Shear Force and Bendling Moment in Statically Determinate Beams 165

Atx=3 m, M =90(3 1.243)- 15 x 3

23.13 kN-m [The difference is due to rounding off]
To find the point of contraflexure
0 90(x-1.243) 15x2
x =1.758
SFD and BMD for other half can be drawn making use of symmetry. These diagrams are shown
in Fig. 5.22(5) and 5.22(c).
Example 5.9 Draw the bending moment and shear force diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig. 5.23(a). Indicate the salient values on the diagrams.

Solution
M = 0>
Rx10-3x4x12-3x8x4-24+6x4= 0
Rg 24 kN
R =3x4+3x8+6-24 =18 kN 6kN
3kN/m 24kN-m -3kN/m
Aad AAA A
AB C 4m-
4m- 2m 4m- 4M

(a) Space Diagram

12
+Ve
TTTD LLLLHIA2
TT7T/

(6) SFD

24

e
24
24
6m

(c) BMD

Fig.5.23
Portion AB: Measuring x from A and considering left hand side forces,

F=-3x (Linearvariation)
Atx = 0, F =0
Atx = 4 m, F=-3 x 4 =-12 kN
 Moment in Statically Determinate Bean Beams
Shear Force and Bending
166

3x (Parabolic variation)
M -3x=-
M = 0
Atx = 0,

At x=4 m, M = 3x4 -24 kN-m

2
forces on left hand side of the section.
Portion BC: Mcasuring x form A and considering
F=-3 x 4+24 12 kN (Constant)
M=-12(x-2)+24 (r-4)
= 12x-72 (Linear variation)
M = 12 x 4-72=-24 kN-m
Atr=4m, .
M 12 x 6-72 0
Atx= 6 m,
forces to the left hand side of the
Portion CD: Measuring x from A and considering all the
section.
F=-12+24 3(x - 6) 30-3x(Linearvariation)
=

F 30-3 x 6 12 kN
Atx= 6 m,
F 3 0 - 3 x 10=0
Atx= 10m,
M= -12(x-2) +24(x-4) -3(x-6)
=-1.5x2+30x 126 (Parabolic variation)
M=-1.5 x 62+ 30 x 6-126 0
At x= 6 m,
Atx- 10 m,
M=-1.5 x 10+ 30x 10- 126 =24 kN-m
This is maximum since at this point SFD =0.
right hand side of the section.
Portion DE: Measuring x from E and considering forces on

F=6-18+3(x-4) =3x-24 (Linear variation)

Atx = 4 m, F=3x4-24-12kN

M=-6x+ 18(r-4)-3(x-4) 9
=-1.5x+24x-96 (Parabolic variation)
At x = 4 m, M=-1.5x4 +24x4-96=-24 kN-m

Atx=8 m, +24x8-96 0
M=-1.5x8 =

Portion EF: SF= 6 kN constant and M=-6x, varies linearly from zero at Fto-12 at E.
SFD and BMD are as shown in Fig. 5.23(b) and 5.23(c), respectively.

5.7 SHORT CUT PROCEDURE

With little bit experience in drawing SFD and BMD by fundamental approach explained in Section.
it is possible to develop skill of drawing SFD and BMD by the short cut procedure explained below
aF dM
(a) Since- = w and dx = F, the shear force curve will be one degree higher than the load.
and thebending moment variation is another degree higher than that of shear force variatio
Thus, the nature of variation with respect to commonly encountered loads is as show
Table 5.1.
Shear Force and Bending Moment in Statically Determinate Beams 167

Table 5.1: Nature of SF and BM variations

Load SF BM
No load Constant Linear
Uniformly distributed Linear Parabolic

Uniformly varying Parabolic Cubic

(b) While proceeding from left to right wherever there is concentrated load there will be sudden
change in SFD in the direction of that load. Similarly, wherever there is external moment
there will be sudden change in BMD at that point to the extent of external moment. While
proceeding from left there will be increase in bending moment value if the external moment
is clockwise, while it will be decrease, ifit is anticlockwise. Exactly opposite will be observed
while proceeding from right to left.
The following points should also be noted.
) The bending moment is maximum/minimum wherever shear force is zero. Such poimts
are salient points and should be indicated in BMD.
(i) The point of contraflexure is also very important point and hence should be indicated in
BMD, if it exists.
Using this procedure the following problems are solved.

Example 5.10 Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the cantilever beam shown
in Fig. 5.24(a).
20kN 10kN
4kN/m
C D

2m- 1m- 2m
(a) Space Diagram

38 30
30

10

IIIDLIIIL
(b) SFD

20

1184 (c) BMD

Fig. 5.24

Solution
Considering the forces from right side of the section.
168 Shear Force and Bending Moment in Statically Determinate Beam
eams
F = 10 kN

10x2= 20 kN-m
M =

Fe =10+20 = 30 kN

Me = 10x3+20xI = 50 kN-im

Fp 10+20+4x2 =38 kN
M, = 10x5+20x3+4x2xl=|18 kN-m

SFD and BMD are as shown in Figs. 5.24(b) and 5.24(c), respectively
Example 5.11 Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the simply supported beam
shown in Fig. 5.25(a) indicating values at salient points.

20kN/m

40kKN

BC
aokN-m
3m- 1m -2m 2m-
(a) Space Diagram
37.5 Paraboloid Variation

7.5
7.5

32.5
5

(b) SFD

90
82.5

+VE

(c) BMD

Fig. 5.25
VITITITDP
Solution
From the moment equilibrium condition about
A,

RX8-x 3x20x2 -40x 4-40=0

Rg =32.5 kN
 169
d Bending Moment in Statically Determinate Beams
S h e a rF o r c e a n o

R,=x3x 20+40-32.5 =37.5 kN

F = 37.5 kN

M, =0

F 37.5-x3x20=7.5 kN
20x1= 82.5 kN-m
M, 37.5x3-x3x
=

Fe =37.5-x3x20-40=-32.5 kN

x3x20x2=90 kN-m
Me =37.5x4-
F =-32.5 kN

Mp het37.5 x6-x3x20x4-40 x2
25 kN-m

M right25+40 65 kN-m
M =0

SFD and BMD are as Fig. 5.25(b) and 5.25(¢), respectively.

shown in
and mark the salient
Draw SF and BM diagrams for the beam shown Fig. 5.26(a)
in
Example 5.12
contraflexure and maximum bending moment.
points. Find the point of
15kN 10kN
15kN
20kN/m

AF D
-1m -1m im
-1m 1m
1m im
-1m
1m
(a) Space Diagram

10
1778

2.4m- VE

(b) SFD
12
VLA 27
32.6
31 29
23
-0.37m

10
(c) BMD

Fig. 5.26
170 Shear Force and Bending Moment in Statically Determinate Bea
eams
Solution
Taking moment about A, we get

RX5-10x6-15x4-20x1x2.5-15x1 =0
R =37 kN
R = 15+20x1+ 15+ 10-37 23 kN

Considering all forces from the left hand side of the section,

F=R, = 23 kN
M, =23xl=23 kN-m
Fe = 23-15=8 kN

Mc =23x2-15x1=31 kN-m
Considering all forces from the right hand side of the section.
F = 10-37+15 = -12 kN

M, =-10x3+37x2-15x1
=29 kN-m
F = 10-37=-27 kN

M =-10x2+37x1 =17 kN-m

F =10 kN
M =-10xl= -10 kN-m
The shear force is zero in
at
portion C and D since its value is +ve at C'and negative at D. Let it be
a distance x from C. Then,
F 23-15-20x =0
X900.4 m
Moment at this section is maximum.

Mma 23x (2+0.4)-15(1+0.4)-20x0.4 x0.2

= 32.6 kN-m

The point of contraflexure is between E

and F, since
F. Let its distance from F be x. Then bending moment is +ve at E and negative at

-10(1+x)+37x = 0
-10+27x =0

=0.37
27
1m
The SFD and BMD are as shown in Fig.
5.26(b) and 5.26(c), respectively.
Example 5.13 Draw the SF and BM
diagrams for the loaded beam shown in Fig.
the salient points. Locate the 5.27(a). Mark
point of maximum bending moment and the
Solution point contraflexure.
of

Taking moment about B,

 and Bending Moment in Statically Determinate Beams 171
Shea Force

50+xlx5x+
2 10x2+5x1x3.5-R, x3 =0
R29.722 kN

R,-xlx54
lx5+10+5x1-29.722
=-12.222 kN
= 12.222 kN

-5kN/m
10kN
50kN-m -5kN/m
AAAAAA
B D E F
12.222 29.722
-1m -1m- 1m- 1m k-1m

(a) Space Diagram

Y/7T7
+Ve//TC

12.222

14.722
Parabolic
24.722
(b) SFD

Cubic
50 50
36.845

+Ve 22.222 0.0902 m

2.5 Parabolic
(o)BMD
Fig. 5.27

Shear force in AB is zero.

SFjust to the right of B,FR=-12.222 kN

Moment in AB is 50 kN-m constant.

Considering the forces to the left hand side of the section.

Fe=-12.222-x1x5=-14.722 kN

kN-m
Mc =50-12.222x1 -x1x5x =36.945
172 Shear Force and Bending Momernt in Statically Determinate Beam.
ms

Considering the forces to the right hand side of the section.

F =5x1-29.722 =-24.722 kN-m
22.222 kN-m
M, -5xIx1.5+29.722 x I
=
=

F =5xl=5kN
M =-5xIx0.5=-2.5 kN-m
Maximum moment is 50 kN-m and minimum is -2.5 kN-m as shown in Fig. 5.27(c). The point nt
contraflexure is in portion DE. Let it be at a distance x from E. Then

0 M=-5xI(x +0.5) +29.722x

= -2.5+24.722x

X
2.5 = 0.0918 m
24.722
. SFD and BMD are as shown in Fig. 5.27(b) and 5.27(c), respectively.

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Shear force at a section in a beam is the force that is trying to shear off the section and is
obtained as the algebraic sum of all the forces including the reactions acting normal to the
axis of the beam either to the left or to the right of the section.
Bending moment at a section in a beam is the moment that is trying to bend it and it is obtained
as the algebraic sum of the moments about the section of all the forces (including the reaction)
acting on the beam either to the left or to the right of the section.
A diagram in which ordinate represents shear force and abscissa represents the position of
the section is called shear force diagram (SFD).
Bending moment diagram (BMD) may be defined as a diagram in which ordinate represents
the position of the section.
Point of contraflexure is the point where the bending moment changes its sign.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE

1. Relationships of shear force F with load intensity w, and bending moment Mare
dF
W
dx
and
dM = -F
dx
2. Maximum shear force and bending moment values for standard cases
(a) Cantilever subjected to
(i) concentrated load Wat free end:
F max =-W at any section
Mmax :-WL at fixed end
F
aar Force and Bending Moment in Statically Determinate Beams 173

(i) uniformly distributed load w over entire span:

FuaswL at fixed end

Mmax a t fixed end

(ii) uniformly varying load zero at free end to wat fixed end:
wL
max a t fixed end

Mmax
wl -at
fixed end
6
(6) Simply supported beam subjected to
(1) concentrated load w at a distance from left end:
b Wa
or whichever is higher
L L
Wab
Mmax under the load
L
(i) UDL over entire span:

F max at supports
Mmax
w
Mmax=-at mid span
(ii) uniformly varying load zero at left end and w/unit length at the right end:

F max -

at the right end support

M =
0.06415w at 0.5771 Lfrom the let support

(iv) External moment M, acting at a distance a from the left support:

Fmax Moat any ection

L

M max M argwhichever is higher

(c) Overhanging beam subjected to concentrated load at the free end:

Fmax Wat support near free end

=-Wa at support near free end
max

3. Nature of SFD and BMD

Shear force variation curve will be one degree higher than that of load and bending moment
curve another degree higher than the shear force variations.
The bending moment is maximum/ninimum wherever shear force is zero. Such points are
salient points and hence they should be indicated.
The point of contraflexure is also very important point and hence should be indicated in
BMD, ifit exists.
At points where concentrated load is acting there is sudden change in SFD to the extent of
the load and ifexternal moment is acting at a point, there is sudden change in bending moment
diagram to the extent of the external moment.