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DNA Translation

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15 views

DNA Translation

Uploaded by

pahilangajosephs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 6

Name of Learner:

Grade and Section: Date:

BIOTECHNOLOGY ACTIVITY SHEET No. 6


DNA Translation

I. Learning Competency
Explain the processes involve in DNA translation.

II. Background Information for Learners

Translation involves “decoding” a messenger RNA (mRNA) and using its


information to build a polypeptide, or chain of amino acids. For most purposes, a
polypeptide is basically just a protein.

In an mRNA, the instructions for building a polypeptide come in groups of


three nucleotides called codons. Here are some key features of codons to keep in
mind as you move forward:
• There are 61 different codons that encode only 20 amino acids
• Three “stop” codons mark the polypeptide as finished
• One codon, AUG, is a “start” signal to kick off translation (it also specifies
the amino acid methionine)

The relationship between mRNA codons and amino acids is known as the
genetic code. The genetic code chart may be used to determine the triplet codes
for each amino acid. It can be noticed that there are many more codons than there
are different amino acids in proteins. Translation is essential in protein synthesis
needed by living organisms in order to function well.
In this learning activity, you will learn the processes involve in DNA translation.

III. Activity Proper


Activity 1: Read, Answer and Learn
Directions: Read the given facts about DNA translation and answer the question
that follows.

DNA translation is the term used to describe the process of protein


synthesis by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The genetic information in DNA is
used as basis to create mRNA by transcription. Single stranded mRNA then
acts as a template during translation.

Ribosomes facilitate translation in the cytoplasm, by inducing the binding


of complimentary transfer RNA (tRNA) anti-codon sequences to the mRNA.

tRNAs carry particular amino acids, which are linked together by the
ribosome. In this process, the mRNA is decoded to produce a specific amino
acid chain, known as a polypeptide. Folding of the polypeptide creates an active
protein, able to perform functions within the cell. The key components required
for translation are mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and aminoacyl tRNA synthetases.
These four structures are briefly explained below:
Ribosome
The ribosome is a complex organelle, present in the cytoplasm, which serves
as the site of action for protein synthesis. It provides the enzymes needed for
peptide bond formation. The nucleotide sequence in mRNA is recognized in
triplets, called codons. The ribosome moves along the single strand mRNA, and
when a complimentary codon sequence belonging to amino acid bearing tRNA
bonds with the mRNA, the amino acid is added to the chain.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
mRNA is used to convey information from DNA to the ribosome. It is a
single strand molecule, complimentary to the DNA template, and is generated
through transcription. Strands of mRNA are made up of codons, each of which
signifies a particular amino acid to be added to the polypeptide in a certain
order.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
This is a single strand of RNA composed of approximately 80
ribonucleotides. Each tRNA is read as a ribonucleotide triplet called an anti-
codon that is complementary to an mRNA codon. tRNA carry a particular
amino acid, which is added to the growing polypeptide chain if complimentary
codons bond.
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
These are enzymes that link each amino acid to their corresponding tRNA
with the help of a two-step process. Each amino acid has a unique synthetase
and the active site of each enzyme fits only one specific combination of the
amino acid and tRNA.

Source:Cheriyedath, S.M.(2020).DNA Translation. Retrieved from: https://www.news-med


ical.net/life-sciences/DNA-Translation.aspx#

Guide Questions:
1. What is DNA translation?

2. What specific part of the cell does translation takes place?

3. What does mRNA stands for? How about tRNA?

4. What are the key components required for DNA translation?

5. What is the term used to describe the nucleotide sequence in triplets?


Activity 2: From the Start
Direction: Read the processes involved in DNA translation and perform the tasks
that follow.

Step 1: Initiation
⚫ small ribosomal subunits bind to
mRNA
⚫ the initiator tRNA which is equipped
with the anticodon (UAC) also binds
to the start codon (AUG) of the mRNA
⚫ the resulting large complex forms a
complete ribosome and initiates
protein synthesis.
Step 2: Elongation
⚫ a new tRNA-amino acid complex
enters the codon next to the AUG
codon
⚫ if the anticodon of the new tRNA
matches the mRNA codon, base
pairing occurs and the two amino
acids are linked by the ribosome
through a peptide bond.
⚫ if the anticodon does not match the
codon, base pairing cannot happen
and the tRNA is rejected
⚫ the ribosome moves one codon
forward making space for a new
tRNA-amino acid complex to enter. Figure 1.DNA Translation
⚫ this process is repeated several times
until the entire polypeptide has been
translated
Step 3: Termination
⚫ as the ribosome moves along the
mRNA, it encounters one of the three
stop codons for which there is no
corresponding tRNA
⚫ terminator proteins present at the stop
codon bind to the ribosome and trigger
the release of the newly synthesized
polypeptide chain
⚫ ribosome then disengages from the
mRNA.

A. Complete the table below.

Processes in DNA Brief explanation


Translation
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
A. Fill out the circles to complete the flowchart. Choose your answer inside the box.

*Initiates protein synthesis

IV. Reflection
Complete the statement below.
1. Understanding the processes involved in DNA translation is important because

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