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Unit 2 Biology 2023

Test 1
SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Answer all multiple-choice questions on the answer sheet provided on the back page.

Question 1
A small section of DNA coils tightly around a core of eight histones to form a:

A. nucleosome.
B. chromatid.
C. double helix.
D. gene.

Question 2
The image below shows a diagram of DNA.

A nucleotide base is shown by:

A. box A.
B. box B.
C. box C.
D. box D.

Question 3
The nucleotide sequence “A G U G A C C A A” could represent:

A. part of the DNA template of a particular gene.

B. the amino acid chain of a polypeptide.
C. a sequence of mRNA.
D. a section of double helix DNA.

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Question 4
The nucleic acid core of a virus may be composed of double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA or
RNA. The base sequences of four viruses were determined and the percentage of each base
calculated. The results are shown in the table below.

Virus Number % thymine % adenine % uracil % guanine % cytosine

1 23 27 28 22
2 24 28 25 23
3 23 23 27 27
4 28 24 23 25

Identify the virus which contains single-stranded DNA.

A. virus 1.
B. virus 2.
C. virus 3.
D. virus 4.

Question 5
DNA replication and transcription both involve enzymes called polymerase. In transcription the
polymerase enzyme does NOT:

A. synthesise a nucleic acid chain in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

B. require a helicase enzyme to fully unwind the double helix of DNA.
C. require a promotor sequence to signal the start of a gene.
D. function during the G1 and G2 phases of interphase.

Question 6
In protein synthesis, the function of the ribosome is to:

A. synthesise the required amino acids.

B. ensure that the DNA base sequence is complete.
C. provide the energy needed for protein synthesis.
D. provide the site for protein synthesis.

Question 7
A section of DNA, such as a gene, can be taken from one organism and inserted into cells in another
organism. The gene can be expressed in the same way as other genes of the host. The success of this
procedure is dependent on

A. the same hormones being present in both organisms.

B. the universal nature of the code.
C. cells having the same internal structures in both organisms.
D. the ribosome of the host being able to read the DNA of the new gene.

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Question 8
Human body cells normally contain 46 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in the fertilised
egg that forms a new zygote is:

A. 12.
B. 23.
C. 46.
D. 92.

Question 9
In birds sex chromosome inheritance follows a W and Z chromosome model. Males are denoted a
ZZ and females are WZ. Based on this method of inheritance it would be expected that sperm would
contain the following sex chromosome(s):

A. Z.
B. W.
C. WZ.
D. ZZ.

Question 10
Structural changes may occur in which the location of a chromosome segment is altered so that it
becomes relocated to a new region within the karyotype. This change is known as a:

A. frameshift mutation.
B. aneuploid.
C. duplication.
D. translocation.

Question 11
A liger is a hybrid of a tiger and a lion. It is sterile. The liger is sterile because:

A. during meiosis, chromosomes will form bivalents but will move to the poles randomly
therefore gametes produced would be unbalanced.
B. during meiosis, chromosomes cannot independently assort at the metaphase plate therefore
gametes produced would be unbalanced.
C. due to uneven numbers of chromosomes in the germ cell, no gametes would be created.
D. during meiosis, chromosomes cannot be in homologous pairs therefore gametes produced
would be unbalanced.

Question 12
Gemma’s doctor injects her with a drug that makes her sweat less. The change to Gemma that would
occur would be to her:

A. genotype, but not her phenotype.

B. phenotype and genotype.
C. neither phenotype nor genotype.
D. phenotype, but not her genotype.

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Question 13
In chickens the sex chromosomes are Z and W. Male chickens have two Z chromosomes (ZZ) and
female chickens have one Z and one W chromosome (ZW). Chicken feather stripes are a sex linked
trait, where barred feathers are dominant to plain feathers.

A chicken with the genotype ZBZb would be a:

A. barred female chicken.

B. barred male chicken.
C. plain female chicken.
D. plain male chicken.

Question 14
If a plant displays pink petals, a phenotype that is the result of incomplete dominance, then that
plant’s genotype is:

A. heterozygous for all genes.

B. heterozygous for that gene.
C. homozygous recessive for that gene.
D. dominant for one gene and recessive at another gene.

Question 15
The presence of dimples is controlled by one gene with two alleles, dimples and smooth cheeks, with
dimples being dominant to smooth cheeks.

Based on this information, which of the following is the most reasonable conclusion?

A. All people with dimples are heterozygous.

B. All people with smooth cheeks are heterozygous.
C. A smooth cheeked person would have one of two possible genotypes.
D. A dimpled person would have one of two possible genotypes.

Question 16
One gene controls the ABO blood group system in humans. It has three alleles. iA and iB are
codominant while those homozygous for i have the O group blood.

With respect to the ABO blood types, a child with A group blood could have the genotype:

A. IA IB
B. AO
C. IAiO
D. IA i

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Question 17
The colour of Siamese cat’s coat changes with temperature. If a kitten grows up in a hotter
environment from its siblings, it may have a different:

A, dominance pattern.
B. genotype.
C. phenotype.
D. allele.

Question 18
Traits which exhibit continuous phenotypic variation are typically determined by this inheritance
form:

A. incomplete dominance.
B. polygene inheritance.
C. multiple-allele inheritance.
D. sex-linked inheritance.

Question 19
This image shows students making a histogram of their heights. Women are dressed in white and
men are dressed in black.

Using this information, human height:

A. is controlled by one gene on the X chromosome.

B. is a phenotype influenced by environmental pressures.
C. is the result of more than two alleles at its gene loci.
D. shows distinct phenotypes of 5’0”, 5’1”, 5’2” … 6’5”.

Question 20
One of the X chromosomes in females is inactivated by:

A. environmental factors.
B. epigenetic markers.
C. enzymes coded for by mitochondrial DNA.
D. the number of dominant genes found on each X chromosome.

I’ve changed the order of B and C to match the test

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 SECTION B: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS
Instructions for Section B

Answer this section in pen.

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Question 1 (7
Question 1 marks)
Distinguish between the genome and the genotype of an organism.
Chromosomes are found in almost all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, which indicates their
______________________________________________________________________________________
importance for life.
______________________________________________________________________________________
a. State the relationship between genes and chromosomes.
2 marks
Total 2 marks
Chromosomes are structures that contain genes.(1)

Question 2 1 mark
a. diagram
b. The Label the
in following
Figure 1a parts on the diagram
represents below,
a pair of taken from the
chromosomes same
taken cell.a human cell.
from

B
Figure 1a
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. Name the components A, B, C and D.
_________________________________________________________________________________
A: B:_________________________________________________________________________________

C: D:_________________________________________________________________________________
2 marks
b. i. How many molecules of DNA would there be in the diagram above?
2 marks
____________________________________________________________________________
d. Explainii.whether
Would thechromosomes
the DNA be identical? Explain.
in Figure 1a must be autosomes.
____________________________________________________________________________
2 marks
e. State TWO similarities between a human chromosome and a bacterial chromosome.
____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
2 marks
Question 2 (6 marks) 1 + 2 = 3 marks

Meiosis occurs in sexual reproduction.

a. Describe the importance of meiosis for the continuation and evolution of a species.

Copyright © 2006 Neap DTTV_BioU4_5_09.fm 5 / 10

3 marks

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The diagram Figure 2a below shows the production of gametes via meiosis. The black and white
chromosomes represent the maternal and paternal chromosomes in the germ cell.
b. Show the chromosomes at each stage of the production of the gametes in the diagram below.

Figure 2a 2 marks

c. Identify the cells in Figure 2a as either haploid or diploid:

i. during Meiosis 1.

ii. after Meiosis 2.

1 mark

Question 3 (4 marks)
An expectant mother’s doctor was concerned about the development of the mother’s unborn child.
The doctor suggested that a karyotype should be taken of the child.

A relatively common disorder that can be shown by a karyotype is Down Syndrome. One in every
1100 babies in Australia are born with Down Syndrome, which is a genetic disorder that causes
changes to facial structure and muscle tone, among other symptoms.

a. Explain how non-disjunction could increase the risk of the unborn child developing Down
Syndrome.
2 marks

The karyotype of the unborn child is shown in Figure 3a below.

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 Figure 3a
b. Identify and label any chromosomal abnormalities on Figure 3a.
1 mark

c. Name the syndrome or aneuploidy that the abnormality from 3c. results in.

1 mark

Question 4 (10 marks)

Geneticists have been researching the implications of changes in DNA sequences on the phenotype
of individuals. One team of geneticists has researched the Keratin71 gene. This gene is named after
its protein, that forms hair in dog coats. The team hoped that exploring the variations of this gene
would help allow a better understanding of dog breeds and their coat types.

The following shows a section of the genetic code in the Keratin71 gene’s allele that encodes for
straight hair.

5’ TCC CAG GTG CGG TTC CTG GAG 3’

a. Determine the mRNA sequence that would be encoded by this section of DNA.

1 mark

b. Using the codon table below, determine the amino acid sequence produced from the mRNA
determined in 4a.

2 marks

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The section of gene in 4a would not be able to be translated into a protein.

c. Identify the components in the full mRNA sequence of Keratin71 that would enable translation to
occur.
1 mark

In a known allele of the Keratin71 gene, the 10th nucleotide C has changed to a T, as shown below.
This results in the phenotype of curly coats in dogs.

5’ TCC CAG GTG TGG TTC CTG GAG 3’

d. State how this change in the mRNA sequence affects the amino acid that is translated.

1 mark

e. Suggest how a change in amino acids in the Keratin71 protein would cause the dogs to have curly
hair instead of straight hair.

1 mark

Another team of geneticists researched the expression of genes and their effect on dog coat colour.
They found that gene modification by methylation is one cause of variations in dog coat colour.
In their research, when pregnant brown dogs’ diet were supplemented with a methyl donor
component, their puppies’ coat colour developed into a golden colour, without changing the DNA
sequence of the puppies.

f. Explain how methylation would cause a puppy’s coat to change colour, without changing its DNA
sequence.

2 marks

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g. Justify whether the puppies in this study are likely to exhibit the same change to their coat colour
throughout their lifetime.

2 marks

Question 5 (3 marks)

The presence of freckles is a monogenetic trait in humans.

a. Define monogenetic.

1 mark

A woman, whose entire family has freckles, marries a man whose entire family does not have
freckles. They have four children, two girls and two boys, all of whom have freckles.

b. State whether the inheritance pattern for freckles in this family appear to follow a
dominant/recessive, incomplete or codominance inheritance pattern. Justify your response.

2 marks

END OF TEST

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