CMPM ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS

● Business is an organization of people with varied skills,

ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT which uses capital and talents to produce goods or
services, which can be sold to others of more than their
ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS costs.
● Business is an organization but not all organizations are
- An organization is defined as a group of individuals who business.
cooperate willingly to achieve a common goal. MANAGEMENT is both a process (process of combining the
- A good executive may be able to secure good results with efforts and resources of individuals to achieve a common goal)
a poor organization, and a good organization may produce and a function (getting things done through the efforts of
results from a poor executive. others).
- The ideal setup should be made up with good organization
and a good executive. Effective communication system
- A management structure is only a vehicle used to attain the 1. What are we going to do?
objectives and goals of an institution, and therefore, must be 2. How well are we doing?
realistic and responsive to a call for a change of those 3. How can we do better?
needs. 4. Does it serve as an aid to coordination?
*operating, coordination, focused* “What you do everyday is a vote for the type of person you
wish to become”
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF AN ORGANIZATION (5 M’s)
 MEN - *hardest to handle* CONCEPTS, CONTROL & STRUCTURES
 MATERIALS MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS
 MACHINES - *heavy equipment* Management must be scientific, systematic, and humanistic.
 METHODS - *scheduling, budgeting, manpower, - Systematic - the plan is a step by step outline of what is
productivity* to be done and who does what.
 MONEY - Scientific - develop better methods of increasing
production w/o increasing work time and operating cost.
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES - Humanistic - humans should be led by goals they accept
● Distribution of functions - functions to be performed as justifiable, worthy, and fair to all concerned.
● Vertical and horizontal authority relationships -
authority, hierarchy MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES
● Communication & Decision - *most important* formal Employed to facilitate coordination and control over the
decisions are made and by whom. activities of the company.
● Policies & processes - decisions, rules or guidelines -company should be studied in terms of its purpose, size, and
established. (policy - defined or direct; process - the nature of its business.
implementing rules & regulations.) *(A policy sets the goal.
A process provides the broad steps to get to that goal.)* MANAGEMENT CONTROL
Not only to check nor command, but also to whip; Not only to
PRINCIPLES OF GOOD ORGANIZATION regulate, but also to stimulate
1. Principle of objective - clear and complete definition of
the objective must be known. It enables everybody to act THE MANAGER
consistently to a common goal - The most difficult and with the
2. Analysis - full knowledge of the requirements of the highest degree of responsibility.
business. - Bridge between the top management and rest of agency
3. Simplicity-simple, comprehensible. All activities which are - Blamed for mismanagement but often times not praised for
not absolutely necessary should be eliminated. *prioritize* success.
4. Functionalism - nature of the business determines the
main function of the business. QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE MANAGER
5. Departmentalization - can be through functions, products 1. He studies, analyzes and dissects his job.
or by projects of the organization. 2. Knows how to delegate the administrative details of
6. Authority - there should be centralized executive control his job.
or command authority. (defined responsibility and 3. Willing to delegate to and share with his subordinates
mandates) the incentive of a job well done.
7. Limited span of control - number of subordinates an 4. Trains and develops his men to prepare them to
executive can manage effectively. assume work.
5. Knows how to control and plan his time.
6. Institutes control for effective performance.

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 EXECUTIVE FUNCTION & LEADERSHIP TO BE EFFECTIVE EXECUTIVE, ENGINEERS HAS FIVE
HABITS IN MIND:
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS 1. They know where their time goes. They work
1. to Plan (making things happen that would otherwise not systematically at managing the little of their time.
occur) (in planning the critical task is the formulation of 2. They focus on outward contribution. They gear their efforts
policies) to results rather than to work.
Objectives 3. They build strengths. They do not build on weakness. They
Budget do not start with the things they cannot do.
Programs 4. They concentrate on a few major areas where superior
Policies ( general statements which guide or channel the performance will produce outstanding results. They force
thinking and action of members) and Procedures (reflection of themselves to set priorities. They have no choice but to do
policy) first thing first and second things not at all.
2. to Organize (a good organization structure is necessary 5. Engineers finally make effective decisions. They know that
though not a sufficient condition for good performance) this is above all a matter of system of the right steps in the
3. to Direct (guiding and overseeing subordinates) right sequence. And they know that to make many
Leadership(directs guides or influences) and coordination decisions fast means to make the wrong decisions. What
(pattern of good effort) is needed are few, but fundamental decisions.
(without effective leadership, coordination cannot be
achieved) HUMANISTIC MANAGEMENT
4. to Control (process by which an executive gets the 1. Our policies were clear.
performance of his subordinates to corresponds) 2. Our chosen field of business was appropriate at the time.
3. We did not allow factions to form within our company.
EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP 4. We followed a policy of open management.
- The bridge between objective and result.
-Human progress is the crowning flory of success. GIVING EFFECTIVE ORDER
-Success is the result of good management.
-A good leader makes a good manager. Order - An order is a specific message conveyed by a leader
As a leader, the manager should be an exemplar of to a follower for the purpose of influencing the follower to take
good personal appearance, pleasant mannerisms, desired action. Orders are either verbal or written.
friendliness, cheerfulness and good health so that he can *should be specific, clear, systematic*
command respect among his subordinates.
He should possess adaptability, understanding, When to use verbal orders?
patience and self-control, so that he will be able to see the two 1. When the order is simple and the message can be clearly
sides of any problem brought to him and thus, exercising heard.
fairness to all. In short, the manager must not be a boss but a 2. When privacy is important
leader. 3. When the follower is intelligent and reliable
-Leadership is the ability to motivate subordinates and others 4. When a demonstration is involved.
toward success.
When to have written orders?
DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY 1. When precise figures or complicated details are involved.
Authority - the power of an administrator to delegate functions 2. When orders must be passed on to someone else.
to the next ranking executive, who in turn transmit it to the 3. When the workers involved are slow to understand and
employees who are charged with the actual operations. forgetful
4. When you want to hold the receiver strictly accountable.
RESPONSIBILITY 5. When precise figures or complicated details are involved
One famous professor on administration defines responsibility 6. When orders must be passed on to someone else.
as "Hell" without authority. There are people who constantly 7. When the workers involved are slow to understand and
seek for authority, but evade responsibility. This is called buck forgetful
passing. Authority and responsibility must go together. 8. When you want to hold the receiver strictly accountable.

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT How to Give Effective Orders

1. Division of labor and specialization. 1. Clarify your objective
2. Unity of command and centralization of decision-making. 2. Obtain favorable attention
3. One-way authority. 3. Make it simple and specific
4. Narrow span of control. 4. Phrase it tactfully for best results
5. Explain why it should be done your way.
6. Learn how much information and guidance he needs.
7. Let him have it

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8. Inspire his confidence in you and the correctness of your
order REASONS FOR POOR DECISIONS
9. Note his readiness to act. 1. Errors made in decision process
10. Give him faith in his ability to carry it out. 2. Bounded rationality
3. Sub-optimism
KNOWLEDGE WORKERS
- The knowledge worker is the one factor of production A part of the problem may be the manager’s unwillingness to
through which the highly developed societies and admit a mistake/ some manager’s demonstrate an inability to
economies of today. Knowledge worker is not defined by make a decision, sitting down on matters, when the decision
quantity, neither is knowledge defined by its costs. should have long been rendered.
Knowledge work is defined by its results.
- Knowledge workers do not produce a thing. He produces ELEMENTS OF DECISION PROCESS
good ideas, information, and concepts. He is a specialist. 1. See if the problem was generic and could only be
He can, as a rule, be effective only if he has earned to do solved through a decision established by a rule, or
one thing very well, that is what he has specialized in.His principle.
accomplishment has to be put together with the 2. Define the specifications which the answer to the
accomplishment of other specialists to produce a good problem had to satisfy, that is, of the boundary
result. conditions.
3. The thinking through what is right, to satisfy the
WEEK 3: DECISION – MAKING specifications before attention is given to the
compromises and adaptations to make the decision
EFFECTIVE DECISIONS acceptable.
4. the building into the decision of the action to carry it
Decision – is a judgement. It is a choice between alternatives. out.
It is rarely a choice between right or wrong. It is at best a choice The feedback, which tests the validity and effectiveness
between almost right and probably wrong. of the decision against the actual course of events

EFFECTIVE MANAGERS BUDGETING THE TIME

An effective manager does bit make a great many decisions. Effective managers know that time is the limiting factor. He
He concentrates on the important decisions on the highest does not start with his work. He starts with his time. And he
level of conceptual understanding. He tries to find the constant does not start out planning, but start by finding out where his
in a situation. time will actually go. Our daily accomplishments are set by
time-scarcest resource.
DECISION PROCESS
1. Identify the Problem CONSTRUCTION METHODS
2. Specify Objectives & Criteria
3. Develop Alternatives Lay-out
4. Analyze & Compare alternatives - sometimes called "Staking out" which means the process
of relocating the point of boundaries and property line of
CRITERIA FOR DECISION MAKING the site where the building is to be constructed.
1. Capital - includes clearing, staking, batter boards and establishing
2. Time the exact location of the building foundation and wall line
3. Profits on the ground.
4. Maintenance - Others define layout as the process of transferring the
5. Return of Investment building plan measurements to the ground of the site.
6. Increase in Costs Stake - are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one
7. Risks end driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or support
of the batter boards.
DISAGREEMENT BEFORE DECISION MAKING Batter board - wood stick or board nailed horizontally at the
1. It is only the safeguard against the decision maker’s stake which serves as the horizontal plane where the
becoming the hostage of the organization. reference point of building measurements are established.
2. Disagreement alone can provide alternatives to a String - is either plastic chord or galvanized wire across the
decision. batter board used to indicate the outline of the building wall
3. Disagreement is needed to stimulate the imagination and foundation.

Effective decision-makers, compare the risk of inaction. A LAYOUT METHODS AND PROCEDURES
decision may not be pleasant, or is not going to be popular, or Step 1. Before the construction begins see to it that a Building
not going to be easy, but a decision requires courage as much Permit is first secured from the local authorities concerned.
as it requires judgment. Step 2. Relocate the boundaries of the construction site.

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Step 3. Clear the site of any existing structures, trees and other A premium quality of concrete is not just attained by mixing
elements that will obstruct the construction work. cement and aggregates, there are several considerations to
Step 4. Construct and allocate a space for laborers' quarters, be observed in order to produce a good quality of concrete:
construction office, bodega for the materials and working tools 1. Strength and Durability of concrete is attained
and temporary waste disposal. from the class of mixture or the right proportion of
Step 5. Apply for a temporary connections of electric and water cement, aggregates, and water.
supply. 2. Workability - concrete mixture must be in plastic
Step 6. Construct a temporary fence around the construction. form and could readily be placed in the form.
Step 7. Order the construction materials that are sufficient for 3. Dense and Uniformity in Quality - concrete must
the working force to accomplish in a week period. be compact with uniform distribution of particles in
Step8. Verify the measurement in the plan if the distances order to be water tight.
indicated are from: 4. Curing - curing requires time, favorable
1. Center to center temperature, and continuous presence of water or
2. Center to outer moisture in concrete after pouring.
3. Outer to outer Points to avoid in the placement of concrete to its
4. Inside to inside final form:
Step 9. Fix the batter board to its horizontal position with 1. Segregation of particles
the aid of a level instrument preferably plastic hose with 2. Displacement of forms
water. 3. Displacement of reinforcement in the form
Step 10. ·After establishing the reference point and line of the 4. Poor bond between successive layers of concrete
footing, transfer the intersecting points of the string on the Concrete
ground by the aid of plumb bob and indicate the size and width - Depositing of concrete shall be made as early as
to be excavated. practicable in its final place to avoid segregation of
particles due to rehandling or flowing. Concrete shall be
Excavation carried at all times in plastic form to flow readily into the
1. The manner of excavation to be employed which will not spaces between the reinforcing steel bars.
affect or damage the adjoining structure.
2. The kind of equipment to be used in digging and extracting "Concrete shall be conveyed from the mixer to the place of
the ground may not be a problem but the place where to final deposit by methods which will prevent the separation or
station the equipment during the operation. loss of materials. Conveying equipment shall be capable of
3. How and where to dispose the extracted soil involves the providing a supply of concrete at the site of placement without
effective manner of maneuvering the payloader and dump separation of ingredients and without interruptions sufficient to
trucks in hauling without obstructing the pedestrian and permit loss of plasticity between successive increments."
vehicular traffic flow.
4. Where to dispose the underground water to be drained by Ready-mix Concrete
the water pump during the process of construction which might The concrete mixture from batching plant is most preferred,
cause muddy road and create inconvenience to traffic. because the proportion of the materials such as cement and
5. The kind of sheeting and bracing to be used in shoring or aggregates are controlled by weight through a manual or
underpinning to protect the adjoining structure must be automatic scale connected to the hoppers. Water is also
determined. batched either by a measuring tank or by water meter.

Concrete - is an artificial stone made out from the mixture of The Ready-mixed concrete is batched in a stationary
cement, sand, gravel and water or other inert materials. plant then hauled to the site in any of the following
- Cement, Aggregate, Water manner:
- Mixing of concrete shall be done until after a uniform 1. Mixed completely then hauled by truck agitator.
distribution of the materials has been attained and that the 2. Transit mixed-batched at the plant then mixed in a truck
mixture shall be discharged completely before recharging mixer.
the mixer. 3. Partially mixed at plant and completed in a truck mixer.

Concrete should be discharged from the truck mixer within 1

½ hours after the water is poured to the batch.
Factors that regulate the strength of concrete
1. Correct Proportion Conveying of concrete mixture is done by either:
2. Suitability or quality of materials 1. Bottom dump
3. Proper methods in mixing 2. buckets
4. Proper placement or depositing of concrete inside the form 3. Wheelbarrows
5. Adequate protection of concrete during the period of curing. 4. Pumping through steel pipelines
5. Buggies
Requirements of Good Concrete 6. GI pail

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 3. Determine the location and methods of erecting temporary
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT – PART 1 structures such as:
a. Job offices
Planning b. Storage sheds
1. The construction superintendent should be included in the c. Workshops
consultation at the very start of the planning stage. d. Roadway, etc.
2. Make a job breakdown into components. This will simplify e. Bunk house for workers and facilities.
the whole program.
3. Prepare a construction plan that will be consulted Organizing a Construction Job
constantly. Project undergoes series of stages which
4. Take advantage of new tools, which have demonstrated in includes:
saving time, money or confusion. 1. Planning
2. Execution of major activities
Planning is essential 3. Project phase out
1. We are planning for the owners of the company when we
plan to achieve a profit by operating at the minimum capacity, Project construction life cycle requires various requirements
utilizing the value resources. such as:
2. We are planning for the employees when we plan to create 1. The site must be found and boundaries relocated
or maintain jobs. 2. Plan must be drawn
3. Plan must be approved by the owner
Planning is essential 4. Building permit must be secured
1. Planning is a philosophy 5. Succession of personnel
2. Planning is integration
3. Planning is a process The main objectives in the preliminaries of organizing a
(1) The strategy that defines how much has to be done to construction job are:
achieve the objectives. 1. To secure the necessary licenses and building
(2) The sequence of events that satisfies those strategies and; permits.
(3) The assignment that lead to the accomplishment of the 2. Prepare a time and progress chart.
events. 3. Have access to the site or a temporary roadway.
4. Planning is a collection of procedures. 4. Construction of boarding, fences, and temporary
shed.
Project Manager 5. Construction of temporary field offices for the staff.
The central figure in a project is the project manager. He bears 6. Arrangement for canteen facilities.
the ultimate responsibility for the success or failure of the 7. Cleaning and leveling the site.
project. His role in the construction is one of an organizer, a 8. Demolition of existing structures
person who is capable of working through others to 9. Disposal of materials obtained from the demolition.
accomplish the objectives of the project. 10. Shoring to adjoining structures
11. Arrangement for temporary water and electric
1. The benefits of being associated with a successful project. supply
2. The personal satisfaction of seeing it through to its 12. Allotment and preparation of storage space for
conclusion use of contractors and sub-contractors
3. The challenge of the job, and working with other people. 13. Allotment of space for borrows pits or other
sources of fill to be brought in.
Project Manager functions 14. Provision for drains and soak-ways.
1. The logical construction sequence that must be followed. 15. General site problems including any special
2. The quantity and the delivery date's of various materials to features
be used.
3. How much and what kind of manpower will be needed. Major Steps in Construction
4. When to start and complete the job on time. 1. Those doing the site relocation and preparation and laying
of the foundation.
Project Engineer functions 2. Erecting the foundation and column, floor, and roof
1. Review the timetable thoroughly framework.
2. Raise questions on its overall logic and workability 3. Constructing walls and partitions.
3. Offer constructive criticism on detailed work functions and 4. Plumbing and water supply connections including drainage
interrelated activities. system.
Site Management (Planning) 5. Mechanical equipment.
1. Determine the key personnel to supervise the work 6. Electrical and communication wiring system.
2. Make provisions for the equipment to be used. 7. Installation of kitchen, and bathroom fixtures and
appliances.

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8. Interior finishing work.
9. Doors and windows. MEASUREMENT TAPE
10. Painting varnishing, and other finishing works. (measuring tapes) - most
common construction tool
Role of the Project Engineer/Architect - made of ribbon of cloth,
1. As representative of the owner fiberglass, or metal with
a. Act as interpreter of the plan proper linear-
b. As guardian and arbiter between the owner and measurement markings
contractor for easy handling.
2. Maintain site records and documents like: - utilized to measure distance, either short or long.
a. Layout plans - The engineer’s tape is designed to measure vast
b. Contract documents distances & it can more efficiently be carried in our toolkit
c. Time and progress chart or pocket.
d. Work diary
e. Contractor's order book
f. Records of tests Trowel - hand tool
g. Progress report utilized for smoothing,
h. Measurement book, etc. digging, applying, or
moving mortar or
Role of the Contractor concrete is a trowel.
1. Providing and making access roads with due regards to the
convenience of construction.
2. Erection of site office in a central position to facilitate
checking of all site activities.
3. Erection of store shed of adequate capacity to ensure: Concrete Mixer - frequently termed a cement mixer.
. Protection of materials against damage - a machine that
. Protection of materials against deterioration. homogeneously mixes all
. Prevent materials from wastage and pilfering. the concrete ingredients,
4. Construction of temporary quarters and ancillaries for labor i.e., cement, aggregate,
with due regard to site of works, amenities and hygienic sand, gravel, and water, to
conditions. develop good quality
5. Appointment of supervisory staff possessing technical concrete.
knowledge and capable of controlling the work and labor. - standard concrete mixer
6. Early arrangement for construction equipment i.e. adopts a revolving drum for
(a) Scaffolding mixing the ingredients.
(b) Formwork - one of the most important construction tools.
(c) Instruments and machinery with necessary screw,
fuel and parts etc. Sand Screening Machine - one of the important construction
(d) Ladders tools to improve the quality of the sand on-site.
(e) Tools - use for sieving the
sand in construction
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – PART 3 work.
- sand is poured on the
Construction tools - instruments and equipment used in the sieve & vibrates to
building and maintenance of structures and buildings. T easy separate the fine
- aid in the efficient and effective completion of construction grain sand
tasks, ranging from basic hand tools to heavy machinery. - Vibratory action is
The choice of tools depends on the type of more advantageous in
construction project and the preferences of the moist sand.
construction workers. Examples of common construction Rubber Boots - self-protecting
tools names include hammers, saws, drills, power tools, equipment for employers to
and measuring instruments. prevent their skin from chemical
or any hazardous contact.
- It’s a legal obligation of an
employer to take conscious
steps to decrease the
chance of accidents & to
reduce the sharpness of
injuries & damage if an accident should happen.

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 Following are the different types of concrete vibrators:
Gloves - can protect hands from  Needle Vibrator
chemicals, cuts, or burns & helps  Extended or Shutter Vibrator
to do their respective job  Surface Vibrator
efficiently, since workers’ hands  Vibrating Table
are mostly exposed to various
distinct hazards at the project site.
Needle Vibrator- the most commonly used
Bump Cutter/Screed- vibrator for concrete, which mainly consists of
principally made of wood steel tubes.
- it is utilized for leveling the - is the most suitable choice to work on
fresh concrete and any concrete.
providing a most proper
smooth surface in a Extended or Shutter Vibrator - suitably clamped to the
concrete slab. formwork horizontally & vertically at a
proper spacing in either direction.
Wooden Float/wooden - frequently utilized for precast thin
Rendering Float - used in-situ sections of that shape &
to provide a smooth thickness as internal vibrators can’t
finish to the plastered compact them.
surface.
Surface Vibrator - used to
Plumb bob - plummet, or plumb bob compact the concrete for getting a
- simply a weight with a pointed tip on more leveled & durable concrete
the bottom & hung from a string. surface.
- used as a plumb line, the standard - designed to provide optimum
vertical reference line, and one vibration and durability and is
precursor to the spirit level situated directly on the concrete mass.
- utilized to stabilize a vertical datum. - These are an excellent choice for the compaction of
shallow elements
Wheel Barrow - acts as a carrier, - should not be applied when the depth of concrete to be
typically having only one wheel vibrated is greater than 250 mm.
consisting of a plate bolted to two
handles & two legs. Vibrating Table- mainly used for
- utilized for the transportation of precast members like curbstones,
cement mo rtar or concrete or concrete pavers, dewatering covers,
any other material. different fences, sewer covers, etc.
- it is used for measuring the - can 100% discharge the air
material’s quantity at the site where concrete is being within the concrete & fasten
prepared. cement and other material like
sand, and stone particle mix; this
Head Pan - used to transport will provide a greater hardness of the final products, which
materials like excavated soil, is ideal.
cement, concrete, etc., from one - rigidly constructed steel platforms installed on steel
place to another at a working springs & driven by electric motors.
site. - concrete is poured into molds mounted on the platforms
- usually made of iron & generally used at construction & securely clamped to the vibrating table to mold &
places. concrete vibrate in joining.

Vibrator - concrete vibrator tool is mostly used at concrete Line Level - one of the smaller construction tools
pouring sites. - used for checking straight horizontal levels in the following
- is adopted to assure that the pour is free of air bubbles, mentioned works: Plastering work, Brickwork, Flooring
plus it is equal, which serves to eliminate the work, Plumbing work, and Tile work.
honeycombed situation.
- vibrations make the dough liquefy, decreasing the internal
friction of the mixed components of cement, sand,
aggregate, and water. The standard efficient compaction
of concrete can be done by using vibrators with various
speeds of vibration.

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 - has a cutting-edge blade at one end, especially for
Framing Square - generally an L- manual cutting or carving of some hard materials like
shaped, two-foot framing square, which stone, metal, wood, etc.
is also c alled a “carpenter’s square”
or a “steel square.” Cordless Drill - are an essential tool
- used in plastering work, Brickwork that is used to make pilot holes, and
for checking the right angle. replace jumpers (i.e. a unique kind of
- also used for marking the anglesfor cuts used in building drill should be implemented while
framing, especially in stair stringers, roof rafters, and drilling concrete)
various other cuts or angles apart from 90°
With the help of framing square, some roof measurement data Safety Glass- used for safety
can measure alike: purposes while hacking/roughening,
o Rafter lengths grinding, drilling, etc.
o Roof pitch or slope - Can protect eye from small
o Stair stringer cuts sand particle and other circumstances.
o End cuts
o Braces lengths & other construction measurements Block Plane / Jack Plane - commonly a woodworking bench
plane.
Crow Bar - is a single metal bar - used indoors and window
curved at one end used in woodwork for dressing timber
formwork to remove nails from down to size in preparation
boards or force apart two objects. for truing and edge jointing.

Polishers - mainly in use for

Framing Hammer - has a more smoothening wood or marble
extended handle, more swing & it flooring surfaces.
has a heavier head than the trim
carpentry hammer. Measuring Box - A container with a standardized volume, i.e.,
- also has a milled face for a 1 Cubic Foot.
better and safer nail-gripping - used to measure quantities of
operation. It has a magnetic cement, sand, aggregate, and
edge on the head that permits us to hold & start a nail in mortar form creating a
with one swing and then come back to drive it in. balanced mix of concrete and
mortar.
Hoe – are used to excavate a trench - an important construction tool to measure the proper
or the earth volume of cement, sand, and aggregate on the
- are used to place the cement construction site.
mortar or concrete in the mortar
pan (head pan). Tile Cutter - is used to cut the tiles
at the appropriate size.
- helpful when the tile’s standard
Torpedo Level - one of the types size is greater than needed at
of spirit levels that combines the corners where the floor
framing square and line levels. meets the wall.
- level’s body comprises either
plastic or metal, and it Earth Rammer / Surface earth
includes two or three tube vials. The tubes or vials mainly hammer - used to level the earth’s
hold yellowish-green additives, and they are used to surface and make it even after
define the surface level. ground excavation.
- consists of a big block of mostly
square-shaped located at its
Chisel - commonly practiced in woodwork bottom end with which the ground can easily be leveled.
- very beneficial for removing the
concrete bumps or wastes of hard Vacuum blower - mainly used to
concrete, i.e., excess concrete in the clean surface impurities, i.e., dust
hardened surface. from the surface area like a
concrete slab or any floor surface.

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 Putty Knife - is a thin plate with
Flat Pry Bar - made of flat steel (standard sharp edges and handles on
dimension 2-inch x 15 inches) another side for a strong grip
- used in shuttering for separating any during work. The knife’s flexible
two elements that have been nailed to blade is 0.51mm or 0.020″ thick.
each other. Putty Knives with a Stiff-blade are
- valuable tool that is rarely used to 1 mm or .040″ thick, suitable for
adjust the column formwork to align. scraping.

Bolster - instrument used to cut the

Digging Bar -straight, long solid brick with smooth cuts. For rough
metal bar with a pin shape at the cutting of bricks, hammers are used
bottoms used for numerous purposes instead of a bolster. Bolster has
- used to dig the hard surfaces of been handled for holding the grip
the ground. with a sharp edge for cutting.
- acts as a post-hole digger for
breaking up or loosening hard, Boning Rod - is a wooden strip
compacted material like rock, arranged in T-shapes to draw parallel
soil, concrete, and ice. and straight lines appropriately with a
- also acts as a lever for moving certain distance. The horizontal stripe
objects. is 10mm deep, and the vertical strip
is 100mm deep.
Hand Saw (panel saws) - used in
woodwork for cutting the wood Brick Hammer - is a hand tool. It
materials like windows, doors, is very heavy with a heavy head
slab panels, etc., into different of metal and handles different
shapes to join the pieces together types of material like wood, iron,
& carve a wooden object. steel, plastic, etc. it is also known
as a stonemason’s hammer.
Measuring Wheel - are very simple devices.
- consists of a wheel attached to a long handle with a grip. Backhoe - an excavating machine.
As the wheel turns, it marks the revolving distance, - manually operated machine.
quickly calculating the distance. The flatter and smoother, It consists of a bucket
the surface measuring wheel is moved up, the more attached to a rigid bar hinged
accurately it can determine the length. to a boom and drawn towards
the operation device.
Circular Saw - is for cutting various materials using a rotary - large machine used to
motion, rotating around an arbor using a power-toothed or excavate a large soil amount.
abrasive disc or blade. A hole saw and ring saw also use a - In construction work, a backhoe is a machine that also
rotary motion, but these are different from a circular saw. excavates the soil and is loaded in tracks. The standard
- can also be used loosely for blades. backhoe digging bucket sizes are 13″, 18″, 24″, and36″
- invented in the late 18th century, and saws were in including routine teeth.
everyday use in the United States until the mid-19th
century. Binding Hook - construction instrument
used to bind the steel on joints or
Ladders - are portable; some are permanently fixed to junctions. The binding Wire is 0.16 mm
a structure, building, or vertical access equipment. – 2 mm in diameter.
Types Of Ladders: - is a hook with a handle for grip. It is
 Various Ladder Types are listed below, made of different materials like wood, metal, etc. Binding
 Single Pole Ladders (maximum length 9 meters) weirs ties on joints or junctions of steel grills.
 Extension Ladders (maximum length 15 meters)
 Step Ladders (maximum height of 6.1 meters) Bulldozer - correctly refers to only a tractor
 Dual Purpose Ladders (stepladder hinged) with a dozer blade.
 Platform (podium) Ladders - a large and heavy piece of equipment
with a plate made of metal attached to
collect large quantities of soil, sand,
snow, rubble, or similar material. Most bulldozer tractors
are continuous track, also termed a crawler.

YHSN | 3209
Bump Cutter/ Screed - Drilling Machine - is a material
usually applied on the removing or cutting process in which
concrete surface to make it the tool uses a drill bit to cut a hole of a
plain and well-finished. circular cross- section in-wall, metal, or
- used for constructing a any solid materials.
flooring system is a - most commonly used machining
screed that brings the floor to the wanted thickness or process, which is one estimate is
height and presents it properly for a specified flooring. The that 75% of all metal cutting
screed can also be categorized as a rehabilitation material removed comes fromthe
method. The pre-blended mortar mixed with anhydrite- drilling operation.
based binders and the cementitious binders will form the
composition of screeds. Dumper – a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material from
building sites. Dumpers are
Core Cutter Machine - used to create an different from dump trucks in
opening for pipes, wires, ventilating, or air features.
conditioning vents to fit through, and to - an open 4-wheeled vehicle
avoid going through reinforcement, core that can skips load in front of
cutt ing must be carefully planned. When the driver whereas the dump
need to do a core cut, then first locate the truck has its cab in front of
rebar using a metal detector, mark the the load. The skip can tip to dump the load; this is where
rebar position on the concrete surface, the name dumper comes from. These usually are diesel–
and ensure the main reinforcement bars powered. Towing eye is fitted for secondary use as a site
are not cut to do the core cut by adjusting tractor during work.
the location.
End Frames - is simply a braced
Dewatering Pump - are arrangement or a portal frame composition
centrifugal pumps installed of rafters and columns. The light gauge
below the groundwater level to secondary steelwork consists of side rails
take out water for water bodies for walls and purlins for the roof on work.
and, this is performed to lower
the water level and maintain the Excavator - a construction vehicle
same level. An example of used to excavate or move large
dewatering pumps would be materials like soil, stone, etc.
using it in underground mining, where water penetrating the - comprises two parts driving a
adits is then pumped up to the surface. powerful boom arm w ith an
- general use is to remove water from a volume of liquid attachment designed for
material along with solid material or soil. Pumps help excavating.
remove liquid from liquid bodies, dewatering pumps - uses hydraulic power to generate a hydraulic force to
separate water from another material, such as separating control its mechanical arm.
water from soil or sludge. - also using a chain wheel system for its movement during
work.
Dozer - another name for Following are the uses of Excavator:
bulldozer. The dozer - It excavates soil during construction work.
correctly refers to only a The primary benefits are digging trenches, holes, and
tractor with a dozer blade. foundations, providing the power to do these tasks much more
- large and bulky piece efficiently and effectively than any other heavy equipment
of equipment with a piece on the market.
plate made of metal
attached to collect large quantities of soil, sand, snow, Forklift - As an industrial vehicle,
rubble, or similar material. A forklift is made of a power -
- This large machine sometimes demands at least 20 operated forked platform firmly
people beside an operator to impeccably carry out dozer attached to the front for raising
work. and lowering goods to insertion
- It is moving on the construction site to undertake the task under a cargo to lift or move it.
of clearing land, site preparation, tree removal, and - Forklifts can allow the operators to sit wh ile driving and
forestry effortlessly, quickly, and on time. operating the machine, while others can require the
operator to stand during working on it.
- used throughout the industry for transporting heavy and
large materials and goods.

YHSN | 3209