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Chemical Process Industries - I: Lecture Note For

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93 views5 pages

Chemical Process Industries - I: Lecture Note For

notes

Uploaded by

Muriel Gonzo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture Note

For
Chemical Process Industries - I

Course-Diploma
Stream-Chemical Engineering
Semester-4th(2021-22)

Prepared by
Mr. Siddhibinayak Pradhan
Lecturer Chemical Engineering
Uma Charan Patnaik Engineering School,
Berhampur
Industrial Gases
Manufacturing of producer gas

Manufacture of producer gas

Quantitative requirements
(a) Basis: 100 Nm of producer gas
Coke 20-25 kg
or Coal 25-30 kg
Air 60-80 Nm3
Steam 8-10 kg
(b) Plant capacities: 25,000-250,000 cubic meters/day

Process description:
Steam and air mixture injected in bottom of a water-cooled jacketed steel furnace
equipped with a rotating grate to remove fusible ash. Solid fuel is added from hopper
valve on top of furnace. Producer gas is cooled by passing through a waste heat boiler.

Major engineering problems:


(a) Design of suitable gas producer furnace to:
• Keep uniform fuel surface
• Provide adequate gas-fuel contact time at high temperature
• Avoid clinkering and provide for proper fused ash removal
(b) Addition of correct steam quantities to supply net heat of reaction near zero on
a continuous once-through process.

Manufacturing of Water gas

Manufacture of Water gas

Raw materials: Bituminous, anthracite coal, or coke

Quantitative requirements
(a) Basis: 100 cu m of water gas from C
C as coke 55 kg
or C as coal 58 kg
Air 220 Nm
Steam 80 kg
(b) Plant capacities: 250,000-1,500,000 Nm™/day
Process description
• Regenerative process- -older process consisting of two reactors, one operates on
blow period which heats carbon by reaction 2(a), the other on a run period where
endothermic reaction 2(d) occurs. The cycle of
4-6 minutes is divided as:
Blow or heat-up 35% Downrun 33%
Uprun 30% Short purge uprun 2%
Reactors or generators are steel with refractory lining. If higher BTU gas is required,
an additional high-temperature carburetor section is required for pyrolyzing oil spray
and mixing.

• Continuous process--newer process invented in 1940's by Germans.Based on use


of tonnage or low purity grade oxygen made by air separation procedure. The correct
ratio of steam, oxygen, and coal is added to the reactor to yield a self-sustaining
reaction of approximately zero heat release. Subsequent innovations allow for ash
content > 30% so Indian coal can be used.

Major engineering problems


• Designing suitable ash removal systems for various grades of coal in
continuous processing.
• Optimizing cycle for regenerative process.
Manufacturing of Ammonia
Pertinent Properties of Ammonia:
Mol. wt. 17.03
M.P. -77.7°C
B.P. -33.4°C
Solubility Very soluble in water
Grades: Anhydrous or liquefied NH3, stored at 80°F with a pressure of 175 psig.
Aqueous grade (28 wt. % NHs).

Consumption Pattern
End Uses
The end uses for ammonia worldwide are as follows:
Direct application as fertilizer 25%
Urea (for both fertilizers & plastics) 21%
Ammonium phosphates 16%
Nitric acid 12%
Miscellaneous 12%
Ammonium nitrate 8%
Ammonium sulfate 3%
Acrylonitrile 3%

Raw materials
◦ H2 from synthesis gas
◦ N, from air addition in synthesis gas process or from air liquefaction process

Process description:
Ammonia synthesis gas (3 moles pure H: 1 mole pure Ny) is compressed to the
operating pressure (100-1,000 atms. depending on conversion required). It is sen
through a filter to remove compression oil and additionally through a high
temperature guard converter (converts CO and CO, to CH, and removes traces of
H,O, H,S, P and As). This is done by catalyst and suitable getter materials.
The relatively cool gas is added along the outside of converter tube walls to provide
cooling so that carbon steel can be used for the thick wall pressure vessel and
internal tubes. The preheated gas flows next through the inside of the tube which
contains promoted porous iron catalyst at 500-550°C.

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