EXPERIMENT NO.

Verify four voltage and current parameters for TTL and CMOS (IC
74LSXX, 74HCXX)
Title: Experimental Study of Verification of four voltage and current parameters for TTL
and CMOS

Objectives:1) To understand the performance parameter of TTL and CMOS IC.

Aim: Verify four voltage and current parameters for TTL and CMOS (IC 74LSXX,
74HCXX)

Hardware: Digital IC trainer kit, patch cords, power supply, IC’s 74LS00, 74HC04

Theory: Various digital IC’s available in market belongs to various types. These types
are known as families. Based on components & devices internally used the digital IC
families are named as RTL, TTL, DTL, CMOS etc.

Classification Of Logic Families:-

Digital IC’s

Bipolar Unipolar

Saturated Unsaturated PMOS NMOS CMOS

-Register transistor Logic(RTL) P-channel N-channel Complementary
- Diode transistor logic (DTL) MOSFET MOSFET MOSFET

- Direct couple transistor Logic (DCTL)

- Integrated injection logic(I2L)
-High threshold logic (HTL) Schottky Emitter coupled logic (ECL)
-Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
The two basic techniques are:
1. Bipolar technology.
2. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) technology.

Bipolar Families:-

The bipolar families of logic circuit fabricate bipolar transistor on the chip.

In the bipolar category, there are three basic families called Diode Transistor Logic
(DTL), Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) & ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic).DTL uses
diode, transistors, TTL uses transistor almost exclusively. TTL has become the most
popular family in SSI & MSI chips while ECL is the fastest logic family, which is used
for high speed application.

MOS Families:-

The MOS family fabricates MOS field effect transistors (MOSFETs). In the MOS
category there is the logic family namely PMOS is the oldest & slowest type. NMOS is
used for the list field for microprocessor & memories.

CMOS uses a push pull arrangement of N-channel & P-channel. MOSFET is

extensively used where low power consumption is needed such as in pocket calculators.

In bipolar saturated logic families, the bipolar transistors are used as the main device.
It is used as a switch & operated in the saturation or cut off region.

TTL is an example of saturated bipolar logic.

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT PARAMETERS:

Voltage Parameters:-

Initially the output voltage levels of 0 V & 5 V are called as logic 0 & 1 levels
respectively. However practically we always obtain voltage level matching exactly to
these values. It is necessary to define the worst-case input voltage.

VIL (max) - Worst Case Low Level I/P Voltage :-

This is the maximum value of input voltage, which is considered as logic 0 level. If
the input voltage is highest than VIL(max), then it will not be treated as low (0) input level.

VIH(min) - Worst Case High Level Input Voltage :-

 This is the minimum value of input voltage which will be considered as logic 1 levee.
If the input voltage is lower than VIH (min). Then it will to be treated as high (1) input l.

VOH (min) – Worst Case High Level Input Voltage :-

This is the minimum value of output voltage, which will be considered as logic HIGH
(1) level. If the output voltage is lower than this level, then it will be treated as high (1)
output.

VOL (max) -Worst Case Low Level Output Voltage :-

This is the maximum value of output voltage which will be considered as logic low
(0) level. If the output voltage is higher than this value then it will be treated as low(0)
output. All the voltage parameters are shown in fig.

Fig1.1: Voltage Parameter

The voltage parameters can be shown on the digital circuit consisting of gates as
shown in fig.

Fig 1.2: Voltage Parameters on Logic Circuits

Current Parameters:-
IIL - Low Level Input Current:-It is the current that flows into the input when low level
input voltage in the specified voltage range is applied.

IIH - High Level Input Current:-It is the current that flows into the input when a high
level voltage of specified range is applied.

IOL - Low Level Output Current :-This is the current that flows from the output when
the output voltage is in specified low voltage range& specified load is applied is applied.

IOH - High Level Output Current:-This is the current that flows from the output when
the output voltage is in specified high (1) voltage range & specified load is applied.

Fig 1.3: Input and output current Parameters on Logic Circuits

FAN- IN AND FAN -OUT:

Fan -In:-
Fan-in is a term that defines the maximum number of digital inputs that a single logic gate can
accept. Most transistor-transistor logic (TTL) gates have one or two inputs, although some have
more than two. A typical logic gate has a fan-in of 1 or 2.

Fan -Out:-

It is defined as the maximum no. of input of the same IC family that a gate can
drive without falling out side, the specified output voltage limits. Higher the fan-out,
higher is the current supplying capacity of a gate. E.g. A fan out, 5 indicates that the gate
can drive of the most 5 inputs of the same IC family. Fan out is also called as the loading
factor. If the specified fan out of the gate is 10, then we should not load it with more than
10 gates. Because of them, the output logic level voltage cannot be guaranteed.

Noise Margin:-

To understand the meaning of the term noise margin or noise immunity, refer to
input & output voltage profiles shown in fig. Noise is as unwanted electrical distance,
which may include some voltage in the connecting wire used between two gates.
Quantitative measure of noise immuring is called as noise margin.

The difference bet VOH(min) & VIH (min) is known as the high-level noise margin
VNH. The difference between VIL max) + VOL(max) is called as the low-level noise
margin VNL.

High level noise margin VNH = VOH(min)-VIH(min),

low level noise margin VNL = VIL (max)- VOL (max).

When a high logic output is driving a logic circuit input, any negative noise spike greater
than VNH can cause the voltage drop into a invalid range.

Propagation Delay:-

The output of logic gate does not change instantaneously in response to the
change of in the state of its input. There is time delay between these two events. Which is
called as propagation delay, thus propagation delay is defined as time delay between the
instant of application of an input pulse & the instant of a current of corresponding output
pulse.
 Fig 1.4: Propagation Delay

tPHL :- The propagation delay measured when the output is making a transistor from high
(1) to low (0) state.

tPLH- the propagation delay measured when the output is making a transistor from low (0)
to high(1) state.

The propagation delay is measured between the points corresponding to 50% level shown
in fig. The values of propagation delay are used to measure relative speed of logic circuit

Power Dissipation:-

This is the amount of power in mill watts, which dissipated in logic IC’s.It is
desirable to have low power dissipation .The importance of power dissipation is that the

product of power dissipating & propagation time is always constant. Therefore reduced

power dissipation may lead to increase in propagation delay. Usually there is only power
supply terminal on any IC. It is denoted by Vcc for TTL IC’S & VDD for CMOS IC’S

The power drawn by an IC from the power supply is given by, P = Vcc X Icc.

ICCH& ICCL are of different values that are measured with open circuited outputs, because
the load will change these values. So an avg. value of them is generally considered to
calculate the average power dissipation.

ICC(avg) = ICCH + ICCL

2
 PD (avg.) = VccX ICC (avg.).
(1)

TTL FAMILY:-

The long form TTL is transistor transistor logic. The digital ICs in the TTL
family use only transistors to perform the basic operations. The Standard TTL has been
improved to a great extent over the years. TTL IC’s are fast, inexpensive & easy to use.
The Texas instrument first introduced two TTL series 54 series and 74 series

Procedure:

1. Insert the appropriate IC into the IC base.

2. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Measure the outputs.

Observation Table:

Table 1.1: Observation Table

VOLTAGE Practical Value Theoretical values
VOL(max) 0.11V 0.3V
VOH(min) 4.65V 2.4V
VIL(max) 0.10V 0.15
VIH(min) 4.61V 8.6V
VNH 0.04 V 0.05V
VNL 0.01 V 0.02V

Conclusion: Characteristics of digital IC’s such as current and voltage parameter have
been studied.

Upon completion of experiment students will be able to:

1. Select IC for particular applications.

2. Explain parameters of digital IC
 Oral Question Bank
Theory Question Bank

Q. No Description

Compare TTL and CMOS logic family.

1
Define the following parameter.

a. Speed of operation
2 b. Power dissipation
c. Noise immunity
d. Fan out.
Which gates are called as the universal gates?
3
What are its advantages?
4 Mention the classification of saturated bipolar logic families
5 Mention the important characteristics of digital IC’s?

6 Define fan in?

7 What is Operating temperature?

8 What is High Threshold Logic?

9 What are the types of TTL logic?

10 What is depletion mode operation MOS?

11 What is enhancement mode operation of MOS?

12 Mention the characteristics of MOS transistor?

13 Why totem pole outputs cannot be connected together.

14 State advantages and disadvantages of TTL

15 When does the noise margin allow digital circuits to function properly?

16 What happens to output when a tristate circuit is selected for high impedance.

17 State advantage totem pole