PROJECT REPORT

On
DRAINAGE SOLUTION IN GITM CAMPUS
Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the degree of
BACHELORS
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
SATYAM JAISWAL (2003600009059)
AVINEESH PARJAPATI (2003600009023)
VIPIN SHAMRA (2003600009074)
ABHAY VERMA (2003600009002)
LAKKI SINGH (2003600009037)
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Shubhendu Mishra & Mr. Om Prakash Pal

GOEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Affiliated to Abdul kalam Technical University (AKTU)

i
 (2020-2023)

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project entitled “DRAINAGE SOLUTION IN GITM CAMPUS”

submitted by SATYAM JAISWAL [2003600009059] and AVINEESH
PARJAPATI [2003600009023] and VIPIN SHARMA [2003600009059] and
ABHAY VERMA [2003600009002] and LAKKI SINGH [2003600009037] in the
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of BACHELORS in
TECHNOLOGY (CIVIL) of Abdul Kalam Technical University , is a record of
students own work carried under our supervision and guidance. The project report
embodies results of studies carried out by students and the contents do not forms the
basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

MR. SHUBHENDU MISHRA MR. RAJ KUMAR GUPTA

Assistant Professor Head of Department (HOD)
(Project guide)

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely grateful to The Department of Civil Engineering, for giving me the
opportunity to carry out this project, which is an integral fragment of the curriculum
in B.tech program at the Goel Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow.

We would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and regards to my project guide, Mr.
Shubhendu Mishra, Department of Civil Engineering, for being the corner stone of my
project. It was his incessant motivation and guidance during periods of doubts and
uncertainties that has helped me to carry on with this project.

We would like to thank Mr. Raj Kumar Gupta, Head of the Department, Civil
Engineering for his guidance, support and direction. I am also obliged to the staff of
Civil Engineering Department for aiding us during the course of our project. I offer
my heartiest thanks to my dear friends for their help in completing my project.

Last but not the least, we would love to acknowledge the contributions of my parents
and family members, for their constant support.

iii
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work presented in this report entitled “DRAINAGE
SOLUTION IN GITM CAMPUS” was carried out by me. I have not submitted the
matter embodied in this report for the award of any other degree or diploma of any
other University or Institute. I have given due credit to the original auther/sources for
all the words, ideas, diagrams, graphs, computer programs, experiments, results, that
are not my original contribution. I have used quotations marks to identify verbatim
sentences and given credit to the original author/sources.

SATYAM JAISWAL (2003600009059)

AVINEESH PARJAPATI (2003600009023)
VIPIN SHAMRA (2003600009074)
ABHAY VERMA (2003600009002)
LAKKI SINGH (2003600009037)

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE…...…………………………………….……………………...I

CERTIFICATE…..…………………………………………………………..II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………….III

DECLARATION……………………………………………………………IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………...……………………..V

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………….VIII

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………...IX

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION……………………01

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT…………………………………...…………...01

1.2 OBJECTIVES……………………………………………………...……...02

1.3 RESEARCH METHOD……………………………………………...…...02

1.4 SCOPE…………………………………………………………..………...03

1.5 STRUCTURE OF PROJECT……………………………………………..03

1.6 OVERVIEW OF STUDY AREA…………………………………………03

1.6.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION……………………………………..…….03

1.6.2 GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES…………………………………..……….04

1.6.3 LEVELLING DATA OF CAMPUS…………………………...………..05

1.6.4 CLIMATE FEATURES………………………..……………………….08

1.6.4.1 TEMPREURE………………………………………………………...09

1.6.4.2 HUMIDITY…………………………………………………………...10

1.6.4.3 RAINFALL…………………………………………………………...11

1.6.5 HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL & WATER RESOURCES

FEATURES…………………………………………………………………...12

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW………………...…...13

v
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………..……………………..14

2.1.1 GURUGRAM CASE STUDY (2000)……………………………..……14

2.1.2 HYDROLOGICAL MODEL (2002)…………………………...……….15

2.1.3 ENERGY OPTIMIZATION (2008)………………………...…………..16

2.1.4 HOANG AND R A (2012)…………………………………...…………16

2.1.5 KAROLINA BERGGREN (2016)………………………………...…….17

2.1.6 XIN DONG (2018)……………………..……………………………….17

2.1.7 JONATHAN PARKINSON (2020)…………………………...………...18

2.1.8 MICHAEL BRUEN (2022)…………………………..…………………18

CHAPTER 03: URBAN FLOODING & URBAN DRAINAGE

SYSTEM…………………………………………………..19

3.1 URBAN DRAINAGE….………………………………….........................20

3.1.1 URBAN FLOODING…………………………………………...............21

3.2 SOLUTION FOR FLOODING CAUSED BY HEAVY RAIN…………...25

3.2.1 RAINWATER HARVESTING AND GREEN ROOF……………….....26

3.2.1.1 RAINWATER HARVESTING…………………….......……...……...27

3.2.1.2 METHOD OF RAINWATER HARVESTING………………...……..28

3.2.1.3 ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING ……………………….....28

3.2.1.4 SURFACE RUNOFF HARVESTING…………………………..……29

3.2.1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RAIN BARRELS….30

3.2.2 GREEN ROOF………………………………………………….............31

3.2.2.1 COMPONENTS OF GREEN ROOF …………………...…………….32

3.2.2.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GREEN ROOF …....33

CHAPTER 04: FLOODING OVERVIEW IN THE STUDY

AREA……………………………………………………..34

vi
4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE EXISTING DRAINAGE SYSTEM……………....35

4.2 OVERVIEW OF THE FLOODING IN THE STUDY AREA………...…..35

4.3 THE CAUSES OF URBAN FLOODING IN STUDY AREA………...…..37

4.3.1 CLIMATE CHANGE………………………………………………...…37

4.3.2 URBAN DEVELOPMENT……………………...……………………...38

4.3.3 IMPROPER DRAINAGE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT………..……....38

4.3.4 ATTITUDE OF PEOPLE………..……………………………………...39

CHAPTER 05: THE PROPOSAL OF SOLUTION……………41

5.1 NON- CONSTRUCTIVE METHOD………………………………..……42

5.1.1 RAISING LOCAL PEOPLE AWARENESS………………………..….42

5.1.2 PROPER MAINTENANCE…………………...………………………..42

5.2 CONSTRUCTIVE METHOD……………………………...……………..42

5.2.1 CALCULATE THE EFFICIENCY OF EACH METHOD…………...…43

5.3 SOLUTION FOR DRAINAGE……………………...……………………45

5.3 (I) EARTH FILLING WORK…………………………………...………...46

5.3 (II) CONSTRUCTION OF SIDE AND MAIN DRAINS………………....47

5.3 (III) CONSTRUTION OF TANK……………………………...………….49

5.3 (IV) INCREASING CAPACITY OF POND………………………...……51

6 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………..53

7 RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………………....55

8 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………...….X

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Location map of the research area ............................................................04

Figure 1.2 Elevation Map of the Reasearch Area………………………...................05
Figure 1.3 Climate of the Research Area ...................................................................09
Figure 1.4 Monthly Relative Humidity Data of the Research Area…………...........11
Figure 1.5 Location of Canal near study Area……………........................................12
Figure 3.1 Interface with the public and the environment…………………………..20
Figure 3.2 Effect of Urbanisation on runoff………………………………….…….23
Figure 3.3 Effect of Urbanisation on peak rate of runoff……………….……..……23
Figure 3.4 The Drainage system encroached and filled by solid waste .....................24
Figure 3.5 overview of SuDs components and the component that contains Green
roof and the Rainwater harvesting (Rain Barrel) approach………………………....26
Figure 3.6 Roof image of building I the study area ...................................................28
Figure 3.7 Drainage image of building roof in the study area…………....................29
Figure 3.8 Detention Basin……………………………………..…………………...30
Figure 3.9 Basic components of typical Green roof…………………………...........32
Figure 4.1 Flooding images of the campus……………………………...…………..36
Figure 4.2 The classification of causes……………………………………...………37
Figure 4.3 Improper existing drainage system in campus………………………..…39
Figure 5.1 Earth filling of depressed area………………………………...…………46
Figure 5.2 Trapezoidal section of drain…………………………………..…………47
Figure 5.3 First drain from main gate to the tank………………………………..….48
Figure 5.4 second drain from T point to the pond…………………………..………49
Figure 5.5 Diagram of artificial detention basin…………………………...………..50
Figure 5.6 Image of Field Tank…………………………………..…………………51
Figure 5.7 Image of pond……………………………………………...…………….52

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table1.1 Highway to medical college…………………………………………….....05

Table 1.2 Ayurvedic medical college to pharmacy new building…………………....06
Table 1.3 Goel height to pharmacy old building……………………………...……...07
Table 1.4 Goel height to pharmacy old building………………………………...…...07
Table 1.5 Goel hostel to new pharmacy building………………………………….....08
Table 1.6 Humidity data of Lucknow………………………………..……………....10
Table 5.1 Land use types and their areas in the study area………………………...….44
Table 5.2 Runoff coefficient corresponding to each land use……………………..…44

ix
x
 CHAPTER:1

INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 Problem statement
The problem of flooding becomes major issue for the campus during the monsoon
season. Students as well as faculty and staff members have to deal with this problem. The
study area is located near Indira canal Faizabad road Lucknow. Even though it was new
campus founded a decade ago still deeply flooded and slowly drained after heavy rains.
This not only causing difficulties for college students and faculty, staff but also destroying
the land.
Although some drains have had been constructed at the time of foundation of campus but
due to complex and congested construction permeable area has reduced raising the
flooding and slow draining.
Another factor that accounts for the flooding issues in the study area is climate change. Climate
change causes a series of precipitation events increasing both in intensity and frequency, these
erratic rain events are even unpredictable, making it hard to proactively prepare appropriate
coping measures.
However, the study area locates in connection with other regions, so the problems also
come from other external factors. The study area is a low-lying area, when downpours
occur, the flows from surrounding areas are likely to flow into it and cause serious
flooding.
Therefore, the project “DRAINAGE SOLUTION IN GITM CAMPUS” will partly help
find efficient solutions to reduce flood risks for campus.

1.2 Objectives
This study will pursue the following objectives in order to propose solutions for urban
flooding in GITM campus
1. Find out the causes of flooding in the study area
2. Provide solutions from the root cause

1.3 Research methods

1. Method of collecting materials and synthetic materials
2. Field work method
3. Method of mapping and GIS

2
4. Method of comparison, evaluation

1.4 Scope
the scope of this project is about 0.12 km2 and 1601.65m perimeter of the area. Which
includes main building, pharmacy area canteen ground and ayurvedic hospital.

1.5 Structure of project

Literature review
Flooding overview in the study area
The proposal of solution

1.6 Overview of the study area

1.6.1 Geographic location
The study area is in coordinates:
Latitude: 26.8942
Longitude: 81.0835

3
 Figure 1.1 Location map of the research area

1.6.2 Geographical features

The topography of the region is mainly plain, relatively flat, the average height is 115-
120m above the average sea level (MSL). Geological base is relatively stable. The main
soils are silty sand and clayey sand.

4
 Figure 1.2 Elevation map of the research area

1.6.3 Levelling Data of Campus

Table 1.1 Highway to Medical College

HIGHWAY TO AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE

STATION CHAINAGE B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I. R.L. REMARK

A 0 1.355 100 BM
B 10 2.845 101.355 98.51
C 20 3.400 97.955

5
D 30 1.400 3.945 98.81 97.41 CP-1
E 40 1.280 97.53
F 50 1.200 97.61
G 60 1.290 97.52
H 70 1.190 97.62
I 80 1.120 97.69
J 90 1.070 97.740
K 100 1.410 0.960 99.26 97.85 CP-2
L 110 1.370 97.89
M 120 1.340 97.92
N 130 1.380 97.88
O 140 1.350 97.81 T.P.

Table 1.2 Ayurvedic medical college to pharmacy new building

AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE TO PHARMACY NEW BUILDING

STATION CHAINAGE B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I. R.L. REMARK

A 0 1.395 99.35 97.91 BM
B 10 1.475 97.83
C 20 1.430 97.875
D 30 1.38 1.45 99.235 97.855 TP-1
E 40 1.450 97.785
F 50 1.430 97.805
G 60 1.370 97.865
H 70 1.300 97.935
I 80 1.155 97.08
J 90 1.150 98.085
K 100 0.92 98.315 TP

6
 GOEL HEIGHT TO PHARMACY OLD BUILDING

STATION CHAINAGE B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I. R.L. REMARK

A 0 1.48 99.39 97.91
B 10 1.575 97.815
C 20 1.455 97.935
D 30 1.410 97.98
E 40 1.425 97.965
F 50 1.390 98
G 60 1.48 1.450 99.42 97.94 CP-1
H 70 1.540 97.88
I 80 1.545 97.875
J 90 1.520 97.9
K 100 1.490 97.93
L 110 1.53 1.455 99.495 97.965 CP-2
M 120 1.650 97.845
N 130 1.710 97.785
O 140 1.535 97.96 TP

Table 1.3 Goel Height to Pharmacy Old Building

GOEL HEIGHT TO PHARMACY OLD BUILDING

STATION CHAINAGE B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I. R.L. REMARK

A 0 1.35 99.31 97.96 BM
B 10 1.44 97.87
C 20 1.52 96.35
D 30 1.47 97.84
E 40 1.42 97.89
F 50 1.26 98.05
G 60 0.115 99.195
H 70 0.88 98.33
I 80 0.87 98.49
J 90 0.72 98.59
K 100 0.6 98.71
L 110 0.51 98.8 TP

Table 1.4 Goel Height to Pharmacy Old Building

7
 GOEL HOSTEL TO PHARMACY NEW BUILDING

STATION CHAINAGE B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I. R.L. REMARK

A 0 1.315 100.115 98.8 BM
B 10 1.470 98.645
C 20 1.490 98.625
D 30 1.485 98.63
E 40 1.440 98.675
F 50 1.400 98.715
G 60 1.325 98.79
H 70 1.280 98.835
I 80 1.230 98.885
J 90 1.900 98.215
K 100 1.200 98.915
L 110 1.370 1.100 100.385 99.015 CP-1
M 120 1.490 98.895
N 130 1.540 98.845
O 140 1.560 98.825
P 150 1.540 98.845
Q 160 1.530 98.855
R 170 1.490 98.895
S 180 1.450 98.935
T 190 1.410 98.975
U 200 1.385 99
V 210 1.360 99.025
W 220 1.300 99.085
X 230 1.260 99.125
Y 240 1.240 99.145
Z 250 1.370 99.015
AA 260 1.380 99.005
AB 270 1.320 99.065
AC 280 1.100 99.285 TP

Table 1.5 Goel Hostel to New Pharmacy Building

8
1.6.4 Climate features
The climate of the Lucknow is general and the My study area is on the border of
Lucknow and Barabanki district, which is a hot and humid climate with four distinct
seasons (Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter). The rainy season occurs from July to
September.
1.6.4.1 Temperature
The average annual temperature of My study area is quite high, reaching 410C, the
difference of average temperature in the hottest month (June) and the coldest month
(January) is approximately 19oC.
The coldest months of the year usually occur in December, January and February with an
average temperature ranging from about 9 to 24oC. The month with the lowest average
temperature in 5 years is January with the average temperature being 16oC. The hottest
months of the year are May and June with an average temperature of about 41-48oC. The
month with the highest average temperature in 5-year period is June with the average
monthly temperature of 42oC.

Figure 1.3 climate of the research area

9
1.6.4.2 Humidity
The average Relative Humidity of Lucknow is around 69% although it varies from around
46% during Summer (April) to 86% during the Monsoon (August). The most humid
month of the year is August with humidity varies from 56.0% to 99.6%. The least humid
month is of the year is April, with humidity varies from 17.5% to 92.5%.

Table 1.6 Humidity data of Lucknow

Parameter Relative Humidity, %

Standard
Minimum Maximum Average
Deviation
January 45.5 99.7 80.1 ± 13.4
February 37.3 96.1 70.1 ± 14.5
March 26.9 89.5 53.5 ± 14.8
April 17.5 92.5 45.6 ± 14.6
May 26.0 78.5 51.7 ± 11.9
June 38.5 97.5 62.4 ± 11.4
July 48.2 98.2 81.8 ± 10.3
August 56.0 99.6 86.1 ± 8.8
September 53.6 98.7 80.7 ± 9.9
October 35.7 90.5 66.3 ± 14.0
November 41.3 94.8 69.8 ± 13.7
December 48.3 95.8 74.6 ± 13.6

10
 Figure 1.4 Monthly Relative Humidity Data of the research area

Rainfall:
The average annual rainfall in My study area is in the order of 900-950 mm. The rain
regime divides into two distinct seasons. The rainy season occurs from June to September
and the dry season lasts from November to April of the year after.
The annual rainfall is concentrated mostly in the rainy season, accounting for 80-85% of
the total annual rainfall. The wettest month was in July with an average rainfall of about
325-350 mm. In July 2013 the average rainfall peaked at 413 mm. In the early months of
winter, there is little rain, but in the second half of winter, there usually is some drizzle.
In the winter, the area is also subject to the northeast monsoon keeping the average rainfall
in these months very low, ranging from 11.8-126.2 mm. The number of rainy days in My
study area is 160 days on average. During the rainy season, there are many rainy days,
about 15 days per month. In the dry periods, by contrast, have fewer rainy days, generally
10-12 days per month.

11
1.6.5 Hydro-Meteorological and Water resources features
a canal named Indira canal passes beside the study area. The function of canal is to take
the water for agricultural purpose. But during the rainy season canal overflows and
contribution flooding of the study area.

Figure 1.5 Location of canal near study area

12
 CHAPTER: 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

13
Literature study
2.1 Literature review
Urban floods have remained as key challenges to various socio-economic activities of the
cities, threatening sustainability of urban areas in many countries around the world. There
is a growing movement of using nature-based solutions in minimizing the hydrological
impacts of urban development on the surrounding environment, such as low-impact-
development (United States), water sensitive urban design (Australia), and Vuon (Green)
– Ao (Water) – Chuong (Biodiversity) Initiative – VACI (Vietnam) [20]. This study aims
to find out the solutions to address urban flooding in My study area in lucknow. However,
there are a large number of solutions, making it difficult to decide on what is the most
suitable.
2.1.1 Assessing the role of SuDS in resilience enhancement of urban
drainage system: A case study of Gurugram City, India (2000)

This study aims to assess the role of sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) in enhancing
the resilience of the urban drainage system in Gurugram City, India. SuDS are
increasingly being recognized as a viable solution for managing stormwater runoff and
reducing flooding risks in urban areas. However, their role in enhancing the overall
resilience of urban drainage systems is still not well understood, particularly in the context
of developing countries.The study adopts a case study approach, focusing on Gurugram
City, which has been experiencing significant growth and urbanization over the past few
decades. The research uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods,
including field surveys, data collection, and interviews with stakeholders, to assess the
effectiveness of SuDS in improving the resilience of the urban drainage system.The study
finds that SuDS have the potential to enhance the resilience of the urban drainage system
in Gurugram City by improving the capacity of the system to handle stormwater runoff
and reducing the risk of flooding. However, their effectiveness is highly dependent on
factors such as design, implementation, and maintenance. The study provides insights into
the opportunities and challenges associated with SuDS implementation in urban areas in
developing countries and emphasizes the need for a coordinated and integrated approach
to urban drainage management.

14
2.1.2 Staged optimization of urban drainage systems considering
climate change and hydrological model uncertainty (2002)

Flood risk increases with climate change and rapid urbanization, which urgently needs to
improve the capacity of urban drainage systems. In the study, a staged optimization model
considering climate change and hydrological model uncertainty (SOCU) was proposed
for urban drainage system design. The SOCU model refers to the construction of drainage
system by stages instead of traditional implement-once plans, which was established based
on an integration of staged optimization policy, urban hydrological model, generalized
likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method and chance-constrained programming
(CCP) model. The staged optimization policy was employed to deal with the uncertainty
of climate change. The GLUE method was adopted to analyze the uncertainty of urban
hydrological model established by PCSWMM. Considering the uncertainty from urban
hydrological simulation, the CCP model (one of the main methods of stochastic
mathematical programming) was used to deal with the uncertainty of the optimization
model. Subsequently, a case study of the Haidian Island of Hainan Province in China was
used to demonstrate the proposed model. The result shows that the optimal investment is
183 million Yuan with a pumping capacity of 28.3 m3 /s for the first stage and 38.4 m3 /s
for the next stage. The SOCU model is not only more flexible to adapt to climate change,
but also is economically efficient (10% lower than implement-once plans). The urban
drainage system design obtained from the SOCU model is more reliable and robust than
traditional implement-once plans since the climate change and hydrological model
uncertainty are simultaneously taken into account. Furthermore, the investment increases
from 166 million Yuan to 195 million Yuan when the flood constraint satisfaction
probability increases from 0.75 to 0.95. Therefore, the model could provide richer
decision-making information than traditional implement-once plans and help decision
makers seek a trade-off between system investment and acceptable flood damage. The
study outcomes provide a reliable optimization model for urban drainage design and may
have profound implications and contributions for urban flood management

15
2.1.3 Energy optimization of the urban drainage system by integrated
real-time control during wet and dry weather conditions (2008)
BSTRACT An extension of the frequently applied equal filling degree control algorithm
is proposed for integrated control of sewer system and wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP). Under dry weather conditions (DWC), this control synchronizes sewer storage
volume activation at pumping stations (PS) throughout the sewer system with the
intermittent aeration at the WWTP. This is in contrast with the frequently advocated
influent load equalization at WWTPs. The concept is demonstrated on a case study using
an integrated system composed of detailed models for sewer system and WWTP where it
reveals considerable potential for energy savings and effluent quality improvement.
Moreover, the integrated control allows for the reduction of combined sewer overflows
during wet weather events and decreased sedimentation potential in the sewer system.
Neither weather predictions nor structural changes at the WWTP or in the sewer system
are required. The control concept is applicable to about 50 Flemish WWTPs

2.1.4 L. Hoang and R.A. Fenner 739-758 (2012)

This study explores system interactions of stormwater management solutions using Sustainable
Urban Drainage System (SuDS) and Green Infrastructure (GI) within the wider urban landscape.
A series of interdependencies between urban components relating to stormwater management are
identified. These include physical interdependency, geographical interdependency, cyber
interdependency and logical interdependency, as defined by Peerenboom (2001). Stormwater
management using SuDS/GI are viewed according to their Hydrological, Ecological and the Built
Environment functions during events up to the design rain (non-flood condition) and during
controlled exceedance and uncontrolled inundation (flood condition). The inclusion of SuDS/GI
into the urban fabric is shown to modify urban functional and relational interdependencies under
both these conditions. Within the context of the UK, there are fragmented responsibilities across
planning scales created by SuDS/GI solutions which have not addressed the relational
complexities that exist between agencies and competent authorities. The paper identifies the key
barriers towards effective adoption of SuDS/GI within the context of the UK as physical barriers,
perception/information barriers and organisational barriers.

16
2.1.5 Karolina Berggren; Mats Olofsson; Maria Viklander; Gilbert
Svensson; and Anna-Maria Gustafsson 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-
5584.0000406. (2016)
Changes in climate were a growing concern during the last decade and will be even greater in the
coming years. When investigating the impact from changes in the climate on urban drainage
systems, two challenges are (1) what type of input rainfall data to use and what parameters to use
to measure the impacts. The overall objective of this study is to investigate the hydraulic
performance of urban drainage systems related to changes in rainfall, and through these hydraulic
parameters describe the impact of climate change. Input rainfall data represent today’s climate and
three future time periods (2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100). The hydraulic parameters
used were water levels in nodes (e.g., as the number of floods, and frequency and duration of
floods) and pipe flow ratio. For the study area, the number of flooded nodes and the geographical
distribution of floods will increase in the future, as will both the flooding frequency and the
duration of floods.

2.1.6 Xin DONG, Siyu ZENG (2018)

In recent years, the urban drainage system in China is facing the dual pressure of renovation and
construction. This requires that the integrated assessment for the planning and operation of the
urban drainage system is obligatory. To evaluate the urban drainage system, an integrated
assessment methodology based on the analytic hierarchy process(AHP), integrated simulation,
and fuzzy assessment is established. This method is a multi-criteria decision adding app roach to
the assessment of the urban drainage system comprehensively. Through the integration of the
Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), a simple wastewater treatment plant model, and a
surface water quality model, an integrated modelling system for the urban drainage system is
developed and applied as a key tool for assessment. Using the established method, a case study in
Shenzhen City has been implemented to evaluate and compare two urban drainage system reno
vation plans, the distributed plan and the centralized plan. Because of the particularity of this case
study, the established method is not applied entirely. Considering the water environ mental impact,
ecological impact, technological feasibility, and economic cost, the integrated performance of the
distri buted plan is better. As shown in this case study, the proposed method is found to be both
effective and practical.
Guru Chythanya Guptha The increasing frequency of urban floods worldwide due to rapid
urbanization, frequent climatic extremes, or poor drainage conditions necessitates evaluating the

17
performance of the urban drainage systems (UDS) and enhancing their resilience. In this study, a
comprehensive assessment of the UDS of Gurugram City, India, through the concepts of
sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) is presented. A stormwater management model (SWMM)
was set up to model the existing UDS response to a design storm of a 5-year return period. The
increase in percentage imperviousness (due to urbanization) and rainfall intensity (due to climate
change) are considered the governing factors for functional failures. The results revealed climate
change to be a more severe threat to UDS than urbanization, while their combinations can further
worsen the repercussions. The structural failure was modelled using the single link-failure
scenarios,

2.1.7 Jonathan Parkinson (2020)

Wastewater, the ‘unwanted’ water of a city, includes all types of domestic, commercial and
industrial effluent as well as stormwater runoff during times of rainfall. This article highlights
some of the challenges for urban planners and engineers in the design of effective urban
drainage and stormwater management systems in developing countries.

2.1.8 Michael Bruen, 10.1061/_ASCE_1084-0699_2006_11:6_589_

(2022)
Rapid urbanization and its implications for both water quality issues and floods have increased the
need for modeling of urban drainage systems. Many operational models are based on deterministic
solutions of hydraulic equations. Improving such models by adding a “black-box” component to
deal with any systematic structure in the residuals is proposed. In this study, a conventional
deterministic stormwater drainage network model is first developed for a rapidly developing
catchment using the HYDROWORKS _now called Infoworks_ package, from Wallingford
Software in the United Kingdom. However, despite the generally satisfactory results, the
HYDROWORKS model tended to underestimate the flow volume. In this paper, a black-box or
“systems” model is fitted to the hydraulic urban drainage model in order to improve its overall
efficiency. A study was conducted of suitable black-box models, which included the nonlinear
artificial neural network model _ANN_, and the linear time series models of Box and Jenkins in
1976. They were added to either the output _in simulation mode_ or, in updating mode, to the
residuals _i.e., difference between modeled and measured output_ of the deterministic hydraulic
model. The updating procedure provided a considerable improvement in the overall model
efficiency for different lead-time forecasting. In simulation mode, however, only the nonlinear
ANN model gave better performance in calibration, and a slight improvement in validation.

18
 CHAPTER 3:
URBAN FLOODING AND URBAN
DRAINAGE SYSTEM

19
3.1 Urban flooding and urban drainage system
3.1.1 Urban drainage
According to David Butler and John W. Davies (2004), Drainage is indispensable in
developed urban areas because every human activities are closely related to the natural
water cycle. This interaction includes two main forms: the abstraction of water from the
natural circle to meet the water needs of humans in daily life, and the cover of impervious
surfaces that help to transfer rainwater out of the local natural drainage system. Hence,
two sorts of water that require drainage be apparent.
The first is wastewater, water that is discharged after has been used to support human life,
to meet the requirements of the industry and is no longer directly valid for those purposes.
The improper treatment may lead to environmental pollution, create health risks.
Wastewater consists of many components such as dissolved materials, fine solids, and
larger solids, deriving from WC, from the washing of various kinds, from industry and
other sources of water use.
The second type of water that demands drainage is the rainwater (water created from the
precipitation) that falls on the surface of a residential area. Without the proper drainage,
it would cause inconvenience, damage, overflows and health risks.
It contains several contaminants, stemming from precipitation, air or catchment surfaces.
These two types of water are treated by urban drainage systems to lessen the impact on
human life and the environment. Urban drainage has two main interfaces: the public and
the environment. The public often tends to flush only and not pay any attention to
consequences in the future, and this may partly explain the lack of public awareness and
the importance of urban services.

Figure 3.1 Interfaces with the public and the environment

20
In many urban areas, the artificial system of sewers is completely in charge of the drainage. This
system includes pipes, construction of collection and dispose of this water. Meanwhile, in
underdeveloped and low-income populations, there is no main drainage. Wastewater is treated
sketchy and green cover becomes a natural drainage system of stormwater.
There are two types of sewer systems: combined sewer system and separated sewer system. In a
combined sewer system, rainwater and sewage are drained in one pipe. While in a separated sewer
system, in which it drains rainwater and wastewater in two distinct pipes. For both sewerage
systems, the underground drainage system is linked to the impermeable surfaces. A separated
stormwater drainage system is intended to carry this runoff straight to receiving water bodies, with
limited or no treatment.
The urban drainage system is a system that is both social and technical in nature, located in a large-
scale urban environment combining many other subsystems to create a complete system
These subsystems (e.g., roads, buildings, pipe, surface water) all intimately associate in different
ways
However, each subsystem has its own ways of operation, functions, and interactions with factors,
can therefore lead to conflicts in the relationships. These relationships and association cause the
system complexity, making it complicated to understand and predict the interactions between
subsystems and factors.

3.1.2 Urban flooding

Although the devastation caused by frequent typhoons and frequent urban floods to the
riverine and coastal areas should be considered, the total costs of urban flooding have not
been accurately recorded. These are reasons: such floods occur frequently: they are
scattered in every street of neighborhoods; they do not impact seriously on the total
economic costs compared to other major events, and they are not recorded regularly.
However, these events have resulted in drastic economic and social damage to vulnerable
communities, communities that are nearly unable to cope with them. Mobile vehicles and
household appliances, in the absence of liquid assets, are often their most valuable
property.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) defined that urban flooding as “the
inundation of property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated
areas, caused by rain falling on increased amounts of impervious surfaces and
overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems.”

21
The definition can be split into three separate components: heavy precipitation (which is
expected to become more frequent due to climate change), increased urbanization, and
insufficient or outdated stormwater infrastructure presents a challenge in and of itself. It
is worth noting that FEMA’s definition does not refer to floodplains, rivers, or coastlines.
Because of the fact that urban flooding hardly related to water bodies. In urban areas, the
faster the pace of urbanization and the increase in impervious surfaces, the greater the
likelihood of flooding. In urban environments, permeable surfaces such as agricultural
land, vegetation and bare soil have been converted into residential areas. As a result, it
forms the runoff on the concrete surfaces, which is known as alluvial flood or urban flood.
In heavy rain, if the capacity of the existing drainage system does not meet the demand
for excess water drainage the water will overflow and flood the urban infrastructure.

In Asia, urban flooding occurs frequently. Almost every city is at high risk of flooding,
and this has negative impacts on urban citizens. However, very few cities have
implemented flood management or urban flood-proofing plans, and the government needs
to work harder to address these issues. In developing countries, the main causes attributed
to urban flooding are human influences on flood.
channels, the lack of knowledge in flood management, the shortage of early flood
warning systems, and the limitation of solid waste in drainage systems.

a. Effect of urbanization on drainage

Urban drainage replaces one part of the natural water cycle and, as with any artificial
system that takes the place of a natural one, it is important that the full effects are
understood.
When stormwater falls on a natural or permeable surface, some water returns to the
atmosphere through evaporation, or evaporation of plants; others drain into the surface
and become groundwater; and some overflow on the surface. The relative proportion is
determined by the sort of the surface and changes over time during a storm. (The surface
runoff will increase when the surface is no longer permeable).

In contrast, urban areas with typical buildings and concrete structures have a very poor
capacity to store rainfall and snowmelt. Constructing roads and buildings means reducing

22
the area of vegetation, soil and depressions from the land surface. Permeable surfaces are
replaced by impermeable surfaces such as roads, roofs, parking lots and footpaths that
contain less water, reducing the invasion of water into the ground, speeding up the flow
of water to channels and streams.

Figure 3.2 Effect of urbanization on runoff

Surface runoff moves swifter over hard surfaces and through sewers than it does over
natural surfaces and along natural streams. This suggests that the flow will both arrive and
die away faster, and therefore the peak flow will be greater.

Figure 3.3 Effect of urbanization on peak rate of runoff

23
At many place the drainage system is encroached by constructions or filled by solid waste
(See Figure 1.8). While in many other roads, the drainage system fails to meet the
technical requirements, leading to limited capacity to collect waste-water or rainwater.
The un-collected rainwater and gray water from sewer surcharges run over streets.

Figure 3.4 The drainage system is encroached by construction and filled by solid wastes
(Source: urban drainage thesis)

This obviously increases the danger of sudden flooding of the river. It also has strong
implications for water quality. In an artificial environment, there are likely to be more
pollutants on the catchment surface and in the air than there would be in a natural
environment. The rapid runoff of stormwater is likely to cause pollutants and sediments
to be washed off the surface or scoured by the river.
Combined sewer systems, which allow both wastewater and stormwater to drain in the
same pipe, are likely to allow pollutants to flow into the river.
Also, for separated sewer systems, the stormwater is transported directly to the surface
water without further treatment.
The existence of a considerable amount of wastewater is an outcome of the urbanization.
Water is used as a means to dispose of body waste and other bathroom wastes, via WCs.

24
In a developed system, before being returned to the urban water supply system,
wastewater will be removed from pollutants and toxins when they are treated in the
sewage treatment plant. In nature, water itself has a mechanism of self-cleaning by
removing some material, body waste, but not in the amount created by urbanization.

drainage system of Jimma city (Ethiopia) and identified the major factors contributing to
the poor drainage performance. Jimma population growth has been increasing the
problems caused by the uncontrolled release of domestic effluents and urban solid waste,
with increasingly damaging consequences for the environmental quality, social wellness
and economy of the city. With the intensification of Jimma development, surface water
discharges from developed areas and uncontrolled wastes are being increasingly released,
affecting social, environmental and economic state of the city. Lack of proper functioning
drainage infrastructure, uncontrolled waste disposal, lack of periodic inspection and
maintenance, poor connection of drainage networks and roads and carelessness led to the
failure of the existing drainage system. These conditions caused drainage blockages,
resulting in overflows and floods, leading to less and less attractive conditions in the city
and making some places unfit to be inhabited.

3.2 Solution for urban flooding reduction caused by heavy rain

To reduce urban flooding in the study area, this study focuses on applying the Sustainable
Drainage system (SuDs). Systems that drain rainwater in a way more sustainable than
conventional drainage systems are known as SuDs. It provides a range of approaches to
manage surface water concerning the amount of water (floods), water quality (pollution),
biodiversity (fauna and flora), and amenity. SuDs mimic the natural drainage process and
often manage rainwater close to where it falls. SuDs is intended to transport surface water,
slowing down the flow before it joins the water basin, they provide natural cover to store
rainwater and can be used to infiltrate water into the soil or evaporate from transpiration
of vegetation or surface water.
Compared to natural drainage systems, faster flow accumulation, and higher flood peaks the
principal characteristics of many urban drainage systems, which 15

25
increase the risk of flooding. Natural drainage methods are likely to help the catchment
responses return to a more natural state. By using the invasive and storage features of
semi-natural devices such as trenches, swamps, or ponds, the catchment response is
slowed down, peak flow decreases and thereby reducing flood risks. Originally, SuDs are
designed to improve rainwater quality, receiving water bodies, and reduce peak flows.
However, SuDs today also show significant effectiveness in draining design storms, thus
they are considered as a reliable alternative to conventional pipe drainage systems.
If SuDs are well designed, they are cheaper for construction and maintenance than
conventional urban drainage systems.
Therefore, SuDs are regarded as a cost-effective replacement to conventional drainage
systems.

3.2.1 Rainwater harvesting and Green roof

Figure 3.5 Overview of SuDs components and the component that contains Green roof and
the Rainwater harvesting (Rain barrel) approach.

Rainwater harvesting and Green roof are components of source control section. Most
source control components will be located within the private properties or highway areas.

26
Their purpose is to manage rainfall close to where it falls, not allowing it to become a
problem elsewhere. Source controls look to maximize 16
permeability within a site to promote attenuation, treatment and infiltration reducing the
need for off-site conveyance.

3.2.1.1 Rainwater harvesting

The importance of rain water harvesting
Stormwater overload is one of the fundamental causes of inundation in the study area, so
stormwater harvesting is required to help the existing drainage system runs by its practical
capacity. In a combined drainage system, rainwater and wastewater in a sewer may lead
to the waste of rainwater sources. It is necessary to construct rainwater collection works
to both improve the inundation situation in the research area and possibly save an
extensive amount of water that will serve for many purposes in the future. Also, because
the study area is located in the region of monsoon tropical climate with the typical
characters of high humidity and extensive rainfall, it is perfectly appropriate to collect
rainwater.

When rainwater is collected and retained, it could be an abundant source of water to

support the main water supply, especially in the dry season. Importantly, it is not only used
for individual families but also the whole community. Also, rainwater has a high risk of
pollution as it flows over the land surface and picks up potential pollutants that may
include sediment, nutrients, bacteria from animal and human waste, and petroleum by-
products (from leaking vehicles). Therefore, rainwater harvesting is necessary and the
application of rain barrel and green roof have strong abilities to address these issues.
Harvested rainwater can be used for irrigation, washing the streets of the city, or replacing
the flush water in the toilets. It also contributes to creating a sense of social responsibility
and environmental awareness. Moreover, the importance of rainwater harvesting lies in
the fact that it can be stored for the supplement of groundwater and to improve its quality.
This also helps replenish the groundwater level, which can then be easily exploited and
counteracts subsidence.

27
3.2.1.2 Methods of rainwater harvesting
There are two common methods of rainwater harvesting: Rooftop rainwater harvesting
and Surface runoff harvesting.

3.2.1.3 Rooftop rainwater harvesting

The method that collecting rainwater runoff from roof surfaces such as tiles, metal sheets,
plastics, but not grass or palm leaf. The rainwater can be directly collected by keeping a
bucket or container beneath the roof. Rainwater harvesting is suitable for individual homes
and schools.

Figure 3.6 Roof image of building in study area

28
 Figure 3.7 Drainage image of building roof in study area

3.2.1.4 Surface runoff harvesting

Is the harvesting of rainwater that runs over the roads after a rainstorm or into lakes,
streams, rivers, or reservoirs for storage that are on the surface or underground. Surface
water harvesting is most appropriate in urban areas. Here rainwater flows as surface runoff
and can be stored for future use. During storage of rainwater, it is important to incorporate
efficient and effective water conservation methods i.e. by reducing evaporation.

29
 (A)

(B)
Figure 3.8 Detention basin

3.2.1.5 Advantages and disadvantages of Rain Barrels

The advantages and disadvantages of using a rainwater barrel for rainwater harvesting
include

Advantages
➢ The barrels are the easiest ways of collecting rainwater. Because the components
to install a barrel rainwater collection system are very simple and are much cheaper
than other forms of rainwater collection.
➢ They are cheap, especially if they are being reused after having a previous life.
➢ Since they are being reused, it becomes a great way to reduce the amount of waste
going to the landfills.

30
 ➢ The barrels are lightweight and easy to move around even by one person.
➢ They are easily installed, thus reducing the cost of installation.
Disadvantages
➢ They are small in size and therefore can’t store large volumes of water. For this
reason, if you need more water, you must connect several barrels that will be able
to serve your water needs.
➢ By joining several water barrels, it increases the chances of leakages due to the
multiple joints, especially with pipes.
➢ If not well-sealed, the stormwater is at risk of being polluted, people using polluted
water will have digestive problems, and this is also a condition for dengue
outbreaks to appear, which pose a serious threat to public health.

3.2.2 Green Roof

A green roof is a roof with a flat or descent structure covered by a multi-layered system.
These layers may consist of a waterproof layer, a growing habitat layer, and a drainage
layer (optional). Green roofs aim to catch and keep hold of rainfall, reduce the amount of
flow, and diminish the peak flow. Furthermore, because green roofs store water in the
growing media and plants, latent heat loss is accomplished via transpiration from plants
and evaporation of moisture from the growing medium – collectively referred to as evapo-
transpiration.
that is why the temperature in the houses stay cooler in summer and warmer in winter.

There are three main types: extensive, intensive, and semi-intensive. They are classified
by the following characteristics.
➢ The extensive green roof has a relatively thin growing medium- generally less than
6 inches, a limited roof load, simple plant diversity, rarely irrigation requirement.
➢ Intensive green roofs have more soil, deeper growing environments - may be up
to several feet away, which allows the development of a greater variety of plants
even miniature trees. They also have a larger roof load and require more frequent
maintenance and watering.

31
 ➢ Semi- intensive green roofs inherit the features of both types. In particular, the roof
structure, type of plants, annual rainfall, rainwater efficiency requirements are the
factors that determine the depth of a green roof.

3.2.2.1 Components of Green roof

Figure 3.9 Basic components of typical Green roof

(Source: Google)

Where;
➢ Vegetation or the living component provide runoff mitigation by removing water
from the growing medium and releasing it back to the atmosphere;
➢ Growing medium that provides water, nutrients, and anchorage to the plants;
➢ A filter/retention layer that works to prevent small particles from clogging the
drainage and also serves to store water;
➢ A drainage layer that will channel excess water away;
➢ A root barrier that prevents plant roots from damaging the root membrane.

32
3.2.2.2 Advantage and disadvantage of Green roof

Advantage Disadvantage

Mimic predevelopment state of It costs more than conventional roof

hydraulics and hydrology (see next section for details)

Good removal capability of Not appropriate for steep roofs

atmospherically deposited urban
pollutants

Can be applied in high density Opportunities for retrofitting may be

developments limited by roof structure (strength,
pitch etc.)

Can be retrofitted (reliant on-site Any subsequent damage to waterproof

specifics) membrane likely to be more critical
since water is encouraged to remain on
the roof

Ecological, aesthetic and amenity Maintenance of roof vegetation

benefits (depending on the type of green roof)
requires a lot of effort and time

No additional land take

Improve air quality

Help manage urban heat island

impacts
Regulate the temperature in the
houses

33
 CHAPTER:4
FLOODING OVERVIEW IN THE
STUDY AREA

34
In this chapter, the current situation of the drainage system, the current flood condition,
and the causes of flooding in the study area are presented.
4.1 Overview of the existing drainage system
The drainage system in My study area is a combined sewer system for both rainwater and
wastewater. the water is gathered into underground sewers installed proactively along the
streets, alleys, and hamlets, then collected into ditch and then drains into rivers.
4.2 Overview of the flooding in My study area

(A)

35
 (B)
Figure 4.1 Flooding images of the campus

36
4.3 The causes of urban flooding in My study area

Figure 4.2 The classification of causes

(Source: Urban drainage thesis)

4.3.1 Climate change

The impact of climate change on flooding is something that has not been clearly
defined. Not only do variable weather- and human-related factors play into whether or not
a flood occurs, but limited data on the floods from the past make it difficult to measure
them against the climate-driven trends of floods today. However, as the IPCC
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) noted in its special report on extremes, it is
increasingly clear that climate change “has detectably influenced” several of the water-
related variables that contribute to floods, such as rainfall and snowmelt.
The increased frequency of occurrence of flood events in the world is partially attributed
to climate change-driven increase of extreme precipitation. Climate change is making
weather less predictable, rains more uncertain and heavy storm rainfalls more likely.
Heavy thunderstorms appear to have increased in frequency. Extreme rainfall events have
led to dramatic damage to human life and property, most seriously by contributing to urban
flooding. Due to global warming, the global water cycle is likely to be accelerated,
resulting in many regions with increased flood magnitude, as well as flood frequency.
Earlier, in 1984 Lucknow was hit by floods and in 1998 water level in Gomati had risen

37
to dangerous levels. Total 1,50 villages were reported to be inundated with water as
Gomati refused to recede.

4.3.2 Urban development

In 2008, the urban population accounted for more than half of the world’s population. By
2030, it is expected that the residents living in urban areas will reach 5 billion - 60% of
the world’s population. Population growth in urban areas is more common in developing
countries than in developed countries. For the massive migration from rural areas to cities
and the transformation of rural settlements into cities, many cities in developing countries
witness rapid population growth leading to uncontrolled urban development with
industrial growth, infrastructure development, and human settlement.

The extension in artificial surfaces due to urbanization contributes to an increase in

flooding regularity due to the lack of permeable surface and reduction of flow resistance
(due to faster concentration times). The hydro-meteorological changes driven by
urbanization, and resulting impacts on excessive showers, are also being established: a
strong relationship between urban areas and local microclimate has been shown after a
significant amount of study over the last twenty years. My study area has been undergoing
rapid urbanization during the past decades. Most of ground covered of buildings, concrete
surfaces. The changes in land use associated with urban development have an adverse
impact on the urban hydrological processes, which may result in the increase of urban
flood risk.

4.3.3 Improper drainage system management

When it rains most of the rainwater is dumped directly into the sewer, causing the drainage
system to become overloaded. Also, part of the sewer entryways will also get blocked by
leaves, dirt and trash, so water cannot enter the drainage system. In the starting phase of
construction, campus had many areas of greenery and ponds. In these areas, every time it
rains, part of the rainwater will seep into the ground and supplement groundwater for the

38
soil, part of the rainwater will flow into lakes and ponds, and the rest will be drained into
water drains and discharged into canal.

(A) (B)

(C)

Figure 4.3 Improper existing drainage system in campus

4.3.4 Attitude of People

One of the most important factors causing urban flooding is the attitude of people. Many
people living and working in areas affected by urban floods do not seem to realize that it
is their daily habits that contribute to getting this flooding worse. And they do not
understand that they can take action to significantly reduce their property damage. Most
of the current drainage systems in Hanoi in general and My Dinh in particular is the

39
combined sewer system. Since both rainwater and wastewater are drained together into
such a sewer line, it is easy to cause plaque on the wall of the sewer, which requires special
attention from the early stages. These residues stem from both rainwater and wastewater.
In moving to the sewer, the dirt will easily be swept away by the stormwater runoff into
the sewer. If domestic waste such as cooking oil or fragments of leftovers is not carefully
getting rid of, they will drain directly into the drainage system. After accumulating
gradually, these wastes clogging the drainage system, therefore preventing rainwater from
drainage when heavy rains occur resulting in flooding.

40
 CHAPTER: 5

THE PROPOSAL OF SOLUTION

41
This chapter explores the solutions to reduce urban flooding in the study area. There are
two types of solution, non - constructive method and constructive method. In the non-
constructive section, solutions that are not related to construction materials, the
installation of equipment will be presented. In the constructive section, solutions to
increase the area of permeability and water storage for the area via the application of
sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDs) will be shown.

5.1 non-constructive method

5.1.1 Raising local people’s awareness

Raising people’s awareness has a vital role to play in reducing urban flood risk and its
damage. The individuals settling in affected areas, who directly suffer from the devastation
caused by floods, their actions will be more proactive and bring an impressive effect on
their communities.

However, many people are not fully aware of their contribution to flood disasters and
rarely understand the actual risks (sort of risks, consequences, and possibility of
occurrence) that they have to handle. The citizens assume that the responsibility belongs
to the government and entrust the problems completely to the officials. It is necessary to
pay more attention to promotional campaign so that the basic knowledge about urban
flooding issues can approach the citizens in urban flood-prone areas. The initiative from
the beginning leads to the highest efficiency later.

5.1.2 Proper maintenance

A smoothly operated sewer system requires careful and regular maintenance. Besides
being maintained regularly to avoid clogging and leakage, attention should 32 be paid to
the maintenance of pumping stations. Some maintenance requirements can be reduced
with the involvement of local people in maintenance activities, such as debris removal or
reporting problems as they occur.

5.2 Constructive method

The current drainage systems are no longer suitable for urban development conditions and
changes in frequency and intensity of rainfall events, the scale and scope of future rain

42
events are likely to increase significantly, making high-capacity systems also seem to be
at high risk of being overloaded. Hence upgrading the capacity of the drainage system is
quite reasonable. However, the drainage system of an area is a combined system
comprising complex sewers, the dismantling and re-installing of an alternative system
may take time and also affect daily life. Besides, the expense is an important consideration
in this case, to advance a sewerage system, a large sum of money is required.
Consequently, this thesis applies methods from Sustainable drainage systems (SuDs)
known as rain barrel and green roof for reasons following. Firstly, these methods have a
negligible impact on the existing drainage system while ensuring flood mitigation for the
area. Secondly, both of these methods only need to base on the available platform to install
without looking up for new locations or smashing to build. Thus, for the green roof
method, roofs are available, so the system only need soil layers and plants to complete,
for the rain barrels pipes and water tanks are needed while detention basins, channels, and
grills require digging, dredging.

5.2.1 Calculate the efficiency of each method

a. The efficiency of Rain water harvesting - Rain barrel
To evaluate the effectiveness of the rain barrel approach, comparison of the design
discharge before and after the application of the method is carried out. The rational
method, developed by Kuichling in 1889, estimates design discharges from urban
watersheds. It is based on a simple formula that relates runoff producing potential of the
area, the average critical intensity of rainfall for a particular time period (referred to as the
time of concentration), and the contributing drainage area. Below is the formula:

Where;

43
The calculation for each parameter is shown as follows:

1. C = Runoff coefficient
Applying formula:

Where i represents a certain land use within sub-catchment X (I.e. buildings, parks), Ai is
the total surface area within the sub-catchment that is made up of that land use, and Ci is
the runoff coefficient for that land use types.

Types of land use within the study area and their areas shown in the Table 3.1 are collected
from Google Earth:
Table 5.1 Land use types and their areas in the study area

Unit Gardens & Unimproved Street Roofs of Water

Parks areas buildings
m2 19229 4192 6095 8390 2096
% (compare 48.07 10.47 15.23 20.97 5.23
to total area)

And the runoff coefficients per land use:

Table 5.2 Runoff coefficient corresponds to each land use

Type of Gardens Unimproved Streets Roofs of Water

surface and parks areas buildings
Runoff 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.85 0
Coefficient

==> According to formula (2), the average Runoff Coefficient is:

C = (0.2 * 48.07%) + (0,2 * 10.47%) + (0.8 * 15.23%) + (0,85 * 20.97%) + (0 * 5.23% )
= 0.408 (#1)

2. A : Contributing drainage area

A = 40002 ( m2 ) (#2)
3. i-crit : Critical design rainfall intensity

44
According to the Establishment of Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves for Precipitation
in the Monsoon Area in Lucknow near study area, we can see that the intensity of the
research area related to rainfall duration and return period.
- For rainfall duration, 15 minutes was chosen as it for flat urban areas.
- For return period, once every 2 years was chosen
Therefor, i crit is about 120 mm/hr = 3.33x10-5 m/s

Q design discharge = 0.48* 40002 *3.33x10-5 = 0.63 (m3 /s )

The fact that all houses can install a rain barrel system is not feasible. If we were to assume
that all half of the roofs in the entire study area could harvest water, Figure 3.1 a,
Distribution rainfall intensity analysis at Hanoi station; b, Maximum rainfall intensities
for difference time intervals and return periods 36 there can already be a large impact on
the runoff. So, I assume that after the rainwater harvesting method is applied, half of the
roof (50% Roofs of buildings) will be converted into water bodies areas. And the option
assumes that each family has land area approximately 30 m2, will set up a rainwater tank
with capacity storage of 1m3.

Area of each land-use types after applying the rainwater harvesting method knowing that
the initial areas are in Table 5.1:
Unit Gardens & Unimproved Street Roofs of Water
Parks areas buildings
m2 369856 301903 216548 328492 329088
% (compare 23,94 19,57 14 21 25 21 25
to total area)

5.3 Solutions for the drainage includes following works

i. Earth filling works in depressed areas
ii. Construction of side and main drains
iii. Construction of tank
iv. Increasing the capacity of pond

45
i. Earth filling works in depressed areas
campus has so many depressed areas around the main buildings as well as around the
canteen and ground area. Now during the the monsoon season all the water get runned off
but the water which get accumulated in these depressed patches causes nuisance and smell.
Under the project these areas are to be filled by earth. Which will contribute in the smooth
flow of rain water towards aligned drains.

(A)

(B)
Figure 5.1 Earth filling of the depressed area (canteen side area)

46
ii. Construction of side and main drains
After earth filling of the depressed areas, precipitated water get accumulated
near the road side of campus. Now to drain off this water we need to construct
drains along with the road which will lead the water to the pond and water
tank. The dimension of the drain is calculated as shown below.
The drain will be open channel type with trapezoidal section.

Figure 5.2 trapezoidal section of drain

(Source: Google)

DIMENSIONS
B = 300 mm
Side slope = 1:1
C= 300 mm
A= B+ (2*300)
A = 900 mm
Longitudinal slope: 1 in 100
Drain will be constructed in two lanes. The first drain will start from the main gate of
campus which will be made along side road of campus to the gate of pharmacy building
and there it will be connected to the tank which will be constructed in ground.

47
Second drain will connect the previous drain at the temple and will be constructed
straight towards the pond and this drain will connect the drain to pond.

Figure 5.3 first drain from main gate to the tank

(Source: Google earth)

48
 Figure 5.4 second drain from T point to the pond
(Source: google earth)

iii. Construction of tank

The precipitated storm water from ground and the pharmacy and hostel area will be
collected into the tank which will have the capacity of whole water of campus. The tank
will hold this water which can be used for ground and watering to the plants.
The dimension of tank is calculated in following manner.

49
 Figure 5.5 Diagram of artificial detention basin
(Source: Google)
CALCULATION:
Designing for one detention basin for capacity of 1.28x106 liters
Assuming detention period a weak
i.e. 7x24=168hrs
now, =1.28x106x168/24=8960000 liters
assuming some sludge deposition
so,
taking it = 9000000 liters
=9000m3
Assuming depth of the tank 14.5m
And 0.5m as free board depth
Then surface area (A)
A=9000/15
A=60 m2
Taking the ratio of L/B=3/2
L=60/2 =30, B=20 Septic tank dimention=30x20x15 m3

50
 Figure 5.6 image of field tank

IV. Increasing the capacity of pond

There exists a pond behind the college campus which holds the precipitated water from
the campus. This pond had been decreased in size due to continuous sedimentation of soil
and other pollutants flowing through the water. Now due the shrinkage of this pond the
water used to log in the campus. Under our project the dimension of pond needs to be re-
excavated.

51
 (A)

(B)
Figure 5.7 Images of pond

52
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
Flooding in campus has existed for many years and there are many factors responsible for
this problem. The prolonged flooding after every heavy precipitation has caused
significant difficulties in the daily life and the production process of student and people
residing in the campus. With a view to contributing to alleviating this problem, the
objective of this study is to propose effective and appropriate solutions for the research
area.
a. To come up with solutions, this study firstly aims to explore the causes of flooding in
the area. And four causes have been identified, they are Climate change, Urbanization,
Improper drainage system management, and People’s attitude:
For climate change, the data collected from gauging stations and previous studies show
that climate change is the direct factor causing flooding in campus. Climate change leads
to an increase in rainfall and the frequency of storms. The rainfall of the following years
is higher than the previous years and the occurrence of historic storms tends to increase.
The change is also reflected in the increase in the Earth’s temperature, as the temperature
increases, it speeds up the water cycle, thereby increasing the frequency of rainfall.
The second causing urban flood in the study area is urbanization. Rapid urban
development contributes significantly to the decrease in the permeability area and
rainwater catchments. As an enormous amount of storm-water cannot seep into the soil or
store in water-bodies will have to drain into the urban drainage system. However, the
drainage system has not been upgraded to meet that enormous drainage demand. As a
result, flooding occurs.
The site visit revealed that one of the significant impact factors is the inadequacies in the
management of urban drainage systems. Field works showed that some sewer entryways
on the roads were severely damaged, or were clogged up to 1m thick or the sewer
entryways were covered with garbage.
Secondly, according to the nature of the problem, the solution is divided into two types,
constructive and non-constructive approach.

53
- With the constructive approach, Green roof and Rain barrel were offered. These two
approaches are recommended with the desire to address urbanization and climate change
issues because they both recover the natural permeability area while limiting temperature
increase or rapid evaporation. The Rational method of Kuichling in 1889 was used to
calculate the effectiveness of these two approaches. By comparing the design discharge
before and after applying the two approaches, the effectiveness of rainwater control of
Green roof and Rain barrel was determined with the percentage improvement of 24.98%
and 32.14%, respectively.
- For non-constructive approach, raising local people’s awareness, Proper maintenance,
and Comprehensive development plan are presented.
The site visit revealed that most of local people believe that they do not have to be
responsible for reducing flood risks, therefor raising local people’s awareness is proposed
to provide people a better understanding of their role. This approach is achieved through
the enhancement of social media such as leaflets, handbooks, banners, and social
networks.
The site visits also revealed that the drainage system of the study area is facing many
damages such as destroyed sewer entryways, clogged sewer up to 1m thick, seriously
degraded pervious pavement, so this study proposes proper maintenance for the system.
Regular maintenance will help prevent failures from occurring, and quickly repair new
ones as they form.
This study shows that each construction plan needs doing in a comprehensive way that
suits the conditions of the area. These conditions include hydrological, geological, and
social conditions. Also, strict punishment of cases against the approved plan is required.

54
RECOMMENDATION
1. This study identifies the causes of flooding in the campus, this knowledge could serve
as recommendation for future projects to research solutions other than the application of
SuDs solutions.
2. These solutions are eco-friendly and compatible with high-density commercial and
residential areas. Therefore, the recommendation is made that they should be widely
applied to other urban areas.
3. This study shows that women play a significant role in limiting flooding in the study
area because they are most involved in water and waste in the family. This leads to the
recommendation to focus on raising awareness and listening to their thoughts. It is
essential to make them feel their vital role in this matter.
4. For the application of the methods to be realistic, it is necessary to have cost standards
for these methods. Therefore, the recommendation is that there should be cost norms for
construction and installation if these methods are put into application.
5. Due to the lack of reference resources, the area of each land use using Google Earth to
calculate would have errors. This leads to the recommendation to collect actual data about
the area of the study area so that the calculation can achieve the most accurate results.
6. The fact that 50% of the roof of buildings becomes the Garden & Park and Water area
when applying the Green roof and Rain barrel methods, respectively, is just a hypothesis.
Therefore, it would be recommended for further research to study the people's approval
to install these two systems, from which the percentage of the area to be converted will
be determined.
7. This study only focused on two types of SuDs (the Green roof, and the Rain barrel). For
further research, it is recommended that more types of SuDs (e.g., Detention basins) are
added to the application, to create more chances in reducing urban flooding in the
research area.

55
REFERENCE

1. David, B. and John, W. D. (2004). Urban Drainage second edition.

2. Burns, M. J., Fletcher, T. D., Walsh, C. J., Ladson, A. R., and Hatt, B. E. (2012).
Hydrologic shortcomings of conventional urban stormwater management and
opportunities for reform. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105(3):230–240.
3. Nieuwenhuis, E. (2018). Decision-making for integrated urban drainage systems:
dealing with uncertainties stemming from a system in transition. Technical report, TU
Delft

4. Herder, P. M., Bouwmans, I., Stikkelman, R., Dijkema, G. P. J., Stikkelman, R. M.,
and Weijnen, M. P. C. (2008). Designing Infrastructures Using a Complex Systems
Perspective. Journal of Design Research, 7(1):17–34.

5. de Bruijn, H. and Herder, P. (2009). System and Actor Perspectives on

Sociotechnical Systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part
A: Systems and Humans, 39(5):981–992.

6. Atta-ur-Rahman, Gulsan Ara Parvin, Rajib Shaw, and Akhilesh Surjan, in Urban
Disasters and Resilience in Asia, 2016.

7. (University of Maryland) Dr. Gerald E Galloway, Dr. Allison Reilly, Sung Ryoo
Anjanette Riley, Maggie Haslam and (Texas A&M University) Dr. Sam Brody,
Galveston & College Station, Dr. Wesley Highfield, Galveston, Dr. Joshua Gunn,
Galveston Jayton Rainey, College Station Sherry Parker, Galveston. The Growing
Threat Of Urban Flooding: A National Challenge, 2018

8. https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs07603/

9. https://www.nrdc.org/experts/anna-weber/what-urban-flooding

10. IPCC: Climate change and Biodiversity, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

change, Technical Paper – V, 2002.IPCC: Climate change 2007: Synthesis Report –
An Assessment of the Intergovernment Panel on Climate change, 2007.

11. Duan, W. et al. Anomalous atmospheric events leading to Kyushu’s flash floods,
July 11–14, 2012. Natural Hazards.73(3), 1255–1267 (2014).

12. ActionAid: Climate change, urban flooding and the rights of the urban poor in
Africa, 2006.

x
13. Tung, Son Nguyen, 2015 Land use mapping based on multi sensor integration case
study Day river in Vietnam (in MK27 project), CGIAR Research Program on Water,
Land and Ecosystems
14. Huan, T.N., Du, L.T.T., Do, T.H., Hoang, T,N.M., Bui, D.D. (2016) Assessing
effectiveness of traditional landscape for reducing urban flood risk: A case study of
My Dinh suburb, Hanoi, Vietnam.
15.https://www.nrdc.org/stories/flooding-and-climate-change-everything-you-need-
know#causes
16. UN: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision, ESA/P/WP/200, 2006.
17. Huong, H.T.L., Assela, P.,(2011). Urbanization and climate change impacts on
future urban flooding in Can Tho city, Vietnam. Hydrology and Earth System Science
Discussions.

18. Aikawa, M., Hiraki, T., and Eiho, J.: Change of atmospheric condition in an
urbanized area of Japan from the viewpoint of rainfall intensity, Environ. Monitor.
Assess., 148, 449–453,doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0174-0, 2008.
19. https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i#cite_note-TK2009
20. https://www.susdrain.org/delivering-suds/using-suds/suds-components/source-
control/green-roofs.html

21. https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/new-technology/green-roofs/define.htm

22.https://www.eartheclipse.com/energy/importance-methods-rainwater-
harvesting.html
23. https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting/Surface_water
24. https://www.lakecountyil.gov/2240/Naturalized-Detention-Basins

25. HATUM, T. WORM, J. (2006): Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use.

Wageningen: Agrosima and CTA
26.Juliette Eulderink (2018). A robust climate-proof design of a combined sewer
system in the Westerk wartier.

xi