GRADE-IX

SOCIAL SCIENCE
GEOGRAPHY:CH-6:-POPULATION
SESSION-2023-2024

IMPORTANCE OF POPULATION FOR A COUNTRY:-

• People are the nation’s most valuable resource.
• A well-educated, healthy population provides potential power to the nation.
• The people are important to develop the economy and society as they make resources and use them.
• The people are themselves a resource with varying qualities.
• Hence, population is the pivotal element in social studies.

CENSUS:-
• A census is an official recording or listing of population that is done periodically.
• The first census in India (partial) was done in 1872.
• While, the first complete census was done in 1881.
• It is done every 10 years.
• The recent census was done in 2011.
• The census of India provides information regaling the population.

NEED/ ADVANTAGE OF CENSUS:-

• It is important to know how many people are there in a country, where do they live, how and why their
numbers are increasing and what are their characteristics.
• ‘Resources’, ‘calamities’ and ‘disasters’ are all meaningful only in relation to human beings.
• The census of India provides us with information regarding the population of our country.

THE THREE ASPECTS CONCERNED ABOUT POPULATION ARE:-

• POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION:-
Size and distribution of population refers to the total number of people in the country and where they are
located.
• POPULATION GROWTH AND PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE:-
Population growth and process of population change It refers to how the population has grown and changes
in its composition.
• CHARACTERISTICS OR QUALITIES OF THE POPULATION:-
It refers to age, sex-ratio, literacy levels, occupational structure, health conditions of people.

POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION:-

• The arrangement or a spread of people of a country in different places, is Catted population distribution.
• Size of population and its distribution can be studied under two heads- one population size and distribution
by numbers and other in population distribution by density.

INDIA’S POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION BY NUMBERS:-

• As per 2011 Census, population of India stood at 1,210 million, which is 17.5% of the total world
population.
• It is unevenly distributed over the various states.
• Uttar Pradesh having the highest population -199 million is about 16 % of India. Sikkim has the lowest
population (0.6 million which is 0.05 % of India.
• Delhi has the highest (16.75 million) and Lakshadweep the lowest (64,429) population among Union
Territories.
• Half of India’s population lives in just 5 states including- U.P, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra
Pradesh.
• Rajasthan being largest state area wise has only 6% of the total population.
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

INDIA’S POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY DENSITY:-

• The uneven population distribution can be better judged by the population density in the various states.
• Number of people living per unit area (sq. km) in an area is called population density of that area.
• India is the most populated country in the world.

According to 2011 Census:-

• India’s population density was 324 persons per sq km
• Bihar has the highest density of 1102 persons per sq km and Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest with only
13 persons per sq. km.

According to 2011 Census:-

• India’s population density has increased to 382 persons per sq km.
• Bihar has the highest population density i.e-1,102 persons per sq km
• Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest population density of 17 persons per sq km.
 ON THE BASIS OF POPULATION DENSITY COUNTRY IS DIVIDED IN TO THREE
REGIONS:-
1] ARUNACHAL PRADESH, SIKKIM AND JAMMU AND KASHMIR HAVE LEAST
POPULATION DENSITIES [BELOW 250 PERSONS PER SQUARE KM] ARE BECAUSE OF :-
• Rugged terrain
• Unfavourable climatic conditions

2] ASSAM AND MOST OF THE PENINSULAR STATES HAVE MODERATE POPULATION

DENSITIES BECAUSE OF :-
• Hilly, dissected and rocky nature of the terrain,
• Moderate to low rainfall,
• Shallow and less fertile soils have influenced population densities in these areas.

3] NORTHERN PLAINS AND KERALA IN THE SOUTH HAVE HIGH TO VERY HIGH
POPULATION DENSITIES BECAUSE OF:-
• Flat plains
• Fertile soils and
• Abundant rainfall.

POPULATION GROWTH AND PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE:-

• Population is a dynamic phenomenon i.e. the numbers, distribution and composition of the population are
constantly changing.
• This is the influence by the three processes:- births, deaths and migrations.

POPULATION GROWTH:-
• The change in the number of people of a country or state during a specific period of time is called growth of
population.
• Usually, it is mostly calculated at the interval of 10 years.
 Such a change can be expressed in two ways:-
• In terms of absolute numbers and in terms of percentage change per year

1] Absolute Increase of Population;-

• It means the absolute numbers added each year or in each decade in the population.
• It is obtained by simply subtracting the earlier population (Eg:- data of 1991 census) from the later
population (data of 2001 census)

2] Annual Growth Rate of Population:-

• The rate or the pace of population increase is the other important aspect.
• It is studied in per cent per annum(per year)
• The rate at which the number of individuals in a population increase in 1 year as a fraction of the initial
population; is called annual growth rate of population.
• It is expressed in terms of per cent per annum.
• Eg:- a rate of increase of 2% per annum means that there was an increase of 2 persons for every 100 persons
in the initial population.

NOTE:-
• India’s population has been steadily increasing from 361 million in 1951 to 1028 million in 2001 to 1210
million in 2011.

POPULATION GROWTH RATE SINCE INDEPENDENCE:-

• From 1951 to 1981, India’s annual growth rate of population increased steadily, from 361 million in 1951 to
683 million in 1981.
• Since then, the annual rate of population growth started declining.
• Still the population growth of India in 1990s was 182 million (in terms of number).
• This addition of people was larger than ever before.
• in spite of decreasing annual growth rate (in percent), the largest addition in people (in terms of number) is
due to the large population of the country.
• India’s Population Growth Rates during 1951-2011 large absolute increase.
• When more than a billion people increase even at a lower rate, the total number being added becomes very
large.
• India’s annual increase in population is large enough to neutralise efforts to conserve the resource
endowment and environment.
• A low growth rate results a large absolute increase due to very high population.
• However, the declining growth rate is a positive indicator for the efforts of birth control but the total
additions to the population continue to grow.
• If this rate of increase continues, then India will surpass China by 2045 to become the most populous
country in the world.

PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE/GROWTH:-

• There are three main processes of change of population : birth rates, death rates and migration.
• The natural increase of population or the growth rate is the difference between birth rates and death rates.

1] BIRTH RATE:-
• The number of live births per thousand persons in a year is called birth rate.
• The birth rate is a major component of population growth as in India, it has been always higher than the
death rate.

2] DEATH RATE:-
• The number of deaths per thousand persons in a year is called death rate.
• The main cause of the rate of growth of the Indian population has been the rapid decline in death rates.
• There has been a rapid decline in death rates during the last 50 years;
• Reasons of declining death rate:-Better healthcare and nutrition.

THE TREND OF POPULATION GROWTH DUE TO BIRTH RATE AND DEATH RATE:-
• Till 1980, high birth rates and declining death rates led to a large difference between birth rates and death
rates resulting in higher rates of population growth.
• Since 1981, birth rates have also started declining gradually, resulting in a gradual decline in the rate of
population growth.
• Due to govt. efforts and increased awareness, the birth rate also started to decline, resulting in gradual
decline in the population growth rate.

3] MIGRATION:-
• It is the movement of people across regions and territories.

A] INTERNAL MIGRATION:-
✓ The movement of people within the country (from one place to another) is called internal migration.
✓ It does not change the population size but it changes the population distribution of an area.
B] INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION:-
✓ The movement of people from one country to other is called international migration.
✓ It changes population size of the country as well as population distribution.

MIGRATION PATTERN IN INDIA:-

In India, most of the recent migrations have been from rural areas to urban areas.
This is due to poverty and unemployment in rural areas (Push factors) and increased employment
opportunity and better living, conditions in urban places (Pull factors).
• Migration is an important determinant of population change.
• It changes not only the population size but also the population composition of urban and rural populations in
terms of age and sex composition.
• In India, the rural-urban migration has resulted in a steady increase in the percentage of population in cities
and towns.
• The urban population has increased from 17.29 per cent of the total population in 1951 to 31.80 per cent in
2011.
• There has been a significant increase in the number of ‘million plus cities’ from 35 to 53 in just one decade,
i.e., 2001 to 2011.

NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY:-

• After recognising that the family planning would improve individual health and welfare, the Government of
India initiated its first Family Planning Programme in 1952.
• This, promoted responsible and planned parenthood on a voluntary basis.
• In the year 2000, the government formulated the National Population Policy (NPP 2000), which had the
following major objectives:-
• Providing a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school education up to 14 years of age.
• Reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births.
• Achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine-preventable diseases.
• Promoting delayed marriage for girls.
• Making family welfare a people-centred programme.

ADOLESCENT POPULATION:-

• Adolescents are population aged from 10 to 19 years.

• They currently comprise about 20% of India’s population and are an important future resource for the
country.
• Their nutritional requirements are more than that of either adults or younger children, but it our country the
diet available for them is usually inadequate for their requirements.
• This leads to deficiency and stunted growth.
• Many adolescent girls suffer from anaemia and they must be made aware of their requirements through
better education and literacy they confront.