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भारतीय मानक IS 17452 : 2020

Indian Standard

पूर्वढलित उत्पादों के लिए एल्कली एक्टिवेटिड

कंक्रीट का उपयोग — दिशानिर्देश

Use of Alkali Activated Concrete for

Precast Products — Guidelines

ICS 91.100

© BIS 2020

भारतीय मानक ब्रयू ो

B U R E A U O F I N D I A N S TA N D A R D S
मानक भवन, 9 बहादरु शाह ज़फर मार्ग, नई िदल्ली – 110002
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI-110002
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Cement Matrix Products Sectional Committee, CED 53

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Cement
Matrix Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
The advancements in material sciences have led to development of altogether alternative binding material to
concrete in the form of alkali activated concrete or geopolymer concrete (which is considered part of broad group
of alkali activated materials). Alkali activated concrete are a relatively newer class of building material. Owing to
increased environmental concerns as well as diminishing natural resources alkali activated concrete are spotted as
a valuable alternative for Portland cement. Alkali activated concrete can have similar cementing characteristics as
Portland cement, but they can be produced out of by-products from other industry (for example, fly ash) or less
energy craving and CO2 emitting materials (for example, calcined clay) using alkali activators.
The study of the alkali activation process of aluminosilicate sources (for example, fly ash and calcined clay)
as a method of synthesizing new cementitious materials is gaining relevance in the scientific community. The
increasing number of scientific publications as well as international events dedicated to this topic is proof of it.
Currently, there are, however, not many practical applications.
The alternative works out to be green and sustainable but there are apprehensions regarding costs, testing methods
and field performance.
A lot of research is being carried out nationally and internationally. Based on researches conducted, it is apt time
to have standard guidelines relating to production and use of geopolymer concrete as a potential supplement/
compliment to hydraulic cement concrete.
In the formulation of this standard, assistance has been drawn from Austroads Specifications, SINTEF
report on geopolymers, RILEM state-of-the-art report on alkali activated materials, geopolymer
(chemistry and applications) by Joseph Davidovits, and the extensive experimental work carried out by the
National Council for Cement and Building Materials, India.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given at Annex B.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )’. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
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IS 17452 : 2020

Indian Standard
USE OF ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR
PRECAST PRODUCTS — GUIDELINES
1 SCOPE a) Pulverized fuel ash conforming to IS 3812
(Part 1).
1.1 This standard specifies constituent materials, mix b) Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)
design procedure, curing requirements, for solid, conforming to IS 16714.
unreinforced precast alkali activated concrete.
The potential applications can be paver blocks, c) Metakaolin conforming to IS 16354.
kerb stones, blocks, etc. The grades shall be limited d) Calcined clay conforming to IS 1344.
up to M 40. e) Silica fume conforming to IS 15388.
NOTE — The widely accepted practices have been of utilizing
1.2 The precast products produced using alkali
a combination of GGBFS and fly ash for producing alkali
activated concrete as per this standard shall not be activated concrete.
used for structural applications without satisfactory
data regarding safety and results of testing for required 4.2 Alkali Activators
strength parameters. The activators used for preparation of alkali activated
concrete shall include any one or more of the following:
2 REFERENCES
a) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) conforming to IS 252.
The standards given in Annex A contain provisions
b) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) conforming to
which through reference in this text constitute
IS 6831.
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication,
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are c) Sodium silicate (alkaline grade) conforming to
subject to revision and parties to agreements based IS 381.
on this standard are encouraged to investigate the d) Potassium silicate conforming to IS 8813.
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the e) Sodium carbonate conforming to IS 251.
standards indicated in Annex A.
f) Potassium carbonate conforming to IS 7129.
3 DEFINITIONS NOTE — The most commonly used activators are sodium
hydroxide, sodium sillicate, combination of sodium sillicate
For the purpose of this standard the definition given and sodium hydroxide, combination of potassium silicate and
below shall apply. potassium hydroxide. It is pertinent to mention that for sodium
silicates alkaline grade of activators are required.
3.1 Alkali Activated Materials
4.3 Admixtures
Alkali activation is a generic term which is
The admixtures to be employed for usage in making
applied to the reaction of a solid aluminosilicate
alkali activated concrete can be any one of the
(termed the ‘precursor’) under alkaline conditions
following:
(induced by the ‘alkali activator’), to produce a
hardened binder which is based on a combination of a) Sulphonated napthalene formaldehyde,
hydrous alkali-aluminosilicate and/or alkali-alkali sulphonated melamine formaldehyde and
earth-aluminosilicate phases. Additional terminology lignosulphonates based chemical admixtures.
which is often used with regard to these materials can b) Sucrose.
include ‘geopolymer’ nomenclature which is used to c) Any other compatible admixture, such as organic
describe low-calcium alkali-activated aluminosilicate acids like diluted tartaric acid, citric acid, etc.
binders. In geopolymers the pseudo-zeolitic network However, no detrimental effect shall be observed
structure is formed rather than chain characteristic of on the concrete. It is pertinent to mention that
calcium sillicate hydrates. not only the admixtures but the role of binding
materials and activators is more pronounced in
4 MATERIALS
controlling workability.
4.1 Binding Materials 4.4 Coarse Aggregates
The binding materials used for preparation of alkali Coarse aggregates shall conform to the requirements of
activated concrete shall include any one or more of the IS 383.
following:

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IS 17452 : 2020

4.5 Fine Aggregates Sl Target Minimum Maximum

Fine aggregates shall conform to the requirements of No. Compressive Binder Total
IS 383. Strength Material Water-Binder
MPa Content (Dry) Material Ratio
4.6 Water
(1) (2) (3) (4)
The water used in production of concrete shall conform
to the requirements specified in IS 456. i) 10 Mpa 280 0.60
ii) 20 MPa 320 0.50
4.7 Preferred Composition
iii) 30 MPa 350 0.45
The following guidelines can be adopted for the mix
design: iv) 40 MPa 400 0.40
a) Dry binding material shall not be less than The reactive SiO2/Al2O3 ratio by weight of dry binding
280 kg/m3. The composition should include material should be broadly in range given in 4.7.
reactive SiO2 between 15 to 40 percent by weight c) Step 3: Selection of Dosage of Activator
of total binding material and the preferable ratio
of reactive SiO2/Al2O3 by mass in dry binding 1) The Na2O percent shall preferably be kept
material is 2.5 to 4. as 5 to 10 percent of dry binder material (by
NOTES
weight). In cases when desired compressive
strength is not achieved then this dosage may
1 The dry binding material doesn’t include any contribution
from activators or activating solutions. The preferred chemical be increased.
composition of dry binding material can be achieved by using 2) The activator modulus of solution
two or more binding materials from the list given in 4.1. This (SiO2/Na2O) should preferably be kept
can be achieved by mixing different binders in ratios by trial between 0.6 to 2. As a guiding principle,
and error (for example, trying GGBF : fly ash : 30 : 70 by mass
and checking chemical composition of mix using individual
usually the mixes containing more fly ash
values of mix) so as to achieve the chemical composition of generally require lesser activator modulus and
final mix as given above. mixes containing more GGBFS require higher
2 Procedures for reactive SiO2 and Al2O3 determination may be activator modulus.
referred from IS 3812 (Part 1) and IS 1727 respectively. 3) Calculate total SiO2 required based on selected
b) The Na2O percent in the activator solution added activator modulus and Na2O percent selected.
to the mix shall not be less than 5 percent of dry 4) Calculate dosage of sodium (or potassium)
binding material by mass. sillicate required based on SiO2 required from
c) The activator modulus (SiO2/Na2O by mass) activator. The composition of sodium sillicate
should preferably be kept less than 2 and greater is critical here. The grade of sodium sillicate
than 0.6. should preferably be alkaline and in gel form.
d) The total water to dry binding material ratio by For example, commonly available commercial
mass shall be kept less than 0.60. sodium sillicate gel usually has a composition:
NOTE — The total water in the mix means total water in the SiO2 = 30 to 35 percent, Na2O = 12 to 18
mix that is, water already present in activators and water added percent, H2O = 40 to 50 percent). However, for
to the mix. Some activators like sodium hydroxide, sodium calculations purpose, exact amount is required.
sillicate gel have some water already present. The same water
is counted as water from activators. Added water is total water
5) Based on the calculated amount of sodium
in the mix required (based on water to dry binding material) sillicate gel, calculate Na2O in kg contributed
minus water present in the activators. by the gel. Based on this calculation, calculate
remaining Na2O (in kg) required (from total
5 MIX DESIGN Na2O percent selected in first point of the step).
5.1 The design for 1 m3 concrete mix 6) The remaining Na2O (in kg) has to come
(for mixes workable up to 30 min) shall be carried out through NaOH taken.
step-wise as given below: 7) Calculate NaOH (in kg) based on remaining
a) Step 1: Selection of Target Compressive Strength Na2O required (in kg). (1 g NaOH = 0.775 g
Na2O + 0.225 g H2O)
Target compressive strength = (fck + 10 MPa).
Higher value may be adopted, if required keeping in d) Step 4: Preparation of Activator Solution
view the variations in standard deviations in mixes. 1) Take total amount of NaOH (in kg) required
For lower grades a lower value may be adopted. for mix in a container of suitable size.
b) Step 2: Selection of Binder Content and Water 2) Take an amount of water equal to 3 to 4 times
Binder Ratio (Based on MSA 20 mm) by mass of total NaOH taken in a separate
The typical ratios are given below. For container (this amount is to be deducted from
intermediate grades, the values can be interpolated. total water required for the mix).

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IS 17452 : 2020

3) Mix the total NaOH taken and water taken Step 2: Selection of Binder Content and
as calculated in previous step preferably Water-Binder Ratio
12 h to 24 h before casting. This is done to Binder content = 400 kg, water-binder ratio = 0.45,
dissipate heat (being safety concern) and to get Fly ash = 0.7 × 400 = 280 kg, GGBFS = 0.3 × 400 =
volume of solution stabilized.
120 kg
4) Mix the calculated amount of sodium silicate
gel in the prepared solution (as prepared in Step 3: Selection of Dosage of Activator
previous steps) 3 to 5 h before casting. a) Na2O percent = 8 percent of dry binder material
NOTES (by mass) = 8 × 400/100 = 32 kg
1 For larger amount of dissolution of NaOH additional water b) Taking activator modulus of solution SiO2/Na2O
may be added to the mix to account for evaporation losses and = 1.5
solutions must be prepared in covered containers.
c) Total SiO2 required based on selected activator
2 Suitable safety precautions shall be taken while handling of
chemicals and solutions. modulus = 1.5 × 32 = 48 kg
e) Step 5: Calculating Remaining Water for the Mix d) Dosage of sodium sillicate = 48/0.33 = 145 kg
Remaining water = Total water required from Assumed composition of sodium Sillicate gel
total water to binding materials ratio – water is: SiO2 percent = 33 percent, Na2O percent =
from sodium sillicate gel – water from sodium 15 percent, H2O = 52 percent
hydroxide – water already mixed to prepare e) Na2O in kg coming from the gel = 0.15 × 145
solution of sodium hydroxide. = 22 kg
f) Step 6: Calculation of Total Aggregate Quantity f) Remaining Na2O in kg required = 32 – 22 = 10 kg
1) Total aggregate quantity required g) NaOH in kg = 10/0.775 = 13kg
(volume in m3) (using say two binders,
Binder 1 and Binder 2 weighed in kg) Step 4: Preparation of activator solution
= 1 – {(Binder 1/sp. gr. of Binder 1 × 1 000) + Prepare solution of NaOH. The volume of solution
(Binder 2/sp. gr. of Binder 2 × 1 000) + may be taken equal to water added. In this case, the
(Remaining water required / 1 × 1 000) + water added shall be 13 kg × 3 = 39 litre
(Sodium sillicate gel/sp. gr. of sod. silicate
Step 5: Calculation of Remaining Water for the Mix
× 1 000) + (NaOH solution/sp. gr. NaOH
solution × 1 000)} Remaining water = 0.40 × 400 – 145 × 0.52 –
NOTE — The adjustments for air content may also be taken in
13 × 0.225 – 39 = 162 – 75 – 2.93 – 39 = 45 litre
account as per IS 10262 for more accurate calculations. Step 6: Calculation of Total Aggregate Quantity
2) The specific gravity of NaOH solution prepared Total aggregate quantity required (volume in m3)
shall be determined exactly or in case not = 1 – {(120/2.96 × 1 000) + (280/2.25 × 1 000) +
possible may be assumed between 1.24 to 1.30. (45/1 × 1 000) + (145/1.55 × 1 000) + (39/1.29 × 1 000)}
g) Step 7: Selection of Percentage Fine Aggregate = 1 – 0.041 – 0.124 – 0.045 – 0.034 – 0.030 = 0.726
and Calculation of Fine Aggregate Quantity
(Assumed: sp. gr., GGBFS = 2.96, fly ash = 2.25,
1) The fine aggregate should be as per IS 10262. sodium sillicate gel = 1.55, sodium hydroxide solution
The exact percentage shall be arrived by = 1.29)
experience and workability and cohesiveness
of the mix. Step 7: Selection of Percentage Fine Aggregate and
2) Calculate fine aggregate in kg as: Calculation of Fine Aggregate Quantity
Fine aggregate = (selected fine aggregate Taking fine aggregate as 38 percent of total aggregates
percent/100) × total aggregate volume in m3 × by mass, calculate fine aggregate in kg as:
density in kg/m3 × 1 000 Fine aggregate = 0.726 × 1 000 × 2.72 × 0.38 = 750 kg
h) Step 8: Calculation of Coarse Aggregate (Assumed fine aggregate specific gravity = 2.72,
The remaining quantity of aggregate shall be the coarse Fine aggregate percent say 38 percent)
aggregate and can be calculated in similar procedure as
given in previous step. Step 8: Calculation of Coarse Aggregate
Example: a) Coarse aggregate = (1 – 0.38) × 2.73 × 1 000 ×
0.726 = 1230 kg (Assumed coarse aggregate
Problem Statement – Mix: M 30, fly ash: GGBFS in specific gravity = 2.73)
binder = 70 : 30 (arrived based on 4.7)
b) Coarse aggregate 20 mm = 0.6 × 1 230 kg =
Solution: 738 kg, coarse aggregate 10 mm = 0.4 × 1230 kg =
Step 1: Selection of Target Compressive Strength 492 kg (assuming ratio of coarse aggregates
Target compressive strength = 30 + 10 = 40 Mpa 20 mm : 10 mm is 60 : 40 by mass)

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IS 17452 : 2020

6 CURING d) No operations should be allowed, including

Curing method mainly depends upon the raw materials handling and storage of materials, mixing,
used and mix composition. Some of the curing methods production and placement operations without
may be thermal curing, water curing and curing with proper personal protective equipment
curing compounds. Curing method may be decided with including gloves, masks, safety shoes and eye
a view to achieving the requisite concrete properties. protectors.
However, it is observed that for low calcium system, e) Extra precautions are required while mixing
thermal curing may be more suitable and for high of chemicals in water. The containers in
calcium system, air/water curing may be preferred. Care which chemicals are mixed should be able
should be taken against leaching of alkali activators. to withstand high temperatures as sodium
hydroxide solution can easily reach 70 to 80° C
7 SAFETY within minutes of mixing.
Safety precautions are specially important during f) The solutions should be mixed in containers
handling of chemicals, batching, mixing, production with lid to arrest fumes rising out of the
and placement operations of alkali activated concrete. solution.
Some of the safety guidelines given below should be g) The mixing of alkali activated concrete
followed: should only be done through mechanical
a) The pesonnel at site who are handling the mixers. Site batching and mixing through
activators and involved in concrete production manual mixing shall not be done. Proper
should be trained enough to do so and the arrangement such as additional dispensers
precautions while handling such materials for dispensing chemicals should be installed
should be explained before starting the activity. in the batching plant to avoid direct handling
and measuring error. Due care should be taken
b) Raw materials should be procured only with
while filling the activator dispensers .
material safety data sheets and all instructions
should be strictly followed . h) As the chemicals are of corrosive nature, it
is advisable to have anti-corrosive lining on
c) Manufacturer's recommendations for raw
storage containers and mixers.
materials should be followed for storage of
materials.

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IS 17452 : 2020

ANNEX A
( Clause 2 )
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS

IS No. Title IS No. Title

251 : 1998 Soda ash, technical — Specification 6831 : 1992 Cement, cement mortar and
(fourth revision) concrete (third revision)
252 : 2013 Caustic soda — Specification 7129 : 1992 Potassium carbonate, anhydrous —
(fourth revision) Specification (first revision)
381 : 1995 Sodium silicate — Specification 8813 : 1995 Potassium silicate, technical
(second revision) specification (first revision)
383 : 2016 Coarse and fine aggregates for 10262 : 2019 Concrete mix proportioning —
concrete — Specification (third Guidelines (second revision)
revision) 15388 : 2003 Specification for silica fume
456 : 2000 Plain and reinforced concrete — 16354 : 2015 Metakaolin for use in cement,
Code of practice (fourth revision) cement mortar and concrete —
1344 : 1981 Specification for calcined clay Specification
pozzolana (second revision) 16714 : 2018 Ground granulated blast furnace
1727 : 1967 Methods of test for pozzolanic slag for use in cement, mortar and
materials (first revision) concrete — Specification
3812 (Part 1) : Pulverized fuel ash —
2013 Specification: Part 1 For use as
pozzolana in

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ANNEX B
( Foreword )

COMMITTEE COMPOSTION
Cement Matrix Products Sectional Committee, CED 53

Organization Representative(s)
National Council for Cement and Building Shri V. V. Arora (Chairman)
Materials, Ballabgarh
Ambuja Cements Limited, Ahmedabad Shri J. P. Desai
Shri B. K. Jagetiya (Alternate)
Asbestos Information Centre, New Delhi Shri Durgesh C. Sharma
Shri John Nicodemus (Alternate)
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, Mumbai Shri Vishal Thombare
Central Design Organization Nasik, Mumbai Representative
Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi Representative
Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Representative
Organization, New Delhi
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi Shri Manoj Kumar Sharma
Shri Prem Pal Singh (Alternate)
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee Shri S. K. Singh
Shrimati M. Surya (Alternate)
CSIR-Structural Engieering Research Centre, Shri P. Srinivasan
Chennai Dr B. H. Bharat Kumar (Alternate)
Delhi Development Authority, New Delhi Representative
Directorate General of Factory Advise Services and Dr Champak Bhattacharya
Labour Institute, Mumbai
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi Shri Rajanji Srivastava
Shri Anurag Sinha (Alternate)
Everest Industries Limited, New Delhi Shri Y. Srinivasa Rao
Shri S. P. Bolar (Alternate)
Gammon Engineers and Contractors Pvt Ltd, Shri Manish Mokal
Mumbai Shri Sudeesh Rajendran (Alternate)
HIL Limited, Hyderabad Shri R. Pradeep Kumar
Dr D. Satyanarayana (Alternate)
Housing & Urban Development Corporation Chairman and Managing Director
Limited, New Delhi Shri Deepak Bansal (Alternate)
Military Engineer Service, Engineer-in-Chief’s Shri V. K. Manglik
Branch, Integrated HQ of MoD (Army), Shri P. K. Gupta (Alternate)
New Delhi
Ministry of Science & Technology, New Delhi Representative
Ministry of Environment and Forest, New Delhi Representative
National Council for Cement & Building Materials, Shri P. N. Ojha
Ballabgarh Dr Varsha Liju (Alternate)
National Test House, Kolkata Shri B. R. Meena
Shri Aloke De (Alternate)
North Delhi Municipal Corporation, New Delhi Shri Pradeep Bansal
Shri M. P. Gupta (Alternate)

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Organization Representative(s)
Public Works Department, Government of Haryana, Shri Lalit Arora
Chandigarh
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited, Shri G. S. Bhati
New Delhi Shri Ranjit Ranjan (Alternate)
Spun Pipes Manufacturer’s Association of Shri C. Y. Gavhane
Maharashtra, Nanded Shri D. N. Joshi (Alternate)
Tamil Nadu Water Supply & Drainage Board, Shri S. Hariramasamy
Chennai
The Indian Hume Pipe Company Limited, Mumbai Shri P. R. Bhat
Shri S. J. Shah (Alternate)
In Personal Capacity (B-806, Oberoi Exquisite Shri A. K. Jain
Oberoi Garden City, Goregaon East, Mumbai)
BIS Directorate General Shri Sanjay Pant Scientist ‘F’ and Head (Civil Engineering)
[ Representing Director General ( Ex-officio ) ]

Member Secretary
Dr Manoj Kumar Rajak
Scientist ‘D’ (Civil Engineering), BIS

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This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: CED 53 (14812).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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