Humanistic Existential Perspective B-needs (being needs) - arises from drive to self-actualize 1.

om drive to self-actualize 1. Conditions of worth - only accepted if they meet

Key Figures: Conative needs - have a striving or motivational character. those people’s expectations and approval
1. Abraham Maslow Jonah Complex - fear of being one’s best, fear of success a. Conditional positive regard - approval only
2. Carl Rogers granted when a person expresses desirable
3. Rollo May Carl Rogers behaviors
➔ Person-Centered Theory b. Conditions of worth - we are worthy of
Abraham Maslow 1. Formative Tendency - Evolve from simpler to more approval only when we express desirable
➔ Holistic-Dynamic Theory complex forms attitudes and refrain from expressing those
Whole person is constantly being motivated by one need 2. Actualizing Tendency - To move toward completion. that bring disapproval
or another and that people have the potential to grow a. Maintenance - basic needs *food, air, safety c. External evaluations - our perceptions of
toward psychological health, that is, self-actualization. b. Enhancement - to become more, to develop other people’s view
View of Motivation Self - I or Me experiences 2. Incongruence
1. holistic approach to motivation: That is, the whole Self-actualization - to actualiza the self as perceived in a. Anxiety
person, not any single part or function, is motivated. awareness b. Threat
2. motivation is usually complex, meaning that a Self Subsystems 3. Defensiveness
person’s behavior may spring from several 1. Self-concept a. Distortion
separate motives. a. Organismic self - not identical, portions of b. Denial
3. people are continually motivated by one need or this may be beyond a person’s awareness. 4. Disorganization
4. another. 2. Ideal self Psychotherapy
5. that all people everywhere are motivated by the a. Incongruence - discrepancy between a - Client-centered therapy
same basic needs. person’s self concept and aspects of his
6. needs can be arranged on a hierarchy experience Rollo May
Awareness - without this the self-concept and the ideal self ➔ Existential Psychology
would not exist Existence means to emerge or to become;
3 levels of awareness essence implies a static immutable substance
1. Some events are experienced below the threshold Two basic concepts of existentialism:
of awareness and are either ignored or denied. 1. Being-in-the-World
2. Some experiences are accurately symbolized and a. Dasein- literally means to exist in the world
freely admitted to the self-structure. b. Umwelt - the environment around us
3. Experiences that are perceived in a distorted form. c. Mitwelt - our relations with other people
Becoming a Person d. Eigenwelt - our relationship with ourselves.
1. An individual must make contact–positive or 2. Nonbeing - one needs to grasp the fact that he
negative–with another person. might not exist, that he treads at every moment on
a. Positive regard the sharp edge of possible annihilation and can
D-needs (deficiency needs)
2. Positive self-regard never escape the fact that death will arrive at some
Metamotivation - involves maximizing personal potential
Barriers of Worth unknown moment in the future.
rather than striving for a particular goal object
Anxiety - the subjective state of the individual’s becoming Freedom - “entails being able to harbor different
aware that his existence can be destroyed, that he can possibilities in one’s mind even though it is not clear at the
become nothing moment which way one must act”
- Normal Anxiety (proportionate to the threat, does Forms of Freedom
not involve repression, and can be confronted 1. Existential Freedom - the freedom to act on the
constructively on the conscious level) choices that one makes.
- Neurotic Anxiety (a reaction which is 2. Essential Freedom - freedom of being.
disproportionate to the threat, involves repression Destiny - “the design of the universe speaking through the
and other forms of intrapsychic conflict, and is design of each one of us”
managed by various kinds of blocking-off of activity Psychopathology
and awareness) - Apathy and emptiness are the malaise of modern
Guilt - arises when people deny their potentialities, fail to times
accurately perceive the needs of fellow humans, or remain Psychotherapy - May suggested that psychotherapy
oblivious to their dependence on the natural world should make people more human.
Intentionality - The structure that gives meaning to
experience and allows people to make decisions about the Dispositional Theories
future Key Figures:
Care “Care is a state in which something does matter” 1. Gordon Allport
Love “delight in the presence of the other person and an 2. McRae and Costa
affirming of [that person’s] value and development as much
as one’s own” Gordon Allport
Will “the capacity to organize one’s self so that movement ➔ Psychology of the Individual
in a certain direction or toward a certain goal may take emphasized the uniqueness of the individual.
place” He called the study of the individual morphogenic science
Forms of Love and contrasted it with the nomothetic methods used by
Sex - is a biological function that can be satisfied through most other psychologists.
sexual intercourse or some other release of sexual tension. three interrelated questions reveal Allport’s approach to
- Basic form of love personality theory:
Eros - is a psychological desire that seeks procreation or 1. What Is
creation through an enduring union with a loved one. Personality?..............................................................
- Higher form of love .........................................................................
Philia - an intimate nonsexual friendship between two
people.
Agape - “esteem for the other, the concern for the other’s
welfare beyond any gain that one can get out of it;
disinterested love, typically, the love of God for man”
- Altruistic, highest form of love