SRI RAMAKRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

[Educational Service: SNR Sons Charitable Trust]

[Autonomous Institution, Reaccredited by NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade]
[Approved by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai]
[ISO 9001:2015 Certified and all eligible programmes Accredited by NBA]
Vattamalaipalayam, N.G.G.O. Colony Post, Coimbatore – 641 022.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

20EE236 - Principles of Electrical Engineering

Course Instructors:
Dr.P.Sebastian Vindro Jude, AP (Sl.G) / EEE
Mr. R. Mohan Kumar, AP (Sl.G)/EEE
Mr.C.Praveenkumar, AP(Sl.G) / EEE No. of Credits: 3
01-02-2024 EEE 1
 Course Outcomes
After successful completion of the course, students
will be able to

• CO1: Describe the Construction and Operation of DC

Machines.
• CO2: Explain the Construction and Operation of
Transformers.
• CO3: Describe the Construction, Operational details
of Induction motors and its applications.
• CO4: Understand the concepts of special machines
and its applications.

01-02-2024 EEE 2
 Syllabus
DC MACHINES 11
Construction of DC machines - Principle of operation of DC
generators - EMF equation Types of DC generators and their
characteristics - Principle of operation of DC motors - Types of DC
motors and their characteristics - Starters – Speed control of DC
motors - DC machine application.

TRANSFORMERS 9
Construction and principle of operation of single phase
transformer - EMF equation - Types - transformer on no-load and
load - Equivalent circuit - Open circuit and short circuit tests -
Auto transformer.

01-02-2024 EEE 3
 Syllabus
INDUCTION MOTORS 12
Construction and principle of operation of 3-phase induction
motor - Types - Slip - Torque characteristics – Starting methods -
Speed control methods - Single-phase induction motor:
Construction and principle of operation, types -Applications.

SPECIAL MACHINES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 13

Stepper motors - Types- Synchronous motor - Reluctance motor
and hysteresis motor - Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) -
Universal motor - Linear Induction Motor (LIM) - Brushless DC
(BLDC) Motor, DC and AC servomotor

01-02-2024 EEE 4
 Syllabus
TEXT BOOKS
1. Gupta J. B, “Theory and Performance of Electrical Machines, 14 th Edition, S.K.Kataria
and Sons, 2009.
2. Kothari D. P. and Nagrath I. J., “Electric Machines’, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill
Education Pvt. Ltd., 2004.

REFERENCES
1. Theraja B. L., “Electrical Technology Vol. II AC/DC Machines”, 2 nd Edition, S. Chand
and Company Ltd., 2008.
2. Mehta V.K. and Rohit Mehta, “Principles of Power System”, 3rd Edition, S.Chand and
Company Ltd., 2006
3. Mittle.V .N. and Arvind Mittle, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, 2 nd Edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., 2007.

WEB REFERENCES
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/108/108108076/
2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105053/
3. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105017/

01-02-2024 EEE 5
 Introduction

01-02-2024 EEE 6
 Alternating Current (AC)
Alternating Current (AC)
Alternating current describes the flow of charge that changes
direction periodically. As a result, the voltage level also reverses
along with the current. AC is used to deliver power to houses, office
buildings, etc.

Generating Ac
AC can be produced using a device called an alternator. This device is
a special type of electrical generator designed to produce alternating
current.
 Waveform
AC can come in a number of forms, as long as the voltage and
current are alternating. If we hook up an oscilloscope to a circuit
with AC and plot its voltage over time, we might see a number of
different waveforms. The most common type of AC is the sine wave.
The AC in most homes and offices have an oscillating voltage that
produces a sine wave.
 Direct Current (DC)
Direct current is a bit easier to understand than alternating
current. Rather than oscillating back and forth, DC provides a
constant voltage or current.

Generating DC
DC can be generated in a number of ways:
An AC generator equipped with a device called
a "commutator" can produce direct current
Use of a device called a "rectifier" that converts AC to DC
Batteries provide DC, which is generated from a chemical
reaction inside of the battery
Waveform
 Applications
• Home and office outlets are almost always AC. This is because
generating and transporting AC across long distances is
relatively easy.

• Everything that runs off of a battery, plugs in to the wall with

an AC adapter, or uses a USB cable for power relies on DC.
Examples of DC electronics include:
• Cell phones
• Flat-screen TVs (AC goes into the TV, which is converted to DC)
• Flashlights
• Hybrid and electric vehicles
 AC vs. DC
• In the late 1800s, DC could not be easily converted to high
voltages. As a result, Edison proposed a system of small, local
power plants that would power individual neighbourhoods or city
sections. Power was distributed using three wires from the power
plant: +110 volts, 0 volts, and -110 volts. Lights and motors could
be connected between either the +110V or 110V socket and 0V
(neutral). 110V allowed for some voltage drop between the plant
and the load (home, office, etc.).

• Even though the voltage drop across the power lines was
accounted for, power plants needed to be located within 1 mile of
the end user. This limitation made power distribution in rural
areas extremely difficult, if not impossible.
With Tesla's patents, Westinghouse worked to perfect the AC
distribution system. Transformers provided an inexpensive method
to step up the voltage of AC to several thousand volts and back
down to usable levels. At higher voltages, the same power could be
transmitted at much lower current, which meant less power lost due
to resistance in the wires. As a result, large power plants could be
located many miles away and service a greater number of people
and buildings.
 Energy transformation
• Energy transformation is when energy changes
from one form to another – like in a hydroelectric
dam that transforms the kinetic energy of water
into electrical energy. While energy can be
transferred or transformed, the total amount
of energy does not change – this is
called energy conservation.
 Law of conservation of Energy
• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it
can only be transformed from one form to
another.
Law of conservation of Energy
Energy Conversion
 DC Machine
A DC Machine is an electro-mechanical energy conversion device.
There are two types of DC machines; one is DC generator, and
another one is known as DC motor.
A DC generator converts mechanical power (ωT) into DC electrical
power (EI), whereas, a DC motor converts D.C electrical power into
mechanical power.

The AC motor is invariably applied in the industry for conversion of

electrical power into mechanical power, but at the places where the
wide range of speeds and good speed regulation is required, like in
electric traction system, a DC motor is used.
 AC machine
• AC machines are motors that convert AC electric energy to mechanical energy
and generators that convert mechanical energy to AC electric energy.
• The two major classes of AC machines are synchronous and induction
machines.
• The field current of synchronous machines (motors and generators) is supplied
by a separate DC power source while the field current of induction machines is
supplied by magnetic induction (transformer action) into the field windings.
• AC machines differ from dc machines by having their armature
windings almost always located on the stator while their field windings are
located on the rotor.
• A set of three-phase AC voltages is induced into the stator armature windings
of an AC machine by the rotating magnetic field from the rotor field windings
(generator action).
• Conversely, a set of three-phase currents flowing in the stator armature
windings produces a rotating magnetic field within the stator. This magnetic
field interacts with the rotor magnetic field to produce the torque in the
machine (motor action).
Structure of a Power system
Line Diagram of a Power system
 Module - I
DC MACHINES

01-02-2024 EEE 22
 DC Machine
• A DC Machine is an electro-mechanical
energy conversion device.
• There are two types of DC machines
•DC generator
•DC motor
• A DC generator converts mechanical power
(ωT) into DC electrical power (EI).
• A DC motor converts D.C electrical power into
mechanical power.

01-02-2024 EEE 23
 Construction of DC Machine

Commutator
Construction of DC Machine

25
 Construction of DC Machine
Yoke or frame

Field System (Stator)

❖ Pole

❖ Pole Shoe

❖ Field winding

Armature (Rotor)
❖ Armature core

❖ Armature winding

❖ Commutator

❖Brushes

❖Bearings

❖Shaft

26
Field system

• It is for uniform magnetic field within which the armature

rotates.

• Electromagnets are preferred in comparison with permanent

magnets

• They are cheap, smaller in size, produce greater magnetic effect

and

• Field strength can be varied

27
 Magnetic Frame or Yoke
• Yokes are made of cast iron or cast steel or rolled steel.
• The outer frame or yoke serves double purpose:
1. It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a
protecting cover for the whole machine, and
2. It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
• Pole Coils or Field Coils to produce the flux line by means of an
electromagnetic, a voltage have to be supplied through a coil.
• A coil consisting of many turns of fine wire is generally wound
around the core. This coil is called shunt field.
• Also around the core may be found a few turns of heavy wire.
This is called the series field.
• These coils produce the magnotomotive force required to yield
the necessary flux cut by the rotating conductors.

28
Field winding

29
 Pole-Cores and Pole-Shoes
• The field magnets consist of pole cores and pole shoes.
• The core of the pole is built up of laminated steel and the shoe
of pole is curved to produce a more uniform magnetic field.
• The pole shoes serve the following purposes:
• They spread out the flux in the air gap and also, being of larger
cross-section, reduce the reluctance of the magnetic path, and
• They support the exciting coils (or field coils)

30
Armature core
• The armature core is cylindrical

• High permeability silicon steel stampings

• Lamination is to reduce the eddy current loss

31
Rotor and rotor winding

32
(A) Commutator,
(B) brush,
(C) rotor (armature) windings,
(D) stator
(E) brush guides (Shaft)
(F) (field) windings,

33
Armature winding
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and
Wave winding

Lap winding Wave winding

• A=P • A=2

• The armature • It is used in low current

windings are divided into no. output and high voltage.
of sections equal to the no of
poles • 2 brushes

34
 ARMATURE WINDINGS
• Lap Wound Armatures
– are used in machines designed for low voltage and high current
– armatures are constructed with large wire because of high
current
– Eg: used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles
– The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in
parallel. This permits the current capacity of each winding to
be added and provides a higher operating current
– No of current path, C=2p; p = no of poles

35
 ARMATURE WINDINGS (Cont)
• Wave Wound Armatures
– are used in machines designed for high voltage and low current
– their windings connected in series
– When the windings are connected in series, the voltage of each
winding adds, but the current capacity remains the same
– are used is in the small generator in hand-cranked meg
ohmmeters
– No of current path, C=2

36
 ARMATURE WINDINGS (Cont)
• Frog leg Wound Armatures
– the most used in practical nowadays
– designed for use with moderate current and
moderate armatures voltage
– the windings are connected in series parallel.
– Most large DC machines use frog leg wound
armatures.

Frogleg wound armatures

 FIELD WINDINGS

• Most DC machines use wound electromagnets to provide the

magnetic field.

• Two types of field windings are used :

– series field
– shunt field
 FIELD WINDINGS (Cont)

• Series field windings

– are so named because they are connected in series with the
armature
– are made with relatively few windings turns of very large wire
and have a very low resistance
– usually found in large horsepower machines wound with
square or rectangular wire.
– The use of square wire permits the windings to be laid closer
together, which increases the number of turns that can be
wound in a particular space
 FIELD WINDINGS (Cont)

Square and rectangular wire can also be made physically smaller

than round wire and still contain the same surface area

Square wire contains more surface than round wire

Square wire permits more turns than round wire in the same area
 FIELD WINDINGS (Cont)
• Shunt field windings
– is constructed with relatively many turns of small wire, thus, it
has a much higher resistance than the series field.
– is intended to be connected in parallel with, or shunt, the
armature.
– high resistance is used to limit current flow through the field.
 FIELD WINDINGS (Cont)

• When a DC machine uses both series and shunt fields, each

pole piece will contain both windings.
• The windings are wound on the pole pieces in such a manner
that when current flows through the winding it will produce
alternate magnetic polarities.

42
Commutator
Connect with external circuit

Converts ac into unidirectional current

Cylindrical in shape

Made of wedge shaped copper segments

Segments are insulated from each other

Each commutator segment is connected to armature

conductors by means of a cu strip called riser.

No of segments equal to no of coils

43
Carbon brush
Carbon brushes are used in DC machines because they are soft
materials

It does not generate spikes when they contact commutator

To deliver the current through armature

Carbon is used for brushes because it has negative temperature

coefficient of resistance

Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving area of contact

44
Brush rock and holder

45
 BEARINGS
• For small machines, ball bearings may be used at both ends.
• For larger machines, roller bearings may be used at driving end,
and ball bearings may be used at non-driving end.
• Pedestal bearings are also generally used for larger machines.
 SHAFT
• It is made up of mild steel with maximum breaking strength.
• It is used to transfer mechanical power from or to the machine.
• The rotating parts such as armature core, commutator, and cooling
fan are keyed to the shaft.
 DC Generator
Mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy
Three requirements are essential
1. Conductors
2. Magnetic field
3. Mechanical energy

48
Working principle
A generator works on the principles of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction
Whenever a conductor is moved in the magnetic field , an emf is
induced and the magnitude of the induced emf is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage.
This emf causes a current flow if the conductor circuit is closed .

49
 Principle operation of Generator

• Whenever a conductor is moved within a magnetic field in

such a way that the conductor cuts across magnetic lines of
flux, voltage is generated in the conductor.
• The AMOUNT of voltage generated depends on:
i. the strength of the magnetic field,
ii. the angle at which the conductor cuts the magnetic field,
iii. the speed at which the conductor is moved, and
iv. the length of the conductor within the magnetic field

50
Principle of operation
 Fleming’s Right hand rule (Generator Rule)
• Use: To determine the direction of the induced emf/current of a
conductor moving in a magnetic field.
• The POLARITY of the voltage depends on the direction of the
magnetic lines of flux and the direction of movement of the
conductor.
 EMF Equation of a DC Generator
Let,

• Ø= flux per pole in weber

• Z = Total number of conductor

• P = Number of poles

• A = Number of parallel paths

• N =armature speed in rpm

• Eg = emf generated in any one of the parallel path

53
Derivation for Induced EMF of One Armature Conductor

54
55
56
57
 Types of DC Generators

DC generators are classified based on how their fields are excited (i.e.
produced).
There are three methods of excitation, and thus three main types of DC
generators:

1.Permanent Magnet DC Generators – Field coils excited by permanent

magnets
2.Separately Excited DC Generators – Field coils excited by some external
source
3.Self Excited DC Generators – Field coils excited by the generator itself

58
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

59
• A DC generators whose field winding or coil is energized by a
separate or external DC source is called a separately excited DC
Generator.
• The flux produced by the poles depends upon the field current
with the unsaturated region of magnetic material of the poles. i.e.
flux is directly proportional to the field current.
• But in the saturated region, the flux remains constant.

60
61
 SELF EXCITED DC GENERATOR
Self-excited DC Generator is a device, in which the current to
the field winding is supplied by the generator itself.
In this the field coils may be connected in parallel with the
armature in the series, or it may be connected partly in series and
partly in parallel with the armature windings.

62
• Self-excited DC generators are generators whose field magnets are
energized by the current supplied by themselves. In these type of
machines, field coils are internally connected with the armature.
• Due to residual magnetism, some flux is always present in the
poles. When the armature is rotated, some EMF is induced. Hence
some induced current is produced. This small current flows
through the field coil as well as the load and thereby strengthening
the pole flux.
• As the pole flux strengthened, it will produce more armature EMF,
which cause the further increase of current through the field. This
increased field current further raises armature EMF, and this
cumulative phenomenon continues until the excitation reaches the
rated value.

63
• According to the position of the field coils, self-excited
DC generators may be classified as:
• Series Wound Generators
• Shunt Wound Generators
• Compound Wound Generators

64
SHUNT WOUND DC GENERATOR

65
66
 Problem 1.1
1. A shunt generator delivers 450 A at 230 V and the resistance of the shunt
field and armature are 50 Ω and 0.03 Ω respectively. Calculate the generated
e.m.f?

01-02-2024 EEE 67
01-02-2024 EEE 68
2. A four pole generator having wave-wound armature winding has 51 slots,
each slot containing 20 conductors. What will be the voltage generated in the
machine when driven at 1500 rpm assuming the flux per pole to be 7.0 mWb ?

01-02-2024 EEE 69
 2 (wave-wound armature)

01-02-2024 EEE 70
• In a shunt wound generator, the field winding is connected
across the armature winding forming a parallel or shunt circuit.
• Therefore, full terminal voltage is applied across it.
• A very small field current Ish, flows through it because this
winding has many turns of fine wire having very high resistance
Rsh of the order of 100Ω

71
SERIES WOUND DC GENERATOR

72
73
 Contd…
• A series-wound generator the field coils are connected in series
with the armature winding.
• The series field winding carries the armature current.
• The series field winding consists of a few turns of wire of thick
wire of larger cross-sectional area and having low resistance
usually of the order of less than 1Ω because the armature current
has a very large value.

74
 Compound Wound DC Generator

In series wound generators, the output voltage is directly proportional

with load current. In shunt wound generators, the output voltage is
inversely proportional with load current.

A combination of these two types of generators can overcome the

disadvantages of both.
This combination of windings is called compound wound DC generator.

Compound wound generators have both series field winding and shunt
field winding.
One winding is placed in series with the armature, and the other is
placed in parallel with the armature.

This type of DC generators may be of two types-

short shunt compound-wound generator and
long shunt compound-wound generator.

75
 COMPOUND WOUND DC GENERATOR
In a compound-wound generator, there are two field windings.
One is connected in series, and another is connected in parallel
with the armature windings. There are two types of
compound-wound generator.
• Long shunt compound-wound generator
• Short shunt compound-wound generator
•

76
• LONG SHUNT COMPOUND WOUND DC GENERATOR

Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator are generators

where the shunt field winding is in parallel with both series field
and armature winding, as shown in the figure below.

77
78
• In a Short Shunt Compound Wound Generator, the shunt field
winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding only.
 Characteristics of DC Generators
• Generally, following three characteristics of DC generators are
taken into considerations:
• (i) Open Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C.),
• (ii) Internal or Total Characteristic and
• (iii) External Characteristic.
 1. Open Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C.) (E0/If)
• Open circuit characteristic is also known as magnetic
characteristic or no-load saturation characteristic.
• This characteristic shows the relation between generated emf at no load
(E0) and the field current (If) at a given fixed speed.
• The O.C.C. curve is just the magnetization curve and it is practically similar
for all type of generators.
• The data for O.C.C. curve is obtained by operating the generator at no load
and keeping a constant speed.
• Field current is gradually increased and the corresponding terminal voltage
is recorded across an external supply.

The connection arrangement to

obtain O.C.C. curve is as shown
For shunt or series excited
generators, the field winding is
disconnected from the machine
and connected
▪ Emf equation of dc generator, we
know that Eg = kɸ.
▪ Hence, the generated emf should be
directly proportional to field flux (and
hence, also directly proportional to
the field current).
▪ However, even when the field current
is zero, some amount of emf is
generated (represented by OA in the
figure below).
▪ This initially induced emf is due to
the fact that there exists some
residual magnetism in the field
poles.
▪ Due to the residual magnetism, a
small initial emf is induced in the
armature.
 2. Internal or Total Characteristic (Eg/Ia)
• An internal characteristic curve shows the relation between
the on-load generated emf (Eg) and the armature current (Ia).
• The on-load generated emf Eg is always less than E0 due to
the armature reaction.
• Eg can be determined by subtracting the drop due to
demagnetizing effect of armature reaction from no-load
voltage E0.
• Therefore, internal characteristic curve lies below the O.C.C.
curve.
 3. External Characteristic (V/IL)
• An external characteristic curve shows the relation between
terminal voltage (V) and the load current (IL).
• Terminal voltage V is less than the generated emf Eg due to
voltage drop in the armature circuit.
• Therefore, external characteristic curve lies below the internal
characteristic curve.
• External characteristics are very important to determine the
suitability of a generator for a given purpose.
• Therefore, this type of characteristic is sometimes also called
as performance characteristic or load characteristic.
Characteristics of separately excited DC Generator

▪ If there is no armature reaction and

armature voltage drop, the voltage will
remain constant for any load current.
Thus, the straight line AB in above figure
represents the no-load voltage vs. load
current IL.
▪ Due to the demagnetizing effect
of armature reaction, the on-load
generated emf is less than the no-load
voltage.
▪ The curve AC represents the on-load
generated emf Eg vs. load current IL i.e.
internal characteristic (as Ia = IL for a In a DC machine, two kinds of
separately excited dc generator). magnetic fluxes are present;
▪ Also, the terminal voltage is lesser due to 'armature flux' and 'main field flux'.
ohmic drop occurring in the armature and The effect of armature flux on the
brushes. main field flux is called as armature
▪ The curve AD represents the terminal reaction.
voltage vs. load current i.e. external
characteristic.
 Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator

▪ To determine the internal and external load characteristics of a DC shunt generator

the machine is allowed to build up its voltage before applying any external load.
▪ To build up voltage of a shunt generator, the generator is driven at the rated speed by
a prime mover.
▪ Initial voltage is induced due to residual magnetism in the field poles.
▪ The generator builds up its voltage as explained by the O.C.C. curve.
▪ When the generator has built up the voltage, it is gradually loaded with resistive load
and readings are taken at suitable intervals. below.
▪ For a shunt generator, Ia=IL+If. Hence, the internal characteristic can be easily transmitted
to Eg vs. IL by subtracting the correct value of If from Ia.
Characteristics of DC Series Generator
 Characteristics of DC Compound Generator
▪ If series winding amp-turns are adjusted so
that, increase in load current causes
increase in terminal voltage then the
generator is called to be over compounded.
▪ The external characteristic for over
compounded generator is shown by the
curve AB.
If series winding amp-turns are adjusted so
that, the terminal voltage remains constant
even the load current is increased, then the
generator is called to be flat compounded.
The external characteristic for a flat
compounded generator is shown by the
curve AC.
If the series winding has lesser number of
turns than that would be required to be flat
compounded, then the generator is called to
be under compounded.
▪ The external characteristics for an under
compounded generator are shown by the
curve AD.
 Contd…
• In this type of DC generator, the field is produced by the shunt as
well as series winding.
• The shunt field is stronger than the series field. If the magnetic
flux produced by the series winding assists the flux produced by
the shunt field winding, the generator is said to be Cumulatively
Compound Wound generator.
• If the series field flux opposes the shunt field flux, the generator is
said to be Differentially Compounded.
 Problem
A load of 20 kW at 230 V is supplied by a compound DC
generator. If the series, shunt field and armature resistances are
0.05, 115 and 0.1 ohm respectively. Calculate the generated emf
when the generator is connected as long shunt.

90
 Solution

01-02-2024 EEE 91
 Applications
Applications of Separately Excited DC Generators

1.Because of their ability of giving wide range of voltage output, they are
generally used for testing purpose in the laboratories.
2.Separately excited generators operate in a stable condition with any variation in
field excitation. Because of this property they are used as supply source of DC
motors, whose speeds are to be controlled for various applications. Example-
Ward Leonard Systems of speed control.

Applications of Shunt Wound DC Generators

1.They are used for general lighting.

2.They are used to charge battery because they can be made to give constant
output voltage.
3.They are used for giving the excitation to the alternators.
4.They are also used for small power supply
 Applications
Applications of Series Wound DC Generators

They are used for supplying field excitation current in DC locomotives for
regenerative breaking.
This types of generators are used as boosters to compensate the voltage drop in the
feeder in various types of distribution systems such as railway service.
In series arc lightening this type of generators are mainly used.

Applications of Compound Wound DC Generators

Cumulative compound wound generators are generally used for lighting, power supply purpose
and for heavy power services because of their constant voltage property. They are mainly made
over compounded.
Cumulative compound wound generators are also used for driving a motor.
For small distance operation, such as power supply for hotels, offices, homes and lodges, the
flat compounded generators are generally used.
The differential compound wound generators, because of their large demagnetization armature
reaction, are used for arc welding where huge voltage drop and constant current is required.
 APPLICATIONS OF DC GENERATORS
Separately Excited DC Generators
Separately excited DC Generators are used in laboratories for
testing as they have a wide range of voltage output.
Used as a supply source of DC motors.

Shunt wound Generators

DC shunt wound generators are used for lighting purposes.
Used to charge the battery.
Providing excitation to the alternators.

94
 APPLICATIONS OF DC GENERATORS
Series Wound Generators
DC series wound generators are used in DC locomotives for
regenerative braking for providing field excitation current.
Used as a booster in distribution networks.
Over compounded cumulative generators are used in lighting and
heavy power supply.
Flat compounded generators are used in offices, hotels, homes,
schools, etc.
Differentially compounded generators are mainly used for arc
welding purpose.

95
DC Motors
 DC Motors-Principles of Operation
• DC motors convert electrical into mechanical energy.
• They consist of permanent magnets and loops of wire inside.
• Whenever current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,
a force is set up on the conductor.
• When current is applied, the wire loops generate a magnetic field,
which reacts against the outside field of the static magnets.
• The interaction of the fields produces the movement of the
shaft/armature.
• Thus, electromagnetic energy becomes motion.
Fleming’s left hand rule

98
 CONTD…
• Used to determine the direction of force acting on a current
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field.
• The middle finger, the fore finger, and the thumb of the left hand
are kept at right angles to one another.
Middle finger- direction of current.
Fore Finger- direction of magnetic field.
Thumb – direction of force acting on the conductor.
 BACK EMF
• When the armature of a d.c. motor rotates under the influence of
the driving torque, the armature conductors move through the
magnetic field and hence e.m.f. is induced in them as in a
generator. The induced e.m.f. acts in opposite direction to the
applied voltage V (Lenz's law) and in known as back or counter
e.m.f.
• Significance:
• The presence of back emf makes the d.c. motor a self-regulating
machine i.e., it makes the motor to draw as much armature current
as is just sufficient to develop the torque required by the load.
 DC Motor
• On the brushes, we connect the external
terminals, through which we give the
supply voltage.
• On the mechanical terminal, we have a
shaft coming out from the center of the
armature, and the shaft couples to the
mechanical load.
• On the supply terminals, we represent the
armature resistance Ra in series.

• Now, let the input voltage E, is applied across the brushes.

• Electric current which flows through the rotor armature via brushes, in presence of
the magnetic field, produces a torque Tg.
• Due to this torque Tg the dc motor armature rotates.
• As the armature conductors are carrying currents and the armature rotates inside
the stator magnetic field, it also produces an emf E b in the manner very similar to
that of a generator.
• The generated Emf Eb is directed opposite to the supplied voltage and is known as
the back Emf, as it counters the forward voltage.
• So, when the application of load reduces the speed of the motor, Eb
decreases.
• Thus the voltage difference between supply voltage and back emf
increases that means E − Eb increases.
• Due to this increased voltage difference, the armature current will
increase and therefore torque and hence speed increases.
• Thus a DC Motor is capable of maintaining the same speed under
variable load.
• Now since the armature winding electrical resistance Ra is small, this
motor has a very high starting current in the absence of back Emf.
• As a result we need to use a starter for starting a DC Motor.
• Now as the motor continues to rotate, the back emf starts being generated
and gradually the current decreases as the motor picks up speed.
Classification of DC motors
 Separately Excited DC Motor

• As the name suggests, in case of a separately excited DC

motor the supply is given separately to the field and armature
windings.
• The main distinguishing fact in these types of DC motor is
that, the armature current does not flow through the field
windings, as the field winding is energized from a separate
external source of DC current as shown in the figure.
 Permanent Magnet DC Motor

• The permanent magnet DC motor (also known as a PMDC

motor) consists of an armature winding as in case of an usual
motor, but does not necessarily contain the field windings.
• The construction of these types of DC motor are such that,
radially magnetized permanent magnets are mounted on the
inner periphery of the stator core to produce the field flux.
• The rotor on the other hand has a conventional DC armature
with commutator segments and brushes.
 Self Excited DC Motor
In case of self excited DC motor, the field winding is connected
either in series or in parallel or partly in series, partly in
parallel to the armature winding.
Based on this, self excited DC Motors can be classified as:

1. Shunt wound DC motor

2. Series wound DC motor

3. Compound wound DC motor

 DC Shunt Motor
• In case of a shunt wound DC motor or more specifically shunt wound self
excited DC motor, the field windings are exposed to the entire terminal voltage
as they are connected in parallel to the armature winding as shown in the
figure.
 DC Series Motor
• In case of a series wound self excited DC motor or simply series wound DC
motor, the entire armature current flows through the field winding as its
connected in series to the armature winding.
• The series wound self excited DC motor is diagrammatically represented
below for clear understanding.
 DC Compound Motor
The compound excitation characteristic in a DC motor can be obtained by
combining the operational characteristic of both the shunt and series excited
DC motor.
The compound wound self excited DC motor or simply compound wound DC
motor essentially contains the field winding connected both in series and in
parallel to the armature winding as shown in the figure below:
 DC Compound Motor
Short Shunt DC Motor
If the shunt field winding is only parallel to
the armature winding and not the series
field winding then its known as short
shunt DC motor or more specifically short
shunt type compound wound DC motor.

Long Shunt DC Motor

If the shunt field winding is parallel to both
the armature winding and the series field
winding then it’s known as long shunt
type compounded wound DC motor or
simply long shunt DC motor.
 Problem
• The armature and shunt field resistance of a
four-pole, lap wound DC shunt motor is 0.05 ohm and
25 ohm respectively. If its armature contains 500
conductors, find the speed of the motor when it take
120 A from a DC mains of 100 V supply. Flux per pole
is 2 × 10–2 Wb.
Problem
 Electro-magnetic Torque Developed in DC Motor
• The electrical power which is supplied to a DC motor is
converted into mechanical power. The conversion of power
takes place in the armature as stated below:
• The power developed in the armature is given as
 Shaft Torque
• In DC motors whole of the electromagnetic torque (Te)
developed in the armature is not available at the shaft.
• A part of it is lost to overcome the iron and mechanical (friction
and windage) losses.
• Therefore, shaft torque (Tsh) is somewhat less than the torque
developed in the armature.
• Thus, in case of DC motors, the actual torque available at the
shaft for doing useful mechanical work is known as shaft
torque.
 Brake Horse Power (B.H.P.)
• In case of motors, the mechanical power (H.P.) available at the
shaft is known as brake horse power (B.H.P.).
• If Tsh is the shaft torque in Nm and N is speed in rpm then,
 Problem
• A 50 HP, 400 V, 4 pole, 1000 rpm, DC motor has flux per pole
equal to 0.027 Wb. The armature having 1600 conductors is
wave connected. Calculate the gross torque when the motor
takes 70 ampere.
 Characteristics of DC motors
Generally, three characteristic curves are considered important
for DC motors which are,
❖ Speed and Armature current i.e., N – I a Characteristics:
It is the curve drawn between speed N and armature current
Ia. It is also known as Speed Characteristics.
❖ Torque and Armature current i.e., T–Ia Characteristics:
It is the curve drawn between torque developed in the
armature T and armature current Ia. It is also known as
Electrical Characteristic.
❖ Speed and Torque i.e., N–T characteristics:
It is the curve drawn between speed N and torque developed
in the armature T. It is also known as Mechanical
characteristics.
 Characteristics of DC motors
These characteristics are determined by keeping the following
two relations in mind.

• Ta directly proportional to ɸ.Ia

• N directly proportional to Eb/ɸ

 Characteristics of DC Shunt motors
In these motors, the shunt field current Ish = V/Rsh
remains constant since the supply voltage V is constant.
Hence, the flux in DC shunt motors is practically constant.

N – Ia characteristics
If the armature drop (IaRa) is negligible, the speed
of the motor will remain constant for all values of
load as shown by the dotted line AB in Fig. But
strictly speaking, as the armature current increases
due to the increase of load, armature drop Ia Ra
increases and speed of the motor decreases slightly
as shown by the straight line AC in Fig. (neglecting
armature reaction). Moreover, the characteristic
curve does not start from a point of zero armature
current because a small current, no-load armature
current Ia0, is necessary to maintain rotation of the
motor at no-load.
 Characteristics of DC Shunt motors
T – la Characteristics
Hence, the electrical
characteristic (i.e., T – Ia) is
a straight line passing
through the origin as shown
in Fig.
It is clear from the
characteristic curve that a
large armature current is
required at the start if
machine is on heavy load.
Thus, shunt motor should
never be started on load.
 Characteristics of DC Shunt motors
N – T Characteristics
The N – T characteristic is derived
from the first two characteristics.

When load torque increases,

armature current Ia increases but
speed decreases slightly.

Thus with the increase in load or

torque, the speed decreases slightly
as shown in Fig.
 Characteristics of DC series motors
Speed vs torque (N-Ia)
When armature current increases, the
induced emf (back emf) Eb decreases, due to
Ia (Ra + Res) drop whereas flux ɸ increases
as ɸ α Ia before magnetic saturation.
However, under normal conditions Ia (Ra+
Rse) drop is quite small and may be
neglected.

Considering Eb to be constant

After magnetic saturation, flux becomes constant, then

 Characteristics of DC series motors
T – Ia Characteristics

This characteristic is also known

as electrical characteristic. We
know that torque is directly
proportional to the product of
armature current and field flux,
Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia.
• It is seen that before magnetic saturation
T α Ia2. When load is applied to this motor
at start, it takes large current and heavy
torque is produced which is proportional
to square of this current.
• Thus, this motor is capable to pick up
heavy loads at the start and best suited
for electric traction.
 Characteristics of DC series motors
N – T Characteristics

• This characteristic is derived from

the first two characteristics.
• At low value of load, Ia is small,
torque is small but the speed is
very high.
• As load increases, Ia increases,
torque increases but the speed
decreases rapidly.
• Thus for increasing torque, speed
decreases rapidly as shown in Fig.
 Characteristics of DC compound motor
(a) Cumulative compound motor

• Cumulative compound motors are used where series

characteristics are required but the load is likely to be
removed completely.
• Series winding takes care of the heavy load, whereas the shunt
winding prevents the motor from running at dangerously high
speed when the load is suddenly removed.
• These motors have generally employed a flywheel, where
sudden and temporary loads are applied like in rolling mills.
 (b) Differential compound motor
• Since in differential field motors, series flux opposes
shunt flux, the total flux decreases with increase in
load.
• Due to this, the speed remains almost constant or
even it may increase slightly with increase in load (N
∝ Eb/ɸ).
• Differential compound motors are not commonly
used, but they find limited applications in
experimental and research work.
Characteristics of DC Compound Motor
 Exercise

A 220V dc series motor has armature and field resistances of 0.2Ω and 0.5Ω
respectively. When running at 1000 rev min-1 the motor draws 10A from the
supply. Calculate the torque delivered.

SOLUTION

132
 Additional Problems
Q1 A 240V dc shunt motor has armature and field resistances 0.2 Ω and 320 Ω respectively. The motor
drives a load at a speed of 950 rev min-1 and the armature current is 50A. Assuming that the flux is
directly proportional to the field current, calculate the additional resistance necessary in the field
circuit to increase the speed to 1100 rev min-1 while maintaining the armature current constant.
Calculate the speed of the machine with the original field current and an armature current of 90A.
50.5 Ω, 917 rev min-1
Q2 A 230V dc shunt motor has armature and field resistances of 0.3 Ω and 140 Ω respectively. Calculate
the induced emf and the torque developed by the motor when it runs at a speed of 800 rev min-1 and
the armature current is 2A.
To drive a larger load at 1000 rev min-1 an additional resistance, R is connected in series with the field
winding. In this situation the armature current is 30A. Calculate the new induced emf and torque and
the value of R. Assume that the flux is directly proportional to the field current.
229.4V, 5.48Nm; 221V, 63.3Nm, 41.7 Ω
Q3 A 240V dc series motor has armature and field resistances of 0.5 Ω and 1 Ω respectively. When
running at 1200 rev min-1 the motor draws 15A from the supply. Calculate the torque delivered.
A 2 Ω resistor is connected in series with the motor. The torque is adjusted so that the armature
current remains unchanged. Calculate the new speed and torque. 26Nm; 1034 rev min-1; 26Nm
Q4 A 550V dc series motor with an armature resistance of 0.35 Ω and and field resistance of 0.15 Ω drives
a load at a speed of 750 rev min-1. The supply current is 74A. Calculate the load torque.
The load torque is doubled and the supply current rises to 110A. Calculate the new speed and power
output. 483.3Nm; 537.8 rev min-1; 54.45 kW

133
 STARTERS OF DC MOTOR
❖ What is Starter?

❖ Necessity of Starter.

❖ Types of Starter

2 point Starter – Series Motor

3 point Starter - Shunt Motor

4 point starter – Compound Motor

 What is Starter ?
❖ A Starter is a device that controls the use of electrical power to
equipment, usually a motor. As the name implies, starters
"start" motors. They can also stop them, reverse them, and
protect them. Starters are made from two building blocks,
Contactors and Overload Protection.
✔ Contactors control the electric current to the motor. Their
function is to repeatedly establish and interrupt an
electrical power circuit.
✔ Overload Protection protects motors from drawing too
much current, overheating, and from literally "burning out".
 No volt release coil
• No volt release coil is basically a relay system which
automatically trips off the motor if supply is cut off or
decreased beyond a limit so that it doesn't starts automatically
to lowest armature resistance next time when supply is given.
 Necessity of Starter
• At starting, the speed of motor is zero so that the back e.m.f. in
the armature is zero.
• Armature resistance is so low, if it is connected to power
supply directly; huge current will pass through the armature.
• The huge current may damage the machine, major heat, very
high speed in case of DC series motor.
 Functions of Starter

• Start and stop the motor.

• Limit inrush current where necessary.
• Permit automatic control when required
• Protect motor and other connected
equipments from over voltage, no voltage,
under voltage, single phasing etc.
 3 Point Starter

❖ A 3 point starter in simple words is a device that

helps in the starting and running of a shunt wound
DC motor or compound wound DC motor.
❖ The current will be dangerously high at starting
(as armature resistance Ra is small) and hence its
important that we make use of a device like the 3
point starter to limit the starting current to an
allowable lower value.
 Construction
❖ Construction wise a starter is a variable resistance, integrated into
number of sections as shown in the figure.
❖ The contact points of these sections are called studs and are shown
separately as OFF, 1, 2,3,4,5, RUN.
❖ Other than that there are 3 main points, referred to as
a) 'L' Line terminal. (Connected to positive of supply.)
b) 'A' Armature terminal. (Connected to the armature winding.)
c) 'F' Field terminal. (Connected to the field winding.)

❖ And from there it gets the name 3 point starter.

3 Point Starter
 Continue….
❖ The point 'L' is connected to an electromagnet called overload
release (OLR) as shown in the figure.
❖ The other end of 'OLR' is connected to the lower end of conducting
lever of starter handle where a spring is also attached with it and
the starter handle contains also a soft iron piece housed on it.
❖ Handle is free to move to the other side RUN against the force of
the spring, spring brings back the handle to its original OFF
position under the influence of its own force.
❖ Another parallel path is derived from the stud '1', given to the
another electromagnet called No Volt Coil (NVC) which is further
connected to terminal 'F'.
❖ The starting resistance at starting is entirely in series with the
armature.
❖ The OLR and NVC acts as the two protecting devices of the
starter.
 Working
❖ To start with the handle is in the OFF position when the supply to the
DC motor is switched on. Then handle is slowly moved against the
spring force to make a contact with stud No. 1.
❖ At this point, field winding of the shunt or the compound motor gets
supply through the parallel path provided to starting resistance,
through No Voltage Coil. While entire starting resistance comes in
series with the armature.
❖ The high starting armature current thus gets limited as the current
equation at this stage becomes Ia = E/(Ra+Rst).
❖ As the handle is moved further, it goes on making contact with studs
2, 3, 4 etc., thus gradually cutting off the series resistance from the
armature circuit as the motor gathers speed.
❖ Finally when the starter handle is in 'RUN' position, the entire starting
resistance is eliminated and the motor runs with normal speed.
 Working
❖ The supply to the field winding is derived through no voltage coil. So when
field current flows, the NVC is magnetized.
❖ Now when the handle is in the 'RUN' position, soft iron piece connected to the
handle and gets attracted by the magnetic force produced by NVC, because of
flow of current through it.
❖ The NVC is designed in such a way that it holds the handle in 'RUN' position
against the force of the spring as long as supply is given to the motor. Thus
NVC holds the handle in the 'RUN' position and hence also called hold on coil.
❖ Now when there is any kind of supply failure, the current flow through NVC
is affected and it immediately looses its magnetic property and is unable to
keep the soft iron piece on the handle, attracted.
❖ At this point under the action of the spring force, the handle comes back to
OFF position, opening the circuit and thus switching off the motor. So due to
the combination of NVC and the spring, the starter handle always comes back
to OFF position whenever there is any supply problems.
❖ Thus it also acts as a protective device safeguarding the motor from any kind
of abnormality.
 4 Point Starter
❖

145
 4 Point Starter
❖ The 4 point starter like in the case of a 3 point starter also acts as a
protective device that helps in safeguarding the armature of the
shunt or compound excited dc motor against the high starting
current produced in the absence of back emf at starting.
❖ The 4 point starter has a lot of constructional and functional
similarity to a three point starter, but this special device has an
additional point and a coil in its construction, which naturally
brings about some difference in its functionality, though the basic
operational characteristic remains the same.
 Construction

❖ A 4 point starter as the name suggests has 4 main operational

points, namely
1. 'L' Line terminal. (Connected to positive of supply.)
2. 'A' Armature terminal. (Connected to the armature
winding.)
3. 'F' Field terminal. (Connected to the field winding.) Like in
the case of the 3 point starter, and in addition to it there is,
4. A 4th point N. (Connected to the No Voltage Coil)
❖ The remarkable difference in case of a 4 point starter is that
the No Voltage Coil is connected independently across the
supply through the fourth terminal called 'N' in addition to the
'L', 'F' and 'A'.
 4 Point Starter
• As a direct consequence of that, any change in the
field supply current does not bring about any
difference in the performance of the NVC. Thus it
must be ensured that no voltage coil always produce
a force which is strong enough to hold the handle in
its 'RUN' position, against force of the spring, under
all the operational conditions.
• Such a current is adjusted through No Voltage Coil
with the help of fixed resistance R connected in series
with the NVC using fourth point 'N' as shown in the
figure.
 4 Point Starter
❖ Apart from this above mentioned fact, the 4 point and 3 point
starters are similar in all other ways like possessing is a variable
resistance, integrated into number of sections as shown in the
figure above.
❖ The contact points of these sections are called studs and are shown
separately as OFF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, RUN, over which the handle is
free to be maneuvered manually to regulate the starting current
with gathering speed.
 Working
❖ Considering that supply is given and the handle is taken stud No.1,
then the circuit is complete and line current that starts flowing
through the starter. In this situation we can see that the current
will be divided into 3 parts, flowing through 3 different points.
i) 1 part flows through the starting resistance (R1+ R2+ R3…..)
and then to the armature.
ii) A 2nd part flowing through the field winding F.
iii) And a 3rd part flowing through the no voltage coil in series
with the protective resistance R.
❖ Any change in the shunt field circuit does not bring about any
change in the no voltage coil as the two circuits are independent of
each other.
 Working
❖ This essentially means that the electromagnet pull subjected upon
the soft iron bar of the handle by the no voltage coil at all points of
time should be high enough to keep the handle at its RUN position,
or rather prevent the spring force from restoring the handle at its
original OFF position, irrespective of how the field rheostat is
adjusted.
 2 Point Starter

• The start arm is simply moved towards right to start

the motor.
• Thus, maximum resistance is connected in series with
the armature during starting and then gradually
decreased as the start arm moves towards right.
• This starter is sometimes also called as a 2 point
starter.
• The no load release coil holds the start arm to the run
position and leaves it when the voltage is lost.
2 Point Starter
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTORS

154
 Speed Control of DC motor
The speed of a DC motor is given by the relation

From the above equation it is clear that the speed of DC motors can
be controlled;
1. By varying flux per pole ɸ. This is known as flux or field control
method.
2. By varying the armature drop, i.e., by varying the resistance of
armature circuit. This is known as armature control method.
3. By varying the applied voltage. This is known as voltage
control method.
 Speed control of DC Shunt Motor

There are three types for controlling speed

1. Variation of Flux ( Field Control Method)
2. Armature or Rheostatic Control Method
3. Voltage Control Method
i. Multiple Voltage Control
ii. Ward Leonard System
Field-rheostat Control Method
 Field-rheostat Control Method
• It is seen that speed of the motor is inversely
proportional to flux. Thus by decreasing flux speed
can be increased and vice versa.
• To control the flux, a rheostat is added in series with
the field winding, as shown in the circuit diagram.
• Adding more resistance in series with field winding
will increase the speed, as it will decrease the flux.
• Though speed can be increased by reducing flux with
this method, it puts a limit to maximum speed as
weakening of flux beyond the limit will adversely
affect the commutation.
Armature Control Method
 Armature Control Method

❑ In a shunt motor, flux is constant when applied

terminal voltage and shunt field resistance are
constant.
❑ Therefore, speed of the motor is directly proportional
to induced emf (i.e., N α Eb and Eb = V- IaRa).
❑ The value of Eb depends upon the drop in the
armature circuit.
❑ When a variable resistance is connected in series with
the armature as shown in Fig. the induced emf [Eb = V
– Ia (Ra + R)] is reduced and hence the speed.
❑ Thus, the motor runs at a speed lower than the
normal speed as shown in Fig.
 Armature Control Method

✔ By this method, a wide range of speeds (below

normal) can be obtained.
✔ Moreover, motor develops any desired torque over its
operating range since torque depends only upon the
armature current (flux remaining unchanged).
✔ The major advantage of this method is that the speed
of the motor can be reduced to any low value and
creeping speed (only a few rpm) can be developed so
easily, as shown in Fig.
✔ The major disadvantage of this method of speed
control is that there is heavy loss of power in the
control rheostat.
 Voltage Control Method
1. Multiple voltage control:
► In this method the, shunt filed is connected to a fixed exciting voltage,
and armature is supplied with different voltages.
► Voltage across armature is changed with the help of a suitable
switchgear.
► The speed is approximately proportional to the voltage across the
armature.
► This can be achieved only by providing a separate voltage source.
► Although this method avoids the disadvantages of poor speed
regulation and low efficiency, which are the characteristics of
armature-resistance control method, but it is very expensive and has
very high initial cost.
► his method gives a large range of speeds with any desired number of
speed points.
 Voltage Control Method
2. Ward-Leonard
System:

• This system is used where very sensitive speed control of motor is required (e.g
electric excavators.).
• The arrangement of this system is as shown in the figure at right.
• M2 is the motor to which speed control is required.
• M1 may be any AC motor or DC motor with constant speed.
• G is a generator directly coupled to M1.
 Ward-Leonard System
• A separate DC source is used to supply power to the
armature of DC shunt motor or separately excited motor and
the field winding is excited from a different source.
• The most common and accurate speed control method of
separately excited DC motors.
• This system is used to supply variable voltage to the motor.
• A DC generator G is mechanically coupled with a prime
mover PM which rotates the generator at constant speed.
• The field winding of the DC generator is connected to a
constant voltage DC supply line through a field regulator
and reversing switch.
• The DC motor M is fed from the generator G and its field
winding is connected directly to a constant DC supply line.
 Ward-Leonard System
• The voltage of the generator fed to the motor, can be varied
from zero to its maximum value by means of its field
regulator.
• By reversing the direction of the field current by means of the
reversing switch, the polarity of the generated voltage can be
reversed and hence the direction of rotation of motor M.
• Hence, by this method, the speed and direction of rotation
both can be controlled very accurately.
• The capital investment in this system is very high as two extra
machines (a generator and a prime mover) are required.
• This system of speed control is best suited where almost
unlimited speed control in either direction of rotation is
required, e.g., in steel rolling mills, paper machines, elevators,
cranes, diesel-electric propulsion of ships, etc.
 Speed Control of DC Series Motor
1. Flux control method
Variations in the flux of a series motor can be brought about in
any one of the following ways.
Field diverter
Armature diverter
Trapped field control field
Paralleling field coils

2. Variable resistance in series with motor

By increasing the resistance in series with the armature the
voltage applied across the armature terminals can be decreased.

3. Series parallel control

Field Diverter

• A variable resistance is connected

parallel to the series field.
• This variable resistor is called as
divertor, as desired amount of current
can be diverted through this resistor
and hence current through field coil
can be decreased.
• Hence flux can be decreased to
desired amount and speed can be
increased

167
 Armature Diverter

• Divertor is connected across the armature.

• For a given constant load torque, if armature current is reduced
then flux must increase. As, Ta α ɸ Ia
• This will result in increase in current taken from the supply and
hence flux ɸ will increase and subsequently speed of the motor
will decrease.
• By adjusting the value of diverter resistance, any speed below
normal can be obtained by this method.
168
 Trapped Field Control

• The field coil is tapped dividing number of turns. Thus we can select
different value of ɸ by selecting different number of turns.
• As the number of turns are reduced, the speed of the motor is
increased (N 1/ ɸ).
• Thus, only speeds above normal can be obtained by this method.

169
 Paralleling field coils

• In this method, several speeds can be obtained by regrouping coils

in series and parallel.

170
 Variable resistance in series with motor

• By introducing resistance in series with armature, voltage

across the armature can be reduced. And hence, speed
reduces in proportion with it.

171
 Series – Parallel Control

• In this method, the voltage across the series motors are changed by
connecting them in series or in parallel or the combination of both.
This in widely used in electric traction.

172
 APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
Series Motors
• The series DC motors are used where high starting torque is
required, and variations in speed are possible. For example – the
series motors are used in Traction system, Cranes, air
compressors, Vacuum Cleaner, Sewing machine, etc.

Shunt Motors
• The shunt motors are used where constant speed is required and
starting conditions are not severe. The various applications of DC
shunt motor are in Lathe Machines, Centrifugal Pumps, Fans,
Blowers, Conveyors, Lifts, Weaving Machine, Spinning machines,
etc.

173
 APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
Compound Motors
• The compound motors are used where higher starting torque
and fairly constant speed is required.
• The examples of usage of compound motors are in Presses,
Shears, Conveyors, Elevators, Rolling Mills, Heavy Planners, etc.
• The small DC machines whose ratings are in fractional kilowatt
are mainly used as control device such in Techno generators for
speed sensing and in Servo motors for positioning and tracking.
 Thank You

01-02-2024 EEE 175