Name: Celestra, Janelle E.

Subject Code: ECE 4

Instructor: Engr. Joemer T. Mendoza Year. & Sec: 2ECE-A
Sem & AY: 2nd Sem. S.Y 2023-2024 Date of Experiment Performed: 03-01-24

LABORATORY REPORT
Activity No. 1
Double Sideband AM Generation

ABSTRACT:

This experiment shows the generation of a Double Side Band AM waveform. The
observers utilized the Scientech 2201 module and an oscillator as main equipment for
the investigation. The goal of this experiment is to observe how a low frequency
modulating signal and a high frequency carrier signal would produce a DSB waveform.
In relation to this, the observers also investigated the effect on the resulting waveform
as the amplitude and frequency varies.

As a result, we were able to produce the expected waveform using the modulating
signal provided by the Scientech 2201 module and a human voice. A modulating signal
varying from 0-2 Vpp and 300-3Khz frequency and a 1MHz with 120mVpp amplitude
produced the DSB, having a resulting depth of modulation of 25.05% (complete solution
shown at ‘results’). However, the shape and appearance of the waveform did change as
we varied the level of amplitude, frequency, and both.

Given these, it is being concluded that DSB waveform requires both a modulating
signal and a carrier signal as an input. The carrier signal takes the form of the
modulating signal and becomes unmodulated when the amplitude pot in the Audio
Oscillator Block is set to the minimum level. The DSB-SC wave was also observed
using the Output Amplier Block. Additionally, human voice as a modulating signal
produced a type of sinusoidal waveform with inconsistent frequency and amplitude.

INTRODUCTION:

Amplitude modulation is the process of

changing the amplitude of a relatively high
frequency carrier signal in proportion with
the instantaneous value of the modulating
signal (information) (Tomasi, 2004). Here,
the amplitude of the carrier wave varies in some proportion with respect to the
modulating data or the signal. In AM, the
carrier does not vary in amplitude.
However, the modulating data is in the form of signal components consisting of
frequencies either higher or lower than that of the carrier. The signal components are
known as sidebands, and the sideband power is responsible for the variations in the
overall amplitude of the signal.

One type of AM is the Double

Sideband-suppressed Carrier Modulation
(DSB-SC). According to Sasmita (2015),
resulting signal obtained by supressing
the carrier from the modulated wave is
called Double sideband supressed carrier
(DSB-SC) system. The suppression of the
carrier, which does not contain any
information, is found to be an efficient way
to avoid power loss saving two-thirds of the power in the process. The balance
modulator is responsible for this action. This modulator is also present in the Scientech
2201 module. Scientech 2201 DSB/SSB AM Transmitter is a comprehensive learning
solution specifically designed to study basic operation as well as to provide conceptual
and step by step understanding of DSB/SSB Amplitude modulation and transmission
system through measurement of voltages and observation of waveforms at various test
points.

With this tool, the observers sought to systematically observe and comprehend the
creation of the Double Sideband waveform, including its processes such as inputs and
outputs. They aimed to acquire the skills needed to operate the oscilloscope
concurrently, ensuring the optimal clarity in visualizing the wave.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

 Experiment Manual - a document that provides detailed instructions, procedures,

and guidelines for conducting a specific scientific or technical experiment. It typically
includes information on materials, methods, data collection, analysis, safety
considerations, and troubleshooting, serving as a comprehensive guide for
researchers or individuals undertaking the experiment.

 3.5mm Male to 6.35 Jack Adapter - To link the microphone to the input of the
Scientech 2201 module, a necessary connector is the one compatible with the
module's standard 6.35 mm jack.

 Microphone – The microphone will be the device use to generate the modulating
signal or the human voice and is supposed to be connected to the Scientech 2201
module.
 Oscilloscope - A tool used for depicting the correlations among two or more
variables, where the horizontal axis is commonly associated with time and the
vertical axis reflects the voltage generated by an input signal. This device is
employed to generate the observable waveform for visual analysis.

 Scientech 2201 module - a comprehensive learning solution specifically designed

to study basic operation as well as to provide conceptual and step by step
understanding of DSB/SSB Amplitude modulation and transmission system through
measurement of voltages and observation of waveforms at various test points.

1. To initiate the investigation, it is necessary to ensure that all materials and

equipment are available and is in good condition.

2. The Scientech 2201 module was set depending on the conditions written in the
manual. The following instructions were followed; Audio input select at INT
position, mode switch at DSB, speaker’s off and output amplifier potentiometer at
maximum level (turned clockwise). The Scientech 2201 module was connected
to the oscilloscope.

3. The audio frequency sine wave: To investigate the wave form used as the
modulating signal generated by the board itself, the test cables were connected
to the audio oscillator and see the produced output signal using the oscilloscope.
For this observation, the settings CH1= 500mV, M1.00ms (for 300Hz) and
M100us (for 300kHz). Since the expected range are 0-2 for the Vpp and 300-
300kHz, we observed two waveforms at both 300 and 300kHz frequency. At this
part and the following investigation, adjustments are necessary to see the
waveforms at the best view possible. Amplitude and frequency can be varied at
the board, while the size and shape of the waveform can be adjusted at the
oscilloscope settings.

4. The carrier waveform: To investigate the waveform used as the carrier signal, the
test cables were connected to the 1 MHz Crystal Oscillator Block. The setting
used for this are CH1=500mV and M100us. Similar with the adjustments made at
no. 4, adjustments at the oscilloscope were also performed to see the waveform
in a clearer view.

5. The Double Side Band AM Output: After the observation of the modulating and
carrier waveform, we then investigate the waveform produced as these waves
undergo modulation at the Balance Modulator and Band Pass Filter Circuit 1.
Test cables were connected here and the balance pot was set at maximum level.
For this procedure, the oscilloscope settings was set at CH1=1.00V,
CH2=200mV, and M100us.

6. Depth of modulation: Modulation index was measured using the formula;

 Vmax−Vmin
Percentage Modulation= × 100
Vmax +Vmin

Equation 1. Formula in finding the modulation index.

In this measurement, the observers seek for the value of the Vmax and Vmin.

7. Investigation of varied amplitude and frequency at the DSB waveform: To vary

the frequency and amplitude, the frequency and amplitude pot at the Audio
Oscillator Block were adjusted depending on the stated conditions on the
manual. We observed the waveform with frequency varying and the amplitude at
both maximum and minimum level. Here the settings used at No. 6 remains the
same.

8. Human voice as the modulating signal: In replacement of the modulating signal

provided by the Scientech 2201 module, the human voice was utilized.
Microphone was used and connected to the module’s external audio input, and
appropriate switch settings are made.

RESULTS

In this section, we reveal the findings of our experiment. Through careful testing
and data collection, we aim to answer our research question. The results highlight what
we discovered and what it means for our study.

In this section, we examine Figure 3, showing the waveform of the modulating

signal from the audio oscillator block. The figure displays the signal's shape on the
oscilloscope at specified settings.

Parameter Value
Amplitude (CH1(Y)) 500 mV
Time Base 1.00ms

Figure 3. The Modulating

Signal
Figure 4 illustrates the output waveform, displaying the carrier signal generated by the
1MHz Crystal Oscillator Block.

Parameter Value
Amplitude (CH1(Y)) 500 mV
Time Base 100us

Figure 4. The Carrier Signal

Figure 5 displays the Double Sideband amplitude modulated waveform, generated

by the balanced modulator and Bandpass Filter Circuit 1, offering a concise snapshot of
the modulation process.

Parameter Value
Amplitude (CH1(Y)) 1V
Time Base 100us

Figure 5. The Double-Sideband Wave

 Equation 2, the solution in finding the percentage of modulation is shown. Using the
variables Vmax = 520mV and Vmin = 36Mv, the resulting percentage of modulation is
87.05%.

100 mV −100 mV
Percentage Modulation= ×100
60 mV +60 mV

= 25.05%

Figure 6 displays how adjusting the frequency potentiometer at the audio oscillator
block affects the Double Sideband wave, providing insight into the modulation process.

Figure 6. DSB with frequency varied.

Figure 7 depicts how the Double Sideband waveform changes with adjustments to the
amplitude potentiometer at the audio oscillator block, offering insights into modulation.
 Figure 7. DSB with amplitude varied.

Figure 8 and 9 illustrates the waveform recorded at the lowest and highest setting
of the amplitude potentiometer. This visualization provides insight into the waveform's
behavior under minimal amplitude conditions, enhancing our understanding of its
modulation characteristics.

Figure 8. DSB with amplitude at MIN position.

 Figure 9. DSB with amplitude at MAX position.

Figure 10 illustrates the resulting waveforms when a human voice is used as the
modulating signal, providing a clear depiction of the modulated output influenced by
vocal frequencies.

Figure 10. Wave formed using the human voice

DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
In the following results discussion, we analyze the data obtained from our
experiments. We'll explore patterns, trends, and draw conclusions to better understand
the implications of our findings. This section aims to provide a clear interpretation of the
results, contributing to the overall objectives of our research.

Coming up with a modulated signal requires the input and an output. The
modulating signal and the carrier signal. As we observe the modulating signal and the
carrier signal wave through the oscilloscope, the carrier signal seems to have way
higher value in terms of frequency but less in amplitude. Upon using the same time
base for both observation, it is clear that there are higher number of wave cycles with
lower wavelength in the carrier signal. Based on Maxwell’s observation of
electromagnetic radiation, the relationship between frequency and wavelength is an
inverse one, meaning that as the frequency increases, the wavelength decreases. This
is because the two are inversely proportional to each other, with a higher frequency
resulting in a shorter wavelength, and vice versa.

As these signals approach the Balance Modulator and Bandpass Filter 1, the
generation of the Double-Sideband wave occurred. As seen in figure 5 in the Results, a
symmetrical wave pattern containing both the upper and lower part can be observed.
This pattern took the shape of the modulating signal, with the amplitude of the carrier
signal being varied. The same waveform was generated by Montgomery and Desalvo
(1995) when they operated a Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator for coherent analog
optical communications. ‘The absence of a strong carrier component in the DSBSC
output allows the use of an optical amplifier immediately following the modulator where
the light signals are still relatively strong hence preserving the high S/N.’

From this waveform, the depth of modulation was measured using the formula for
finding the modulation index. The resulting percentage is 87.05%. In
amplitude modulation, the percentage modulation is proportional to the impressed
audio signal. (Roder, 1931). The resulting percentage amounts to the right limit in terms
of linear modulation, which should not be higher or exceed one-hundred percent.

Upon varying and manipulating the amplitude and frequency of the signal at the
Audio Oscillator Block, changes in waveform of the DSB was clearly observed. It affect
the spacing and distribution of the sidebands in the DSB waveform. A higher frequency
at the audio oscillator resulted in a higher-pitched audio signal and had influence the
spacing of the sidebands in the DSB signal accordingly. As for the amplitude, only the
carrier signal remains when it is set to level zero. At this point, it is considered
unmodulated. When set to maximum level, the sidebands tend to reach from point to
point due to excessive extension at the peak.

As shown in Figure 10, the waveform generated using the human voice has
significant difference with the first output using the modulating signal generated by the
board. The wave patterns are inconsistent and it tend to change depending on the tone
and pitch of the voice. For this experiment, we used the voice of a male student instead
of a female student for convenience.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our experiment involving the generation and analysis of a Double-

Sideband (DSB) wave yielded valuable insights into the modulation process. The initial
observation of the carrier signal's higher frequency and lower amplitude, as compared
to the modulating signal, aligns with Maxwell's principles of electromagnetic radiation,
emphasizing the inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength. The
successful generation of a symmetrical DSB wave, as seen in Figure 5, demonstrated
the modulation process through the Balance Modulator and Bandpass Filter 1.

The modulation depth, calculated as 87.05%, falls within the acceptable range for
linear modulation, providing a quantitative measure of the modulation index. Further
manipulation of the amplitude and frequency at the Audio Oscillator Block enabled us to
observe changes in the DSB waveform, influencing the spacing and distribution of
sidebands. Notably, variations in the amplitude and frequency produced distinct
alterations in the DSB waveform, emphasizing the sensitivity of the modulation process
to these parameters.

Upon observation of the DSB-SC (Double-Sideband, Suppressed Carrier) output

waveform at the Output Amplifier Block, we noted its unique characteristics. The
absence of a strong carrier component in the DSB-SC output, as anticipated, allows for
potential applications in optical communications, as discussed by Montgomery and
Desalvo (1995). Additionally, variations in the DSB-SC waveform in response to
changes in the Audio Oscillator Block settings were evident, further emphasizing the
dynamic nature of the modulation process.

Comparing waveforms generated by the Audio Oscillator Block with those

produced by the human voice showcased significant differences, indicating the
influence of tonal variations on the DSB output. This experiment contributes to a better
understanding of modulation processes, offering practical insights into signal
manipulation and the impact of external factors, such as human voice characteristics,
on waveform generation.
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