 
 0.02963  age in year   1.4072 , (8)
where the skinfold four sites (measured in millimeter) are abdominal, triceps, thigh, and
suprailiac.

8.4 Hydrodensitometry Method

Hydrodensitometry is considered as the gold standard for measuring volume. Body volume
originally was measured by hydrodensitometry. The density of a matter is defined as the mass
divided by its volume, i.e.,
Mass
Density  . (9)
Volume
In human body the density of fat mass is fairly constant, but the density of fat-free mass depends
on its composition, such as bone vs. tissue. Fat-free resources are denser than water, but fat is
less dense than water. Therefore, a person with a greater fat-free mass may have a greater density
than a person with a greater fat mass (Wells & Fewtrell, 2006).

The densitometry acts on the basis of fact that there are specific densities for fat mass and fat-
free mass (Vanderwall, 2017). Since fat tissue has a lower density than muscles and bones, it is
possible to estimate the fat content in the body. The BFP is calculated from the density using
either the Brozek or Siri estimation equation has established by American psychology educator,
scientist Josef Brozek (1913-2004) and American biophysicist, mountaineer and
environmentalist William E. Siri (1919-2004). The two compartment model, Brozek and Siri
equations are given as;
Brozek equation is (Brozek et al., 1963);
 4.570 
BFPBrozek    4.142   100 , (10)
  
where  represents the density in g/cc.

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Siri equation is (Siri, 1961);
 4.950 
BFPSiri    4.500  100 , (11)
  
where  represents the density in g/cc. Underwater weighing requires weighing individuals on
dry land, and then immersing them completely in water and weighing them again underwater.
The individual must be weighed underwater for 3 to 5 times to find a reliable average (Wells &
Fewtrell, 2006). The equipment can be used from a stainless steel tub to a cot mounted to an
underwater scale. During weighing the tub water can be in no movement. Air remaining in an
individual‟s lungs is not completely expelled, but tries to reduce as much as possible (Guerra et
al., 2010).

Hydrodensitometry measurement technique is inappropriate or uncomfortable for specific

individuals, such as for children and individuals with anxiety, panic, or posttraumatic stress
disorders due to the nature of the measurement method (Vanderwall, 2017).

9. Conclusions

In this study we have examined the effectiveness of anthropometric based two compartmental
formulas for predicting body fat percentage (BFP). In this study we have also observed that the
BMI-BFP relationship differs significantly between male and female. So that BMI cut-off values
may not be adequate to identify obesity in healthcare. We have seen that BMI has limited ability
to discriminate between fat and lean mass, and also BFP provides body composition better than
BMI. It is very important to have a healthy amount of body fat to regulate human body to
function properly. It is an established fact that physical activity and exercise are parts of a
healthy lifestyle that are essential for the healthy growth and proper functionality of the muscular
system and bone; which are also reduce the risk of obesity, stress and anxiety. Also appropriate
eating habits can help in this regard.

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Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 22(3), 317-337.

Flynn et al. (2023). Concepts of Fitness and Wellness. Georgia Highlands College.

15
Freedman, D. S., Horlick, M., & Berenson, G. S. (2013). A Comparison of the Slaughter
Skinfold-Thickness Equations and BMI in Predicting Body Fatness and Cardiovascular Disease
Risk Factor Levels in Children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98(6), 1417-1424.

Gallagher, D., Heymsfield, S. B., Heo, M., Jebb, S. A., Murgatroyd, P. R., & Sakamoto, Y.
(2000). Healthy Percentage Body Fat Ranges: An Approach for Developing Guidelines Based on
Body Mass Index. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(3), 694-701.

Geeson-Brown, T., Jones, B., Till, K., Chantler, S., & Deighton, K. (2020). Body Composition
Differences by Age and Playing Standard in Male Rugby Union and Rugby League: A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences,
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Goettler, A., Grosse, A., & Sonntag, D. (2017). Productivity Loss Due to Overweight and
Obesity: A Systematic Review of Indirect Costs, BMJ Open, 7, e014632.

Goon et al. (2013). Body Fat Percentage of Urban South African Children: Implications for
Health and Fitness, West Indian Medical Journal, 62(7), 582-588.

Guerra, R. S., Amaral, T. F., Marques, E., Mota, J., & Restivo, M. T. (2010). Accuracy of Siri
and Brozek Equations in the Percent Body Fat Estimation in Older Adults. Journal of
Nutrition, Health & Aging, 14(9), 744-748.

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US Children and Youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(4 Suppl 2), S77-S86.

Guerra, R. S. et al. (2010). Accuracy of Siri and Brozek Equations in the Percent Body Fat
Estimation in Older Adults. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 14, 744-748.

Heyward, V. H., & Wagner, D. (2004). Applied Body Composition Assessment. Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics.

Hodgdon, J. A., & Beckett, M. B. (1984). Prediction of Percent Body Fat for US Navy Men and
Women from Body Circumferences and Height. Reports No. 84-29 and 84-11. Naval Health
Research Center, San Diego, CA.

Ibrahim, S., & Akram, Z. et al. (2021). Overweight and Obesity Prevalence and Predictors in
People Living in Karachi. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(31), 194-202.

16
Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Moolio, P. (2009a). Preference of Social Choice in Mathematical
Economics. Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 3(1), 17-38.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Moolio, P. (2009b). Political Economy and Social Welfare with
Voting Procedure. KASBIT Business Journal, 2(1), 42-66.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Moolio, P. (2010a). Utility Maximization Subject to Multiple
Constraints. Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 4(1), 15-29.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., Moolio, P., & Reymond, P. (2010b). A Study on Global Human-
Immunodeficiency Virus and its Effect in Bangladesh. KASBIT Business Journal, 3(1), 64-87.

Islam, J.N.; Mohajan, H. K., & Moolio, P. (2011a), Output Maximization Subject to a Nonlinear
Constraint, KASBIT Business Journal, 4(2), 104-120.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Paul, J. (2011b). Taxes on Cars and Gasoline to Control of Air
Pollution: Suggested Models for Bangladesh. Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences,
5(2), 60-73.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Moolio, P. (2011c). Method of Voting System and Manipulation
of Voting. International Journal of Management and Transformation, 5(1), 10-34.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Datta, R. (2012a). Aspects of Microfinance System of Grameen
Bank of Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Research, 3(4), 76-96.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Datta, R. (2012b). Stress Management Policy Analysis: A
Preventative Approach. International Journal of Economics and Research, 3(6), 1-17.

Islam, J. N., Mohajan, H. K., & Moolio, P. (2012c). Borda Voting is Non-manipulable but
Cloning Manipulation is Possible. International Journal of Development Research and
Quantitative Techniques, 2(1), 28-37.

Jackson, A. S., & Pollock, M. L. (1985). Practical Assessment of Body Composition. Physician
& Sports medicine, 13(5), 76-90.

Jackson, A. S., Stanforth, P. R., Gagnon, J., Rankinen, T., Leon, A. S., Rao, D. C., Skinner, J. S.,
Bouchard, C., & Wilmore, J. H. (2002). The Effect of Sex, Age and Race On Estimating
Percentage Body Fat From Body Mass Index: The Heritage Family Study. International Journal
of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26(6), 789-796.

17
Jiménez, E. G. (2013). Body Composition: Assessment and Clinical Value. Endocrinología y
Nutrición, 60(2), 69-75.

Kothari, C. R. (2008). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd Ed.). New Delhi:
New Age International (P) Ltd.

Kravitz, L., & Heyward, V. H. (1992). Getting a Grip on Body Composition. IDEA Today, 10,
34-39.

Kupusinac, A. et al. (2017). What Kind of Relationship is Between Body Mass Index and Body
Fat Percentage? Journal of Medical Systems, 41(1), 5.

Legesse, B. (2014). Research Methods in Agribusiness and Value Chains. School of Agricultural
Economics and Agribusiness, Haramaya University.

Lohman, T. G., Pollock, M. L., Slaughter, M. H., Brandon, L. J., & Boileau, R. A. (1984).
Methodological Factors and the Prediction of Body Fat in Female Athletes.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 16(1), 92-96.

Lozano-Berges, G. et al. (2017). Assessing Fat Mass of Adolescent Swimmers Using

Anthropometric Equations: A DXA Validation Study. Research
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 88(2), 230-236.

Macek, P. et al. (2020). Optimal Body Fat Percentage Cut-Off Values in Predicting the Obesity-
Related Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study. Diabetes, Metabolic
Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13, 1587-1597.

Mardolkar, M. (2017). Body Mass Index (BMI) Data Analysis and Classification. International
Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 6(2), 8-16.

Martin, M. E. (2016). Comparison of Quick Methods for Determining Body Composition in

Female Collegiate Athletes and Obese Females. Theses and Dissertations-Dietetics and Human
Nutrition, University of Kentucky.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022a). Mathematical Analysis of SEIR Model to Prevent
COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 11(4), 5-30.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022b). Utility Maximization Analysis of an Emerging Firm: A
Bordered Hessian Approach. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 22(4), 292-308.

18
Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022c). Sensitivity Analysis among Commodities and Coupons
during Utility Maximization. Frontiers in Management Science, 1(3), 13-28.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022d). Importance of Total Coupon in Utility Maximization:
A Sensitivity Analysis. Law and Economy, 1(5), 65-67.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022e). Development of Grounded Theory in Social Sciences:
A Qualitative Approach. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 1(5), 13-24.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022f). Exploration of Coding in Qualitative Data Analysis:
Grounded Theory Perspective. Research and Advances in Education, 1(6), 50-60.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022g). Memo Writing Procedures in Grounded Theory
Research Methodology. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 1(4), 10-18.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022h). Constructivist Grounded Theory: A New Research
Approach in Social Science. Research and Advances in Education, 1(4), 8-16.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022i). Feminism and Feminist Grounded Theory: A
Comprehensive Research Analysis. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and
People, 11(3), 49-61.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2022j). Profit Maximization Strategy in an Industry: A

Sustainable Procedure. Law and Economy, 1(3), 17-43.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023a). Sensitivity Analysis among Commodities and Prices:
Utility Maximization Perceptions. Law and Economy, 2(2), 1-16.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023b). Straussian Grounded Theory: An Evolved Variant in
Qualitative Research. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 2(2), 33-40.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023c). Sensitivity Analysis between Lagrange Multipliers and
Consumer Coupon: Utility Maximization Perspective. Frontiers in Management Science, 2(1),
14-25.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023d). Utility Maximization Analysis of an Organization: A

Mathematical Economic Procedure. Law and Economy, 2(1), 1-15.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023e). Classic Grounded Theory: A Qualitative Research on
Human Behavior. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 2(1), 1-7.

19
Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023f). Sensitivity Analysis between Commodity and Budget:
Utility Maximization Case. Law and Economy, 2(3), 10-21.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023g). Sensitivity Analysis for Profit Maximization with
Respect to Per Unit Cost of Subsidiary Raw Materials. Frontiers in Management Science, 2(2),
13-27.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023h). Families of Grounded Theory: A Theoretical Structure
for Novel Researchers. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 2(1), 56-65.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023i). Broca Index: A Simple Tool to Measure Ideal Body
Weight. Innovation in Science and Technology, 2(2), 21-24.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023j). Obesity and Its Related Diseases: A New Escalating
Alarming in Global Health. Journal of Innovations in Medical Research, 2(3), 12-23.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023k). Body Mass Index (BMI) is a Popular Anthropometric
Tool to Measure Obesity among Adults. Unpublished Manuscript.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023l). Sensitivity Analysis of Inputs of an Organization: A

Profit Maximization Exploration. Law and Economy, 2(4), 32-48.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023m). Ponderal Index: An Important Anthropometric

Indicator for Physical Growth. Unpublished Manuscript.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023n). Long-Term Regular Exercise Increases O2max for
Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Innovation in Science and Technology, 2(2), 38-43.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023o). Sensitivity Analysis between Lagrange Multipliers and
Consumer Budget: Utility Maximization Case. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic
Series, 23(1), 167-185.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023p). Glaserian Grounded Theory and Straussian Grounded
Theory: Two Standard Qualitative Research Approaches in Social Science. Journal of Economic
Development, Environment and People, 12(1), 72-81.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023q). Economic Situations of Lagrange Multiplier When
Costs of Various Inputs Increase for Nonlinear Budget Constraint. Studies in Social Science &
Humanities, 2(4), 40-64.

20
Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023r). Sensitivity Analysis for Utility Maximization: A Study
on Lagrange Multipliers and Commodity Coupons. Journal of Economic Development,
Environment, and People, 12(1), 25-40.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023s). Anorexia Nervosa: A Dreadful Psychosocial Health
Complication. Unpublished Manuscript.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023t). Bulimia Nervosa: A Psychiatric Problem of Disorder.
Unpublished Manuscript.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023u). Binge-Eating: A Life-Threatening Eating Disorder.

Unpublished Manuscript.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023v). Panniculus Morbidus: A New Global Health Crisis
Due to Extreme Obesity. Unpublished Manuscript.

Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023w). Abdominal Elephantiasis: An Obstructive Disease Due
to Extreme Obesity. Unpublished Manuscript.

Mohajan, H. K. (2011a). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Increase Global Warming. International

Journal of Economic and Political Integration, 1(2), 21-34.

Mohajan, H. K. (2011b). The NNP and Sustainability in Open Economy: Highlights on Recent
World Economy and on Open Economy of Bangladesh. KASBIT Business Journal, 4(2), 32-47.

Mohajan, H. K. (2011c). Optimal Environmental Taxes Due to Health Effect. KASBIT Business
Journal, 4(1), 1-19.

Mohajan, H. K. (2011d). The Real Net National Product in Sustainable Development. KASBIT
Business Journal, 4(2), 90-103.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012a). Green Marketing is a Sustainable Marketing System in the Twenty First
Century. International Journal of Management and Transformation, 6(2), 23-39.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012b). Aspects of Green Marketing: A Prospect for Bangladesh. International

Journal of Economics and Research, 3(3), 1-11.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012c). Importance of Green Marketing at Present and Future. Lambert

Academic Publishing, Germany.

21
Mohajan, H. K. (2012d). Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the USA. Indus Journal of Management
& Social Sciences, 6(2), 132-148.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012e). Relation between Lease Finance and Purchase. International Journal of
Economics and Research, 3(3), 146-158.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012f). Air Pollution Causes Health Effects and Net National Product of a
Country Decreases: A Theoretical Framework. International Journal of Development Research
and Quantitative Techniques, 2(2), 3-10.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012g). Certainty and Uncertainty in Cap and Trade System or in Carbon Tax
for Green Accounting to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Indus Journal of Management &
Social Sciences, 6(2), 108-122.

Mohajan, H. K. (2012h). Social Welfare and Social Choice in Different Individuals‟ Preferences.
International Journal of Human Development and Sustainability, 5(1), 11-22.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013a). Economic Development of Bangladesh. Journal of Business

Management and Administration, 1(4), 41-48.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013b). Ethiopia: A Socio-economic Study. Journal of Business Management

and Administration, 1(5), 59-74.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013c). Friedmann, Robertson-Walker (FRW) Models in Cosmology. Journal

of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 1(3), 158-164.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013d). Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change. Lambert
Academic Publishing, Germany.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013e). Poverty and Economic Development of Kenya. International Journal of

Information Technology and Business Management, 18(1), 72-82.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013f). Global Food Price Hike is a Burden to the Poor. International Journal
of Information Technology and Business Management, 19(1), 1-15.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013g). Food, Agriculture and Economic Situation of Bangladesh. MPRA

Paper No. 54240. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/54240/

22
Mohajan, H. K. (2013h). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Small Industries and its Impact on
Global Warming. KASBIT Business Journal, 6(1&2), 1-13.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013i). Scope of Raychaudhuri Equation in Cosmological Gravitational

Focusing and Space-time Singularities. Peak Journal of Physical and Environmental Science
Research, 1(7), 106–114.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013j). Violation of Human Rights in Bangladesh. Lambert Academic

Publishing, Germany.

Mohajan, H. K. (2014a). Greenhouse Gas Emissions of China. Journal of Environmental

Treatment Techniques, 1(4), 190-202.

Mohajan, H. K. (2014b). Chinese Sulphur Dioxide Emissions and Local Environment Pollution.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(6), 265-276.

Mohajan, H. K. (2014c). The Most Fatal 2014 Outbreak of Ebolavirus Disease in Western
Africa. American Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease, 2(4), 101-108.

Mohajan, H. K. (2014d). Improvement of Health Sector in Kenya. American Journal of Public

Health Research, 2(4), 159-169.

Mohajan, H. K. (2014e). Food and Nutrition of Bangladesh. Peak Journal of Food Science and
Technology, 2(1), 1-17.

Mohajan, H. K. (2014f). Gravitational Collapse of a Massive Star and Black Hole Formation.
International Journal of Reciprocal Symmetry & Theoretical Physics, 1(2), 125–140.

Mohajan, H. K. (2014g). General Upper Limit of the Age of the Universe. ARPN Journal of
Science and Technology, 4(1), 4-12.

Mohajan, H. K. (2015a). Sustainable Development Policy of Global Economy. American

Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(1), 12-29.

Mohajan, H. K. (2015b). Present and Future of Nestlé Bangladesh Limited. American Journal of
Food and Nutrition, 3(2), 34-43.

Mohajan, H. K. (2015c). Basic Concepts of Differential Geometry and Fibre Bundles. ABC
Journal of Advanced Research, 4(1), 57-73.

23
Mohajan, H. K. (2015d). Tuberculosis is a Fatal Disease among Some Developing Countries of
the World. American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, 3(1), 18-31.

Mohajan, H. K. (2015e). Generalization of Euler and Ramanujan‟s Partition Function. Asian

Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 4(3), 167-190.

Mohajan, H. K. (2016a). An Analysis of Knowledge Management for the Development of

Global Health. American Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4), 38-57.

Mohajan, H. K. (2016b). Global Hyperbolicity in Space-time Manifold. International Journal of

Professional Studies, 1(1), 14-30.

Mohajan, H. K. (2016c). Singularities in Global Hyperbolic Space-time Manifold. Asian Journal

of Applied Science and Engineering, 5(1), 41-58.

Mohajan, H. K. (2017a). Roles of Communities of Practice for the Development of the Society.
Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 6(3), 27-46.

Mohajan, H. K. (2017b). Two Criteria for Good Measurements in Research: Validity and
Reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series, 17(3), 58-82.

Mohajan, H. K. (2017c). Optimization Models in Mathematical Economics. Journal of Scientific

Achievements, 2(5), 30-42.

Mohajan, H. K. (2017d). A Brief Analysis of de Sitter Universe in Relativistic Cosmology.

Journal of Scientific Achievements, 2(11), 1-17.

Mohajan, H. K. (2017e). Development of Einstein‟s Static Cosmological Model of the Universe.

Journal of Scientific Achievements, 2(7), 18-30.

Mohajan, H. K. (2017f). Analysis of Reciprocity and Substitution Theorems, and Slutsky

Equation. Noble International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 2(3), 54-75.

Mohajan, H. K. (2017g). Research Methodology. Aspects of Mathematical Economics, Social

Choice and Game Theory, PhD Thesis. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 10, 1-20.

Mohajan, H. K. (2018a). Qualitative Research Methodology in Social Sciences and Related

Subjects. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 2(1), 19-46.

24
Mohajan, H. K. (2018b). Aspects of Mathematical Economics, Social Choice and Game Theory.
PhD Dissertation, Jamal Nazrul Islam Research Centre for Mathematical and Physical Sciences
(JNIRCMPS), University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Mohajan, H. K. (2018c). The Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar are Victim of Genocide! ABC
Journal of Advanced Research, 7(1), 59-72.

Mohajan, H. K. (2018d). Medical Errors Must be Reduced for the Welfare of the Global Health
Sector. International Journal of Public Health and Health Systems, 3(5), 91-101.

Mohajan, H. K. (2018e). Analysis of Food Production and Poverty Reduction of Bangladesh.

Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series, 18(1), 191-205.

Mohajan, H. K. (2020a). Quantitative Research: A Successful Investigation in Natural and Social

Sciences. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 9(4), 50-79.

Mohajan, H. K. (2020b). COVID-19–The Most Fatal Pandemic Outbreak: An Analysis of

Economic Consequences. Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series, 20(2), 127-146.

Mohajan, H. K. (2020c). The COVID-19 in Italy: Remedies to Reduce the Infections and Deaths.
Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 7(2), 59-66.

Mohajan, H. K. (2020d). Most Fatal Pandemic COVID-19 Outbreak: An Analysis of Economic

Consequences. Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series, 20(2), 127-146.

Mohajan, H. K. (2020e). Circular Economy can Provide a Sustainable Global Society. Journal of
Economic Development, Environment and People, 9(3), 38-62.

Mohajan, H. K. (2021a). Aspects of Global COVID-19 Pandemic. Lambert Academic

Publishing, Germany.

Mohajan, H. K. (2021b). Global COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevention and Protection Techniques.

Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 10(1), 51-72.

Mohajan, H. K. (2021c). Estimation of Cost Minimization of Garments Sector by Cobb-

Douglass Production Function: Bangladesh Perspective. Annals of Spiru Haret University.
Economic Series, 21(2), 267-299.

Mohajan, H. K. (2021d). Product Maximization Techniques of a Factory of Bangladesh: A

Sustainable Procedure. American Journal of Economics, Finance and Management, 5(2), 23-44.

25
Mohajan, H. K. (2021e). Third Industrial Revolution Brings Global Development. Journal of
Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(4), 239-251.

Mohajan, H. K. (2022a). Four Waves of Feminism: A Blessing for Global Humanity. Studies in
Social Science & Humanities, 1(2), 1-8.

Mohajan, H. K. (2022b). An Overview on the Feminism and Its Categories. Research and
Advances in Education, 1(3), 11-26.

Mohajan, H. K. (2022c). Cost Minimization Analysis of a Running Firm with Economic Policy.
Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 22(3), 317-337.

Mohajan, H. K. (2022d). Mathematical Analysis of SIR Model for COVID-19 Transmission.

Journal of Innovations in Medical Research, 1(2), 1-18.

Mohajan, H. K., Datta, R., & Das, A. K. (2012). Emerging Equity Market and Economic
Development: Bangladesh Perspective. International Journal of Economics and Research, 3(3),
128-145.

Mohajan, H. K., Islam, J. N., & Moolio, P. (2013). Optimization and Social Welfare in
Economics. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany.

Moolio, P., Islam, J. N., & Mohajan, H. K. (2009). Output Maximization of an Agency. Indus
Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(1), 39-51.

Muth, N. D. (2009). What are the Guidelines for Percentage of Body Fat Loss? American
Council on Exercise. https://www.acefitness.org/acefit/healthy-living-article/60/112/what-are-
theguidelines-for-percentage-of-body-fat

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Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, UK.

Polit, D. F., & Hungler, B. P. (2013). Essentials of Nursing Research: Methods, Appraisal, and
Utilization (8th Ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Quetelet, A. (1835). Sur L’homme et le Développement de ses Facultés, Essai D’une Physique
Sociale, 2 vols. Paris: Bachelier.

26
Rahman, M. M., & Mohajan, H. K. (2019). Rohingya-The Stateless Community Becoming the
Lost Generation. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 8(2), 24-36.

Rani, G. S. N. (2015). Different Measuring Techniques for Body Fat Analysis. International
Research Journal of Science and Engineering, 3(3), 92-106.

Roy, L., Molla, R., & Mohajan, H. K. (2021). Cost Minimization is Essential for the
Sustainability of an Industry: A Mathematical Economic Model Approach. Annals of Spiru
Haret University Economic Series, 21(1), 37-69.

Safaei, M., Sundararajan, E. A., Driss, M., Boulila, W., & Shapi, A. (2021). A Systematic
Literature Review on Obesity: Understanding the Causes & Consequences of Obesity and
Reviewing Various Machine Learning Approaches Used to Predict Obesity. Computers in
Biology and Medicine, 136(2021), 104754.

Shoebuddin, M., & Daimi, S. B. (2019). Correlation of Percentage Body Fat with Physical
Efficiency Index and Maximal Oxygen Uptake. National Journal of
Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 9(7), 586-589.

Siri, W. E. (1961). Body Composition from Fluid Spaces and Density: Analysis of Methods. In
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Suresh, N., & Reddy, R. P. L. (2017). Effect of Lifestyle on Body Fat Percentage and Visceral
Fat in Indian Women with above Normal Body Mass Index. International Journal of Current
Research and Review, 9(19), 32-36.

Taylor, R. W., Keil, D., Gold, E. J., Williams, S. M., & Goulding, A. (1998). Body Mass Index,
Waist Girth, and Waist-to-Hip Ratio as Indexes of Total and Regional Adiposity in Women:
Evaluation Using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves. American Journal of Clinical
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Tie, Y. C., Birks, M., & Francis, K. (2019). Grounded Theory Research: A Design Framework
for Novice Researchers. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, 1-8.

Vanderwall, C. (2017). Assessing and Monitoring Body Composition: Learn about Different
Methods of Monitoring Body Composition for Weight Management Throughout the Life Cycle
and How to Apply Them to a Variety of Patient Care Settings. Today’s Dietitian, 1-14.

27
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Winicki, N.M. et al. (2022). Panniculus Morbidus Resection Complicated by Multiple

Gastrointestinal Hernias: A Case Report. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 80 (2022), 104177.

Wohlfahrt-Veje, C., &Tinggaard, J. et al. (2014). Body Fat throughout Childhood in 2647
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