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1 - Intro To Solutions & Solubility

annotated presentation on solutions and solubility ib2

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39 views

1 - Intro To Solutions & Solubility

annotated presentation on solutions and solubility ib2

Uploaded by

amberhussain006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intro to Solutions

and Solubility

SCH3UE - Twomey
Solutions
● A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more
substances
● Has only one phase (layer) – looks uniform
● Can be solid, liquid, or gas
○ Ex: metal alloys, glucose IV drip solution, our atmosphere
● Two major components: solute & solvent
● Solute
○ Substance that is in lesser quantity
○ Dissolved into the solvent
○ Cannot be separated out by filtration
○ Can be separated out by evaporation
(If solution is aqueous)
○ May give colour to the solution
● Solvent
○ Substance that is in greater quantity
○ Dissolves the solute
“Like Dissolves Like” Principle
● Polar & ionic solutes will dissolve in polar solvents

● Nonpolar solutes will dissolve in nonpolar solvents

● Two substances that will mix together to form a


solution are miscible
○ Will result in a homogenous mixture (a solution)

● Two that can’t are immiscible


○ Will result in a heterogeneous (multiphase) mixture
Dissolving Ionic Compounds
● Ionic compounds consist of a cation
and anion held together by the
attractive forces of having opposite
charges – they exist in solid ionic
crystal lattices
○ i.e. NaCl

● When the crystal is in water, polar H2O


will surround and isolate the ions
○ Separation of the crystal compound into
individual ions is called dissociation
○ Surrounding of each ion by water is called
hydration
Dissolving Polar Molecules
● Polar molecules are held together by
intermolecular forces only
○ Dipole-dipole, Hydrogen bonding (when possible)
○ Much weaker than ionic lattices

● When the polar substance is in water,


polar H2O will surround and isolate the
individual molecules
○ Covalent bonds within the substance are NOT
broken!
○ NO dissociation occurs
Solubility
● A measure of the ability of a particular solute to dissolve into a given
volume of a solvent at a specific temperature

Compound Solubility (g/100g H2O)

CaCO3 0.0

CaCl2 7.5

K2SO4 12.0

NaCl 36.0

C12H22O11 204.0
Saturation
● Saturation is a degree of how much solute has
been dissolved in the solvent

● Saturated solution: contains the MAXIMUM


quantity of solute at a given temperature

● Unsaturated solution: contains LESS than the


maximum quantity of solute at a given
temperature

● Supersaturated solution: special conditions


arise allowing a solution to hold MORE than the
HOT ICE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLq5NibwV5g
maximum quantity of solute
Supersaturated
Solution DEMO
Solubility Curves
● Solubility curve: a graph of the solubility
of a substance over a range of
temperatures

● Points along the curve represent the


maximum mass of solute that will
dissolve at that temperature
○ Saturation point

● What is the saturation of:


○ 200 g of sugar at 20°C?
○ 200 g of sugar at 80°C?
○ 200 g of sugar at 10 °C?
Solubility Curves
Classify a solution that has
15 g/100 g H2O of KClO3 at 60 ℃.

What mass of solute should crystallize


from a saturated solution of KNO3 if it
is cooled from 50 ℃ to 10 ℃?
Solubility Curves
What mass of solute is required to fully
saturate a solution containing 40 g of
Pb(NO3)2 at 40 ℃?

At what temperature does a solution


containing 30 g of K2Cr2O7 become
saturated?
Factors Affecting Solubility:
1) Molecule Size
● Smaller molecules are
often more soluble than
larger molecules.

2) Temperature:
● The solubility of solids
tends to increase as
temperature increases!
● Unlike with solids, the solubility of gases
actually decreases as the temperature
rises.

3) Pressure:
● Pressure has little effect on the solubility
of liquids and solids.

● BUT: More pressure (of that particular


gas) above the water will make gases
more soluble! - it keeps them in solution.

● Suddenly changing the pressure can


make gas come out of solution.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolving
1. Agitation or mixing:
● Increases the number of collisions between solute
and solvent particles

2. Temperature:
● At higher temperatures, particles have increased
kinetic energy and collide more frequently

3. Surface area:
● Increasing the SA of a solute increases the amount of
direct contact with the solvent → increases the rate
of collisions!

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