Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Technology

Civil Engineering Department

Report on Micro-Project
Academic Year: 2023-24

Title: Prepare a report on Simple Portal Frames

PROGRAM: Civil Engineering

PROGRAM CODE: CE4I
COURSE NAME: Theory of Structure
COURSE CODE: 22402

Submitted by Group No: 5

Submitted To
Mr. Sagar Mungase
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. Jayesh Badekar, Mr. Vishal Kushwaha, Mr. Rohit
Mhatre. Roll No:2113, 2114, 2115 of Fourth Semester in Bharati Vidyapeeth
Institute of Technology
(Code No 0027) has completed the Micro-Project work satisfactory in Theory
of Structure for the academic year 2023- 2024 as prescribed in the MSBTE
curriculum.

Place: Belpada Khargar Enrollment No:2200270085

2200270066
2200270083

Date: Exam Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of Institution
 Annexure-I
Micro-Project Proposal
Title: Prepare a Report on Portal Frames
1.0 Aim/Benefits of the Micro-Project
This Micro-Project aims at:
 To know the importance Portal Frames
 To understand the Portal Frames.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

a) CO –Evaluate axial forces in the members of simple truss.
b) CO – Analyze stresses in given diagram.
3.0 Proposed Methodology
 Planning about the data collection
 Group Discussion to finalize the data
 Editing of the collected data
 Preparation of Proposal
 Final Valuation and editing of final report

4.0 Action Plan

Name of
Planned Start Planned Responsible
Sr.
Details of activity date Finish date Team
No.
Members
Formation of group & topic All members
1 11/01/2024 11/01/2024
selection

2 Submission of proposed plan 18/01/2024 18/01/2024 All members

3 Preparation of report 28/01/2024 04/02/2024 All members

4 Preparation of report 13/02/2024 15/02/2024 All members

5 Preparation of report 16/02/2024 18/02/2024 All members

Final valuation of a working All members

6 report 28/02/2024 29/02/2024

Presentation: report
7 01/03/2024 01/03/2024 All members

8 Submission of final report 12/03/2024 12/03/2024 All members

 5.0 Resources Required

Name of
S. No. Specifications Quantity
Resource/material
1 Theory of Structure 1
Information regarding the Simple Truss
text book
2 Online Free open learning sources 2
3 Computer Microsoft word document with internet facility 1
4 Printer Canon -

Name of Members with Roll Numbers:

Sr. No Roll No Name of Student

1 2113 Jayesh Badekar
2 2114 Vishal Kushwaha

3 2115 Rohit Mhatre

*************
 Annexure–II
Micro-Project Proposal
Title – Prepare a Report on Portal Frames
1.0 Portal Frames– Introduction:
A portal frame building comprises a series of transverse frames braced longitudinally. The
primary steelwork consists of columns and rafters, which form portal frames, and bracing. The
end frame (gable frame) can be either a portal frame or a braced arrangement of columns and
rafters.

2.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project

This Micro-Project aims at:
 To know the importance of Portal Frames
 To understand the Portal Frames

3.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

a) Evaluate axial forces in the members of simple frames.

b) Analyze stresses in given diagram.

4.0 Literature Review
a) Theory of Structure text book
b) Online Information-
https://chat.openai.com

5.0 Action Methodology Followed

 As soon as we the group members got to know about our micro project topic, we on the spot started
the discussion related to topic
 After all, we all group members divided our work according to the requirements to make our project.
 Internet played a role in our project making as we used it for getting more information about the topic.
 We represented the project with the help of the printouts of the Information about the topic.

6.0 Actual resources used

Name of
S. No. Specifications Quantity
Resource/material
1
Textbook Information 1

2 Online Chat GPT 1

3 Photographs Google Images 6
4 Printer Canon -

7.0 Outputs of the Micro-Project:

 Introduction

Portal frames are generally low-rise structures, comprising columns and horizontal
or pitched rafters, connected by moment-resisting connections. Resistance to
lateral and vertical actions is provided by the rigidity of the connections and the
bending stiffness of the members, which is increased by a suitable haunch or
deepening of the rafter sections. This form of continuous frame structure is stable
in its plane and provides a clear span that is unobstructed by bracing. Portal frames
are very common, in fact 50% of constructional steel used in the UK is in portal
frame construction. They are very efficient for enclosing large volumes, therefore
they are often used for industrial, storage, retail and commercial applications as
well as for agricultural purposes. This article describes the anatomy and various
types of portal frame and key design considerations.

A portal frame building comprises a series of transverse

frames braced longitudinally. The primary steelwork consists of columns and
rafters, which form portal frames, and bracing. The end frame (gable frame) can be
either a portal frame or a braced arrangement of columns and rafters.
 Types of Portal Frames

Many different forms of portal frames may be constructed. Frame types described below
give
An overview of types of portal construction with typical features illustrated. This
information only provides typical details and is not meant to dictate any limits on the use
of any particular structural form.

• Pitched roof symmetric portal frame:

Generally fabricated from UB sections with a substantial eaves haunch section, which may
be cut from a rolled section or fabricated from plate. 25 to 35 m are the most efficient
spans.

• Portal frame with internal mezzanine floor:

Often office accommodation sits within a steel portal frame structure that utilises the
use of a mezzanine floor.

The assessment of frame stability needs to demonstrate the effect of the mezzanine
floor; guidance is provided in SCI P292.
• Crane portal frame with column brackets:

Where a travelling crane of relatively low capacity (up to say 20 tonnes) is required,
brackets can be fixed to the columns to support the crane rails. Use of a tie member or
rigid column bases may be necessary to reduce the eaves deflection.
The spread of the frame at crane rail level may be of critical importance to the functioning
of the crane; requirements should be agreed with the client and with the crane
manufacturer.

• Tied portal frame:

In a tied portal frame the horizontal movement of the eaves and the bending moments in
the columns and rafters are reduced. A tie may be useful to limit spread in a crane-
supporting structure.
The high axial forces introduced in the frame when a tie is used necessitate the use of
Second-order software when analyzing this form of frame.
• Cellular beam portal frame:

Rafters may be fabricated from cellular beams for aesthetic reasons or when
providing long spans. Where transport limitations impose requirement for splices, they
should be carefully detailed, to preserve the architectural features.
The sections used cannot develop plastic hinges at a cross-section, so only elastic design is
used.

• Mansard portal frame:

A mansard portal frame may be used where a large clear height at mid-span is required but
the eaves height of the building has to be minimized.
 Actions

Advice on actions can be found in BS EN 1991, and on the combinations of actions in BS

EN 1990. It is important to refer to the UK National Annex for the relevant Euro code part
for the structures to be constructed in the UK.

• Permanent actions:

Permanent actions are the self-weight of the structure, secondary steelwork and cladding.
Where possible, unit weights of materials should be obtained from manufacturers’ data.
Where information is not available, these may be determined from the data in
BS EN 1991-1-1.

• Variable actions:

Variable actions include all loads applied on the truss that varies in magnitude with
time. This includes, imposed loading, wind actions and snow actions. Procedure for
derivation can be found in the N.A of Euro code 1.

• Wind actions:

Wind actions in the UK should be determined using BS EN 1991-1-4 and it’s UK National
Annex. This Euro code gives much scope for national adjustment and therefore its annex
is a substantial document.
Wind actions are inherently complex and likely to influence the final design of most
buildings. The designer needs to make a careful choice between a fully rigorous, complex
assessment of wind actions and the use of simplifications which ease the design process
but make the loads more conservative. Free software for establishing wind pressures is
available from purlin manufacturers.
• Fire:

In the United Kingdom, structural steel in single storey buildings does not normally
require fire resistance. The most common situation in which it is required to fire
protect the structural steelwork is where prevention of fire spread to adjacent buildings,
known as a boundary condition, is required. There are a small number of other, rare,
instances, for example when demanded by an insurance provider, where structural fire
protection may be required.
When a portal frame is close to the boundary, there are several requirements aimed at
stopping fire spread by keeping the boundary intact:
• The use of fire resistant cladding
• Application of fire protection of the steel up to the underside of the haunch
• The provision of a moment resisting base (as it is assumed that in the fire condition
rafters go into catenary)
 Conclusion

In conclusion, portal frames offer an efficient and cost-effective structural solution

for various building projects. Through this report, we've explored the design
principles, advantages, limitations, and applications of portal frames in construction.
Their versatility, adaptability to different architectural styles, and ability to span
large distances make them a popular choice among engineers and architects.
However, it's important to consider factors such as wind and seismic loads, as well
as proper detailing to ensure structural integrity. Despite some limitations, such as
restricted architectural flexibility and potential for increased complexity in multi-
story buildings, portal frames remain a valuable option in the construction industry.
As technology advances and design techniques evolve, portal frames continue to
play a
8.0 Skill Developed / Learning outcomes
-The following skills were developed while performing and developing this micro-project
1. Designing: Designing of micro-project with minimum required resources and at low-cost.
2. Team work: Learned to work in a team and boost individual confidence.
3. Time Management: Timely completion of micro-project as scheduled.
4. Data Analysis: Interpretation of data: drawing and analysis of graphs ,laboratory calculations, etc.
5. Problem-solving: Develop good problem-solving habits.
6. Technical writing: Preparing a report of the proposed plan and final report.
 9.0 Applications of the Micro-Project

Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet ( for group file)

Major learning outcomes achieved by students by doing the project
a) Practical outcomes:
Evaluate axial forces in the members of simple truss.

b) Unit outcomes in Cognitive domain:

Analyze stresses in given diagram.

c) Outcomes in Affective Domain:

Function as team member
Comments/suggestions about team work /leadership/inter-personal
communication (if any)
team work- leadership -
inter-personal communication-

individual
ROLL Process and product Total
NAME OF STUDENTS Presentation/Viva
NO- assessment Out Of 6
(4 marks)

2113 Jayesh Badekar

2114 Vishal Kushwaha

2115 Rohit Mhatre

Name of the Faculty - MR. SAGAR MUNGASE

Signature