WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF AGRICULTUER

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED ORGANIC FERTILIZER

APPLICATION ON CROP PRODUCTION AND ON SELECTED SOIL
PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN ETHIOPIA

A SENIOR SEMINAR PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENT OF BACHELOR OF SCINECE DEGEREE IN
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (NRM 471).

PREPARED BY; YALEMSIRA KINDIE ID NO; RU2393/12

Advisor: G/slassie W. (Asst prof)

MAY; 2023
WSU, ETHIOPIA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thanks my almighty God for the opportunity and capacity given
to me to realize my aspiration. And also I would like to thanks my advisor G/slassie W.
For his advice, guidance, support, encouragement, suggestion and assistance in the
preparation of this senior seminar. And also my family about financial supports to print
this seminar paper and my classmates thanks so much all of you.

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LIST OF ACRONYUMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AV.P……………………………..............Available phosphorus.

BD............................................................Bulk density.

CEC..........................................................Cation exchange capacity.

C:N...........................................................Carbon to nitrogen ratio.

FAO..........................................................Food and agricultural organization.

LU............................................................Land use.

MA..........................................................Ministre of agriculture.

SOM…………………………................Soil organic matter.

STC.........................................................Soil textural class.

OF………………………………...........Organic fertilizer.

TN..........................................................Total nitrogen.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................ii
LIST OF ACRONYUMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................v
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study.....................................................................................................1
1.2. Objectives...........................................................................................................................2
2. LITRATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................3
2.1. Organic fertilizer................................................................................................................3
2.1. Sources of organic fertilizer...............................................................................................3
2.1.1. Plant sources of organic fertilizer................................................................................3
2.1.2. Animal sources of organic fertilizer............................................................................3
2.2. Importance of organic fertilizer application.......................................................................4
2.3. The effects of organic fertilizer application on selected soil physiochemical properties in
Ethiopia.....................................................................................................................................4
2.3.1. The effects of organic fertilizer application on selected soil physical properties
under different land use types at sire morose sub watershed in Ethiopia..............................5
2.3.2. Effects of organic fertilizer application on soil chemical properties under different
land use types at sire morose sub watershed in Ethiopia......................................................7
2.4. The effects of selected organic fertilizer application on crop production in Ethiopia.....10
3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..................................................................12
3.1. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................12
3.2. Recommendation.............................................................................................................13
4. REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................14

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table page

Table 1.The selected soil physical properties under different land use type………………5

Table 2.Chemical properties of soil at different land use type…………………………….8

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Agriculture remains the key sector for the economic development for most developing
countries. It is critically important for ensuring food security, alleviating poverty and
conserving the vital natural resources that the world's present and future generations will
be entirely dependent upon for their survival and well-being (FAO, 2004).

Some three quarters of the world's absolute poor live in rural areas, and their livelihoods
are most often linked to agriculture. Like other developing countries, the economy of
Ethiopia draws its main strength from agriculture because of the potentiality to produce
multiplier effects on the growth of other sectors of the economy. It is the principal source
of livelihood for most of the poor and has a key role in building their household food
security. However, the productivity of the land decreased from time to time due to adverse
effect of agro-chemicals on soil, water, food and atmospheric environment. Organic
farming system is therefore an important prerequisite for boosting up crop production and
sustaining higher yield over a period of time. Future strategies for increasing agricultural
production will have to focus on using available natural resources more efficiently,
effectively and sustainable than in the past. Organic farming seems to be more appropriate,
which considers the important aspects like sustainability of natural resources and
environment and economic development. Organic farming is a production system which
favors maximum use of organic materials (crop residue, animal residue, legumes, on and
off farm wastages, growth regulators, and bio-pesticides) and discourages use of
synthetically produced agro-inputs, for maintaining soil productivity and fertility and pest
management under conditions of sustainable natural resources and healthy environment. It
emphasis’s the use of renewable natural resources and their recycling (Emsley, 2001). This
system helps farmers to make a decision regarding proper way of farm management which
enhances high crop yields and improves the soil fertility in the long run (FAO, 1998).

Organic fertilizers include naturally occurring organic materials, (e.g. chicken litter,
manure, warm casting, compost, seaweed, guano ,bone meal) or naturally occurring
mineral deposits (e.g. salt better).poultry litter and cattle manure often create

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 environmental and disposal if all bones, human, animal and plant wastes were recovered to
the extent practical and used for fertilizer, mineral fertilizers and synthetic nitrogen would
still be required to make for losses to leaching, to the atmosphere, runoff and the losses
impractical to recover.

1.3. Objectives

 To review the effects of organic fertilizer on crop production and soil properties in
Ethiopia.

2. LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1. Organic fertilizer

Organic fertilizers were defined as materials having definite chemical composition with
high analytical value that supply plant nutrient in available form. Organic fertilizers are
fertilizers derived from animal matter human execrate or vegetable matter. Organic
fertilizers are made with natural raw materials; it usually pertains to our biodegradable wet
suit. Usually compost is made by decomposing biodegradable wastes. These wastes
include paper, leaves, fruit peelings left over foods and even fruit juices. Organic
fertilizers are fertilizers that are naturally produced. Fertilizers are materials that can be
added to soil or Plants, in order to provide nutrients and sustain growth. Typical organic
fertilizer include all animal waste, manure, siurry, and guano; plus plant based fertilizers
such as compost; and bio solids.

2.1. Sources of organic fertilizer

An Organic fertilizer is a fertilizer that is derived from organic sources, including organic,
cattle manures, poultry droppings and domestic sewage. However; its sources such as cow
dung and crop residues have been declined from time to time mainly due to their demand
for domestic energy consumption and removal for animal feeding.

2.1.1. Plant sources of organic fertilizer

Processed organic fertilizers include compost humic acid, grain meal amino acids and
seaweed extracts. decomposing crop residue (green manure) from prior years is another
source of fertility. Compost provides little in the means of nutrients to plants, but it does

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provide soil stability through increasing organic matter. Compost does help
microorganisms proliferate which in turn breaks down decaying plant material into
substantial bioavailable nutrients for plant to easily assimilate [Dummies, Retrieved,
2021].

2.1.2. Animal sources of organic fertilizer

Animal-sourced and human urea are suitable for application organic agriculture, while
pure synthetic forms of urea are not. The common thread that can be seen through these
examples is that organic agriculture attempts to define itself through minimal processing
(in contrast to the man-made Haber process), as well as being naturally occurring or via
natural biological processes such as composting. The conversion is performed by adding
magnesium to the urine.

2.2. Importance of organic fertilizer application

The decomposing matter from these sources, break down naturally and will provide
nutrients and minerals to the soil. When considering lawn maintenance it is necessary to
make sure that the lawn or garden gets the all of the nutrients that it needs for healthy
growth. Although nutrients are available in regular soil, fertilizers can provide and ensure
that plants have a balanced and sustainable access to the nutrients. One of the benefits of
organic fertilizer is that the nutrients are released more slowly than in chemical fertilizers.
This slower process allows the plants to process the fertilizer in a more natural way and
will not result in over fertilizing which could damage the plants. Another benefit of
organic fertilizer in your landscaping and lawn care is that it will actually help to improve
the soil itself. It will help the soil to retain moisture. The organic substances can break up
clay in the soil. The soil drainage and air circulation of the soil can also be improved.
Natural organic fertilizer is the best choice for the healthy lawn and garden. It is an
important valuable option that will help the soil and the environment be healthy and
produce the best plants (Emsley, 2001).

The application of organic fertilizer can improved the soil physical structure and chemical
properties by increasing soil aggregation promoting soil stability. The application of

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organic fertilizers likely reduced water loss and improved the efficiency of soil
hydrological cycling.

2.3. The effects of organic fertilizer application on selected soil

physiochemical properties in Ethiopia.

Organic fertilizers can activate the nutrients in the substrate, improve the physical and
chemical properties of the soil, promote the absorption of nutrients by plants, increase the
nutrient content, accumulation, and promote vegetative growth and reproductive growth.

2.3.1. The effects of organic fertilizer application on selected soil

physical properties under different land use types at sire morose sub
watershed in Ethiopia.

A. Texture; The particle size (texture) distribution analysis indicated the existence of
difference in the proportion of the three separates and their distribution with soil depth
under the three land use types (Table 1). Considering the three land use types, highest
mean sand, silt and clay contents were recorded for surface soil under grazing lands
respectively (Table 1), whereas the lowest mean silt and clay contents were recorded for
subsurface soil under grazing land, while the lowest mean sand(47.67%) content was for
the cultivated land. This also shows the enhancement of clay translocation from surface
soil due to with same soil type and textural class, differed some other soil physical
conditions mainly due to the fact that soil physical properties change with the change in
land use systems and its management practices (Achalu, C., Heluf, G., kibebew, K, and
Abi, T. 2012).

Table 1. The selected soil physical properties under different land use type

LU types Soil Particle size STC BD TP

depth distribution (%) (g/cm3) (%)
(cm) Sand Silt Clay
Forest 0-20 58.67 15.6 25.66 SCL 0.94 64.53
land 7
20- 54.2 15.4 30.33 SCL 1.11 57.99

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 40 7
Grazing 0-20 70 10 20 SCL 1.2 54.72
land 20- 66.67 8.33 25 SCL 1.4 47.04
40
Cultivate 0-20 47.67 18 34.33 SCL 1.25 52.95
d land 20- 46.34 14 39.66 SCL 1.29 51.45
40

LU=land use, STC=soil texture class, SCL=sandy clay loam, BD=bulk density, TP= total
porosity

B. Bulk density; Similar to soil texture, soil bulk density also showed some degree of
variation with land use types and soil depth in a given land use (Table 1). Under all the
three land uses, it showed increasing trend with soil depth. Across land use types, the
relatively high bulk density was recorded for surface soil of cultivated land (1.25 g/cm 3)
and the lowest under forestland (0.94 g/cm 3). The relatively higher bulk density value
recorded for surface soil of cultivated and might be associated with the effect of soil
organic matter. The higher bulk density of soil in cultivated land might be due to the
practice of ploughing in cultivated soil, which tends to lower the quantity of organic
matter of that soil through animal trafficking and expose the soil surface to direct strike by
rain drops. The continuous exposure of the soil surface to the direct impact of rain drops
under fields with long period of continuous cultivation might have also contributed bulk
density as rain drop impacts to the increment of cause soil compaction through
disintegration of the soil structure.

The lowest bulk density value recorded for forestland soil might be due to the highest
organic matter content of soil under this land use, as a result it holds high proportion of
pore space to solids, which might have lowered the bulk density. Moreover, in
uncultivated land, there was relatively higher organic matter making the soil loose, porous
and well aggregated that might have reduced the bulk density. The bulk density was
negatively correlated with organic matter and increased with soil depth for all land use
systems. Similar results were reported by (Celik, I. 2005).Therefore, the bulk density
values of soil under three land use types were found with in this range; i.e. 0.94 cm 3 to 1.4

5
cm3. SO, in general bulk density is one of the major physical parameters used to evaluate
the physical fertility status of soil. According to the range of (O’Connor, G.A and B.L.
2001 ), bulk density values of the soil in the three land use type were not to compact to
limit root penetration and restrict movement of water and air. This indicates the existence
of loose soil conditions in all land use types and hence, good structure.

C. Total porosity; Total porosity followed an opposite trend with that of bulk density
consistently decreased with an increase in soil depth (Table 1).Similar to bulk density, the
changes in land use and also depth have affected porosity differently. Accordingly, in the
surface soil the highest (64.53%) mean value of the total porosity was recorded for soil of
the forest land. The lowest (52.95%) was recorded for soil of the cultivated land. Within a
soil depth, the mean total porosity of the surface soil was greater than that of the
subsurface soil. The total porosity increased from the cultivated land followed by the
grazing land and forest land.

2.3.2. Effects of organic fertilizer application on soil chemical properties

under different land use types at sire morose sub watershed in Ethiopia

A. Soil reaction (PH); The PH (H2O) values of the soil were slightly affected by all land
use types w/c shows on table 2 below. Under all the three land uses, it showed increasing
trend with soil depth. Based on the mean values of the surface soil of land uses, the highest
mean soil PH (H2O) 6.19 was recorded for soil of forestland followed by grazing land
(6.15) and the lowest (5.9) was recorded for soil of the cultivated land (Table 2). And also
the highest mean value of subsurface soil PH was recorded for soil of forest land followed
by grazing and cultivated lands. This is supported accordingly, basic cations, CEC and PH
have positive correlations with each other. The lowest PH value of soil of cultivated land
might be due to major reasons, removal of basic cations with crop harvest, runoff
generated from accelerated erosions and leaching. In general, the PH values observed in
the three land use type are within the ranges of moderately acidic to slightly acidic as
indicated by (Foth, H.D. and Ellis, B.G.1997).

B. Organic matter contents; Organic matter, being one of the dynamic soil chemical
properties revealed variation among land uses and in its distribution with soil depth in a
given land use types. Accordingly in soil of all the three major land use types, OM

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consistently decreased with increase in soil depth (Table 2). Furthermore, across land uses
it followed the order: forest land > grazing land > cultivated land, which clearly indicates
the deleterious effect of cultivation and intensive grazing on this attribute of soil. The
surface soil OM content was the highest in soil of forest land (5.2%) followed by in soil of
grazing land (4.33%) and cultivated land (2.74%).The same trends was observed also for
the subsurface soil of the respective land uses, the highest was in soil of forest land
followed by grazing land and cultivated lands. (Lehmann, W. Zech. 2002) reported that
SOM content of soil under grazing and cultivation land uses were lower than those under
natural forest.

Most of cultivated soils of Ethiopia are poor in organic matter content due to low amount
of organic matter applied to the soil and complete removal of biomass from the field
(Shelme,B. 2011), severe deforestation and intensive cultivation (Kizilkaya, R., and
Dengiz, O 2010), which aggravates oxidation of organic carbon.

C. Total nitrogen; Total nitrogen followed the trend of organic matter and decreased
consistently with soil depth in all the three land uses (Table 2).The highest mean value of
the total nitrogen was recorded for surface soil of the forest land (0.25%) followed by that
grazing land (0.18%), while the lowest value was recorded for the subsurface soil of the
cultivated land (0.09%). In subsurface soil the highest mean value of total nitrogen was
recorded in soil of grazing land followed by forest land and cultivated land (Table 2).The
variation paralleled with that of the change in organic matter content, which was also
expressed by the positive correlation, indicating that higher nitrogen in forest and grazing
land was due to high organic matter content in respective lands. This was also supported
by (Matsumoto, S.; Ae, .2004), who reported that about 90% total nitrogen (TN) in soil
derives from organic sources. Following the rating suggested by (Landon, J R.2014) total
nitrogen content of the surface soil of the study area was low (0.1% to 0.2%) in soil of the
cultivated and grazing lands and medium (0.2% to 0.5%) for forest land.

Table 2.Chemical properties of soil under different land use types

LU Types Soil PH SOM TN C:N AV.P

depth (H2O) (%) (%) ratio (mg/kg)
(cm)

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 Forest 0-20 6.19 5.2 0.25 12.08 19.67
land 20- 2.62 0.13
40 6.33 11.69 11.67

Grazing 0-20 6.15 4.33 0.18 13.94 17.67

land 20- 6.25 2.43 0.14 10.07 9.13
40
Cultivate 0-20 5.9 2.74 0.16 9.94 24.8
d land

LU=land use, SOM=soil organic matter, TN=total nitrogen, C:N=Carbon to nitrogen

ratio, AV.P=Available phosphorus

D. Carbon to Nitrogen (C:N) Ratio; Carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the soil showed
slight variations for land use types and soil depth in the study area (Table 2). The overall
C:N ratio was higher in surface soil than in the subsurface. The mean values showed
variation of C/N ratios of soil of the cultivated land from that of forest and grazing land
use types. Lower C:N ratio of soil of cultivated land compared to grazing and forest land
uses could be attributed to lower level of organic matter content. Relative to forest land
soils, the recorded narrow C:N ratio for soil of the cultivated land could be probably due to
aeration during tillage and increased temperature that enhance higher microbial activity
and more carbondioxide (CO2) evolution and its loss to the atmosphere from the top (0 to
20 cm) soil. The overall C:N ratios of soil of the study area were within the range of 8:1 to
15:1, which completely cited as the general C:N ratio of mineral soil.

E. Available Phosphorus; Similar to the other soil attributes, available phosphorus also
varied among the three land use types and with soil depth in every land use type. In
general, relatively higher available phosphorus was recorded for soil of cultivated land
followed by forest land and grazing land. Accordingly, in the subsurface soil the highest
mean value of phosphorus was recorded for soil of cultivated land followed by forest and
grazing lands. The highest available phosphorus content recorded for the surface soil of
cultivated land could be ascribed to residual effects from the continuous application of
phosphorus fertilizers. In support of this study, (Samadi, A., and Gilks, R.J.1998) reported
higher available phosphorus for the surface soils than in the subsurface soils of cultivated

8
land and attributed this to the addition of fertilizers and manures or easily mineralized
organic phosphorus compounds. This showed that available phosphorus content ranges
from medium fertility status in the grazing land to high in the forest and cultivated lands.

2.4. The effects of selected organic fertilizer application on crop

production in Ethiopia

Among the major cereal crops such as teff, wheat, maize, barley and sorghum represents
95 percent of total cereal planted area and 96 percent of total cereal production. Since
maize, whose share increased by almost 8 percent due to the application of organic
fertilizer. Wheat teff, barley and sorghum also increased time to time due to the
application of organic fertilizer by farmers. Commonly used organic fertilizers include
composted animal manure, compost, sewage sludge, food processing wastes the major
way of increasing crop production in the country. Green manuring and inter-cropping of
legumes is another important aspect for biological or bio ecological farming systems not
only in regard to weed control but also in reducing the leaching of nutrients and in
reducing soil erosion. Organic Fertilizer can serve as an alternative practice to mineral
fertilizers by improving soil structure and microbial biomass. To sustain high crop yields
without deteriorating soil fertility. Affordable, resilient, renewable and low cost sources of
plant nutrients from organic fertilizer supplement and complement chemical fertilizers.

Adequate soil fertility for sustained crop yields can be obtained with the use of organic
fertilizers. Organic manures such as cow dung, poultry manure, crop residues and biogas
slurry in liquid and composted form can be used as an advisable fertilizer for the growing
of crop production. Nutrients contained in organic manures are released more slowly and
are stored for a longer time in the soil, thereby ensuring a long residual effect, supporting
better root development, leading to higher crop yields. Soil fertility status is improved by
activating the soil microbial biomass.

Bio fertilizer; Bio fertilizer produce hormones and antimetabolites which promote root
growth. They decompose organic matter and help in mineralization in soil when applied to
soil, bio fertilizers increase the availability of nutrients and improve the yield by 10% to
25% without adversely affecting the soil and environment.

9
Bio char; Compared with the use of inorganic fertilizer only, the addition of bio char along
with IF caused a 15% increase in yield, indicating the bio char was as effective as
fertilizers in increasing crop yields when added in combination. The use of bio char alone
did not increase crop yield regardless of the control considered.

Green manure; The application of green manure increases organic elements availability in
soil thereby improving the nutrients use efficiency of crops and alleviating the harm full
impact of climate change on crop production. It improves soil structure, increase water
holding capacity and decreases soil loss by erosion. This also leads to increase crop
production.

3. CONCLUSION

The government of Ethiopia has launched an agricultural package during the previous
decade focused on a package of mineral fertilizer and high yielding varieties to increase
crop production. However, farmers have been unable to using mineral fertilizer because of
the high price, weak delivery, and a sharp drop of crop prices after harvests and unreliable
rainfall. Instead farmers are highly inclined into locally available soil fertility management
and yield increment practices including composting, green manure, and farm yard manure,
crop residue and biogas slurry because they require high labor and low capital, which are
risk avoidance strategies of Ethiopian farmers.

Different relevant studies have been held across the parts of the country or regions to
assess the effects of organic fertilizer application such as compost, farm yard manure,
green manure, crop residue and biogas slurry application and use in experiment field and
smallholder farming without upsetting their usual living. Results supposed to the benefit of
farmers and come up with a policy briefing that policy makers give a better support for its
implementation. Therefore this seminar tell us for the future as country level promoting of
organic fertilizers in well-organized form is very important to enhance cereal crop
productivity and there quality by improving soil and soil fertility issues. Most of the
physicochemical properties of the study area were considerably influenced by the different
land uses. Therefore, further detailed studies that include plant response, soil
characterization, and field experiment on crop nutrient requirement should be conducted to
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examine effect of organic fertilizer application on soil physiochemical properties at
different land use types and sustainable use of the land. In addition to this organic farming
practice in the country enhance crop production and decrease fertilizer costs the private
farmers as well as the government. When these cost decrease the preparation and use of
organic fertilizer are implemented effectively by the government and farmers.

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