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Matrices - PDF Full

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2. f@) &) © @ © © Note KEY CONCEPTS MATRICES USEFUL IN STUDY OF SCIENCE, ECONOMICS AND ENGINEERING Definition : Rectangular array ofmn numbers . Unlike determinants it has no value. yy a “tn ay an ay ay on *an ay an Ron AS or Fmt Sm2 vee Oman Nam az rn Abbreviated as :A= [au] t m. : 228 | 2. Seuss ee s = 7 tl Verical Matrix: Amatrixoforderm isa vertical matrixifm>n. |, 2 4 Square Matrix : (Order n) Ifnumber ofrow = number ofcolumn => a square matrix @ _ Inasquare matrix the pair of elements a, & a. are called Conjugate Elements. (an ay) nee) The elements a,,, ,,, a, .....a,, are called Diagonal Elements . The line along which the diagonal elements lie is called" Principal or Leading" diagonal Theqty © a,,= trace ofthe matrice written as, ie. t,A @ Square Matrix eee ‘Triangular Matrix ‘Diagonal Matrix denote as D dy, 4,, dy, vy ,) alll elements aT | oe 13 ( oH except the leading diagonal are zero asfora[sm=[2-39 be fo5 - ae . ioenne| bela af diagonal Matrix cela Ni Upper Triangular. Lower Triangular 4, 0 0 Lit iej am OV ied Bie) o sao % li if ixj Note that: — Minimum number of zeros in ood a triangular matrix of Note:(1) If d,=d,=4d,=a Scalar Matrix order n= n(n-1)/2 (@)If d)=d,=d,=1 Unit Matrix Note: Min, number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order n= n(n 1) "Itis tobe noted that with square matrix theresa corresponding determinant formed by the elements of Ain the same order." 3. Equality Of Matrices: lt A=[a,] & B=[b,,] areequalif, @ _bothhave the same order. (i) a, =, foreach pair of i &}. 4. Algebra Of Matrices : Addition: A+ B=[a, +b,,] where A&B are of the same type. (same order) (a) Addition of matrices is commutative. A+B=B+A A=mxn 9; B=mxn (b) Matrix addition is associative. (A+B)+C=A+(B+C) Note: A, B&C are of the same type. (Additive inverse. If A+B=O=B+A A=mxn Multiplication Of A Matrix By A Scalar : abe ka kb ke I A=|bc a KA=|kb ke ka le a b ke ka kb ‘Multiplication Of Matrices : (Row by Column) ABexists if, A=mxn & B=nxp 2x3 3x3 AB exists, but BA doesnot => AB # BA 2 | A = prefactor Note: Inthe product AB. [Bim post actor rb, b, A= yay ena) & B= by Ixn nxt AB = (a,b, +a,b, +... tab] j] mxn & B=[b,] nx p matrix,then | (AB),= >) a,.b, ret @ ) © Properties Of Matrix Multiplication : Matrix multiplication is not commutative Bas afd => ABs BA (ingeneral) 5 ree peas ap=[} 3] ii | -[8 8] = aB-0 » A-owB-o0 Note: If Aand B are two non-zero matrices such that AB = O then A and B are called the divisors of zero, Also if [AB] = = | AB | =>|A||B|=0=>|A|=0 or|B|=0 but not the converse. IfAand B are two matrices such that @ AB=BA = AandB commute each other (@) AB=-BA = AandB anti commute each other Matrix Multiplication Is Associative : If A,B& C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then (A.B).C=A. 8.0) Distributivity : A(B+C) =AB+AC (A+B)C = AC+BC Posrnive InrecraL Powers Or A SQUARE MATRIX : For a square matrixA, A?A=(AA) A =A(AA) — A Note that for a unit matrix [of any order, I" = I for all me N. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL: If £(%)=axttax’!+ax*-*+.......+ax° then we define a matrix polynomial FA)=aA+aAr+a,Att+....taP where Ais the given square matrix, Iff(A) is the null matrix then A is called the zero or root of the polynomial f(x). DEFINITIONS : Idempotent Matrix : A square matrixis idempotent provided A?= A. Note thatA"=A V n>2,ne¢ N. tent Matrix: A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m € N, if ,Am 20. Periodic Matrix : A square matrix is which satisfies the relation AS"! =A, for some positiveinteger K, is aperiodic matrix. The period of the matrix isthe least value of K for which this holds true Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1. Involutary Matrix: IfA?=I, the matrixis said to be an involutary matrix. Note that A=A~ for an involutary matrix. ‘The Transpose Of A Matrix : (Changing rows & columns) Let Abe any matrix . Then, A=a, of order mxn = ATor A’ =[a.] for aco Vi Thus thedigaonal | elements of a skew symmetric matrix are all zero , but not the converse 2 Properties Of Symmetric & Skew Matrix : P-1 P=2 V. Imp. Theorem : A (adj. A) A issymmetiic if AT=A Aisskew symmetricif AT = —A A+ ATisasymmetric matrix A~ ATis a skew symmetric matrix . Consider (A+A?)" = AT + (ATE = AT+A =A+AT A+ AT is symmetric. Similarly we can prove that A ~ AT is skew symmetric. The sum oftwo symmetric matrix isa symmetric matrix. and the sum of two skew symmetric matrix is a skew symmetric matrix Le AT=A; — B'=Bwhere A&B have the same order (A+B) = A+B Similarly we can prove the other If A&B are symmetric matrices then, () AB+BA isasymmetric matrix () AB-BA isa skew symmetric matrix Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix. 1 A=+ tant t@-ay Dice —— P Q Symmetric Skew Symmetric Adjoint Of A Square Matrix : a a2 ais) [au] =| 2 Sele pas) Let A be a square matrix and let the matrix formed by the Cy Cy Cis) cofactors of {a,,]in determinant |A| is=|C,, ©, Co, * \ (C31 Caz Cay. . qi Cy Cy Then @djA)=|C, Cy Cx e (Ga 23 §33/ |A| I, , lf Abe a square matrix of order n. Note : If A and B arenon singular square matrices of same order, then @ — [adj A}=|AP @ adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) Gi) adj(KA) = K* (adj A), Kis a scalar Inverse Of A Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix) : ‘A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that, AB=1=BA B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A“. Thus A =B > AB=I=BA Wehave, A. (adjA) = |A] 1, A* A (adjA) = A“T, [Al 1, @djA) = A> [Al 1, Gadi A) lal Note : The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that | A| + 0. Te Imp. Theorem ; If A& B are invertible matrices ofthe same order , then (AB) ' = B+ A“. Thisis reversal Jaw for inverse. Note : If A beaninvertible matrix, then AT is also invertible & (A") = (A*)". If A isinvertible, (a) (AX) =A; (bl) (AN? = (A)KSALK EN IfAis an Orthogonal Matrix. AAT=I=ATA Assquare matrixis said to be orthogonal if, A= AT. 1 @® A= iAl SYSTEM OF EQUATION & CRITERIAN FOR CONSISTENCY GAUSS - JORDAN METHOD xty+z=6 x-y+z=2 Ixt+y-z=1 ( X+y+Z \ x-ytz Oxty-z _ (adj. A).B X=A'B Al Note : @ @ @) @ Qh Q2 Q3 Q4 Qs Q7 If |A| #0, system is consistent having unique solution If |A| #0 & (adjA). B + O (Null matrix), system is consistent having unique nontrivial solution . if |A| #0 & (adjA). B=O (Null matrix), systemis consistent having trivial solution It {Al =0,, matrix method fails If (adjA).B = nullmatrix=O If (adj A). B'#O | | Consistent (Infinite solutions) Inconsistent (no solution) EXERCISE-I Cee erie 10 creat a sof 2 i, | sco Solve the matrix equation Ax=b. Find the value of x and y that satisfy the equations 3 -2] iar 3s] 30 ie y|- By 3y 2 4} lx J" [10 10 010 000 BIg St =|1 0 0 i IRE deol fo) and F 010 calculate the matrix product EF & FE and show that E?F + FE?=E IfAis an orthogonal matrix and B= AP where P is a non singular matrix then show that the matrix PB* isalso orthogonal. Definea=|$ al Find a vera vector V auch hat(AP+AS+A‘+A?+DV= (1) (where Tis the 2 2 identity matrix). cos? sas? [ cos? sindcosh cosOsin® — sin” 8 2 sam Prove that the product of two matrices, [ ‘i . cospsino — sin’ matrix when 6 & @ differ by an odd multiple oF : ae ua} A i , then show that the maxtrix Ais a root of the polynomial f (x) =x! — 6x? + 7x+ 2. Qs @ () Qo Q10 Qu QB Qi4 Qis Qi6 Qu7 @ @ Gi) For anon zero A, use induction to prove that : (Only for XII CBSE) n(a-1) ae nat BOD p22 2A. PV ant 02 1] -|0 mt N Bal eae Re , forevery ne If A= [3 ali then (al+bA)*=a'l+na’-'bA, where Tis a unit matrix of order 2, Wn EN. Find the number of 2 = 2 matrix satisfying @ gislor-1 5 GH aj taj =a, +a =2 5 Gia, a,+a,a,=0 Provethat (AB)'=BT. A", where A&B are conformable for the product AB . Also verify the result for dua, 235 the matrices, A=] 2 wna -[} 2 5] 1°25 an 4 | asa sum ofa lower triangular matrix & an upper triangular matrix with zero inits leading diagonal, Also Express the matrixas a sum of a symmetric & a skew symmetric matrix. Find the inverse of the matrix : cosa -sina 0] ft 11, ore (Aq| Sine cosa 0}, Gy} Ww? | where wis the cube root ofunity. GiiyA-|9 > © 0 o1 lw w fomone Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation, a A. eas 3 3 |-2 4] Aisa square matrix of order n. {= maximum number of distinct entries ifAis a triangular matrix m=maximom number of distinct entries ifAis a diagonal matrix = minimum number of zeroes fis a triangular matrix If +5 = p+2m, find the order ofthe matrix IfAis anidempotent matrix and lis an identity matrix ofthe same order, find the value of n, neN, such that (A+T)*=14 127A. IfA= {* H| then prove that value of f and g satisfying the maxtrix equation A?+fA+gI=O are equal to — t, (A) and determinant of A respectively. Given a, b, ¢, d are non zero reals and 10 fo oj [5 HE ° [3 | Matrices AandB sats AB=B~! whereB= [2 al Find without finding B~, the value of K for which KA-2B +1=0 Without finding A~1, the matrix X satisfying A7XA=B the matrix A, using A? Q18 Forthe matrix A= 4-4 5 -2 3-3 e ai eaeaylnn rid Quis oon [2 g i).2 3 i] Find P such that pra =[4 o H| oa Q.20 Use matrix to solve the following system of equations, Ql Q2 Q3 Q4 Qs Q6 0 Q7 Qs xty+z=3 xt+y+z=6 x+y+z=3 x+y+z=: () x42y+32=4 i) x-y+z=2 (ili) x+2y+32=4 (iv) x+2y43z=4 x4+4y+92=6 2x-+y-z=1 2x+3y+42=7 2x+3y+42=9 EXERCISE-IL Givena[3 t= 1 | tiseunitmatix oforder 2 Find all possible mati X inthe following cases @ AX=A @) = XA=1 Gi) XB=O butBx#0. IfA& B are square matrices of the same order & Ais symmetrical, show that B’ AB is also symmetrical. 1 tang] [1 tang]! L 4 f]' [cose —sino Show that, fas 1 | (oak 1 -[28 nee If the matrices A= E Al and B= iB HH =) (a, b, c, dnot all simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of aa) Also show that the e-b = 3 matrix which commutes with Ais of the form ee 2B | 1 L If the matrix A is involutary, show that za + A) and Pau ~ A) are idempotent and 1 1 70+Ay5 d-A)=0 Prove that | adj (adj A) |= 1A" where Ais anon-singular matrix of order'n'. adj (adj A)=|A]""*. A, where | Al denotes the determinant of co-efficient matrix, Saal auld ee Find the product of two matrices A& B, where A= i i ae &B=|3 ? iH anduse it to solve the following system oflinear equations, xty+2z=1; 3xt+2y+z=7; Wxty+32=2 A= [} Al then, find a non-zero square matrix X of order 2 such that AX = O. Is XA= O. A= [3 21 isi possible to find a square matrix X such that AX=O, Give reasons forit . _[ cosa -sina] — [cos2B sin2B x 4 Qo iras| sme caro ies 20h [Where 0<8-<2 then prove that BAB =A" Also find the least positive value of a for which B A* B= A+. Quo uf abd is an idempotent matrix. Find the value of ffa), where {x) =x- x2, when be= 1/4, Hence otherwise evaluate a QIL_ IfA is a skew symmetric matrix and I + A is non singular, then prove that the matrix B=(1-A)(1+A)+1is an orthogonal matrix. Use this to find a matrix B givena| °, rs cosx -sinx 0 Qn if we 7 | then show that F(x). F(y)=F(x+y) Hence prove that [ F(x) }! =F(-x) -[} d):c-[} 3] wax-[* 721 sciipS agai (a) AX=B-I (0)(B-DX=IC_ (©) CX=A 3-2 1)[x] [ob Qi4 Dennen ntsc eee 3 Ze }-(3] eral ()hasa unique solution ; (ji) has no solution and (ii) has infinitely many solutions © Wf <1 QS. Let Xbe the solution set ofthe equation sents [f S | unit matrix and xc N then find the minimum value of Dos* 6 +sin* 6), 6eR “11 Q.16 Determine the matrices B and C with integral element such that A= [ ace 1 = B+C3 0 2B y Qu7 uae a A 3] isan orthogonal matrix, find the values of eB, kom Qis if [i > | ana kn # /m ; then show that A?—(k +n)A+(kn-/m)I=0. Hence find A *. RE Q19 Evaluate Lim x z n 1x [3-3 Q.20 Crasian-|t ‘ H a-[3 4 Obtain x, y and z ifthe matrix ABis symmetric. Ql Q2 Qs Q6 @) (b) © EXERCISE-HL abe tac a-[ c a one value of a3 +b? +c? [JEE 2003, Mains-2 out of 60] IfA= [3 ZI and | A3{=125, then a= (ss (B)+2 (+5 (D)0 [IEE 2004(Scr)] If Mis a3 «3 matrix, where M™M =I and det (M) = 1, then prove that det (M —I) = 0. [JEE 2004, 2 out of 60] aol all ff] fa? A=|1 c b|,B=/0 d cl,u=|g|,v=| ° 1d b f gh h 9 If thereis vector matrix X, such that AX = U hasinfinitely many solution, then prove that BX= V cannot have a unique solution. Ifafd # 0, then prove that BX=V has no solution. [JEE 2004, 4 out of 60] 10 0] fl oo ; a=|9 1 1) =]0 1 0 ant a-1=[2(A? +08-+dD], then the vlveofeanddare 0-2 4 oo1 (A)-6,-11 (B)6,11 ©, 11 (D) 6,11 [JEE 2005(Scr)] vit rane tp=| 7 pa=[3 1] and Q= PAPT and x= PTO, then xis equal to 1G are, 1 a 4+2005/3 6015 Alo 1 2005 == 4~2005V3 1[ 2005 2-3 F [2 Bb Bal [JEE 2005 (Screening)] Comprehension (3 questions) A -[ i ‘| U,, U, and U, are columns matrices satisfying. AU, ~ [ 5AU,= [3 a= Hl and Uis3 x3 matrix whose columns are U;, U;, U; then answer the following questions The value of U lis (A)3 (B)-3 (32 (2 The sum of elements of U"tis, ()-1 (B)o ©! (D)3 The value of [3 2 av) is 9 (ays (B) 5/2 a (D)3/2 [TEE 2006, § marks each(-2)] MATRICES EXERCISE-I 100 3 Qix=1, K=-1, <1 Q2x=5,y=2 Q3 e! A Ht 0) TO of [om DuasH| pse ze 25 bel a0imo Ase a 23 0).]0 0 -s),)2 3. -3 - Q5 vl,]| Qo8 Qu abulowg Monniczeaeen liste 0 i cos. sina 0 eed ol Ya 0 0] =sina cose 0) gyi {1 w? 0 > 0 typi 48'= 29, an0| 0 | 0 w xo[% 0 ye| 23 jol-70 4 Qi4 4 Qis n=7 Q16 f=-(a+d);g=ad—be -19 ee -47 -7 Q17 @K=2, @)X=B, (ii)A=F 433 A aut oa 3 ew |; Bs ‘| Q20 @) x=2,y=1, L, y=2, 2=3; (ii) x=2+k, y k where k eR ; (iv) inconsistent, hence no solution EXERCISE-IL Qi@x- -[)2 a bp |forabeR: Gi) X does not exist ; (il) X=! = TB |e ceR and3atee0; ab+d+0 Q4 1 Q7x=2, y=1,z=-1 Q8 x=[-2° “J where ,d e R-(0},NO Qo = -3 -3 Q10 f(a)=1/4,a=1/2 QUI af a2 =a anox 3 a (x= E 1 Er (©)nosolution QI4 @az -3,beR; (ii) a=—3 and b # 1/3; (iii)a=-3 b= 1/3 Qis 2 Q16 B= (3 J Jana c= lie | Qi7 ante Brtz yt 1 fn -m cosx sinx 2 2 a5 ae B28 Q18 mim [1k | 219] -sinx cosx| 22°73 ° 37" 63,-D EXERCISE-IIL Qi 4 Qz A Qs Cc Q6 A Q7 aA, (0)B, (A

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