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Size and Location of Capacitor in Electrical System-(Part 2)

MARCH 3, 2013 13 COMMENTS (HTTPS://ELECTRICALNOTES.WORDPRESS.COM/2013/03/03/SIZE-AND-LOCATION-OF-CAPACITOR-

IN-ELECTRICAL-SYSTEM-PART-2/#COMMENTS)

Size of Circuit Breaker, Fuse and Conductor of Capacitor Bank:

(A) Thermal and Magnetic setting of a Circuit breaker:

(1) Size of Circuit Breaker:

1.3 to 1.5x Capacitor Current (In) for Standard Duty/Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors
1.31×In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 5.6% Detuned Reactor(Tuning Factor 4.3)
1.19×In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 7% Detuned Reactor(Tuning Factor 3.8)
1.12×In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 14% Detuned Reactor(Tuning Factor 2.7)
Note: Restrictions in Thermal se ings of system with Detuned reactors are due to limitation of IMP (Maximum Permissible current) of the
Detuned reactor.
(2) Thermal Setting of Circuit Breaker:

1.5x Capacitor Current (In) for Standard Duty/Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors

(3) Magnetic Setting of Circuit Breaker:

5 to10 x Capacitor Current (In) for Standard Duty/Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors

Example :150kvar,400v, 50Hz Capacitor
Us = 400V, Qs = 150kvar,Un = 400V, Qn = 150kvar
In = 150000/400√3 = 216A
Circuit Breaker Rating = 216 x 1.5 = 324A
Select a 400A Circuit Breaker.
Circuit Breaker thermal se ing = 216 x 1.5 = 324 Amp
Conclusion:- Select a Circuit Breaker of 400A with Thermal Se ing at 324A and
Magnetic Se ing ( Short Circuit ) at 3240A

(B) Fuse Selection

The rating must be chosen to allow the thermal protection to be set to:
1.5 to 2.0 x Capacitor Current (In) for Standard Duty/Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors.
1.35×In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 5.7% Detuned Reactor (Tuning Factor 4.3)
1.2×In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 7% Detuned Reactor (Tuning Factor 3.8)
1.15×In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 14% Detuned Reactor(Tuning Factor 2.7)
For Star-solidly grounded systems: Fuse > = 135% of rated capacitor current (includes overvoltage, capacitor tolerances, and harmonics).
For Star -ungrounded systems: Fuse > = 125% of rated capacitor current (includes overvoltage, capacitor tolerances, and harmonics).
Care should be taken when using NEMA Type T and K tin links which are rated 150%. In this case, the divide the fuse rating by 1.50.
Example 1: 150kvar,400v, 50Hz Capacitor
 Us = 400V; Qs = 150kvar, Un = 400V; Qn = 150kvar.
Capacitor Current =150×1000/400 =375 Amp
To determine line current, we must divide the 375 amps by √ 3
In (Line Current) = 375/√3 = 216A
HRC Fuse Rating = 216 x1.65 = 356A to
HRC Fuse Rating = 216 x 2.0 = 432A so Select Fuse Size 400 Amp

Problems with Fusing of Small Ungrounded Banks

Example: 12.47 kV, 1500 Kvar Capacitor bank made of three 3 No’s of 500 Kvar single-phase units.
Nominal Capacitor Current=1500/1.732×12.47=69.44 amp
Size of Fuse=1.5×69.44 =104 Amp= 100 Amp Fuse.
If a capacitor fails, we say that It may approximately take 3x line current. (3 x 69.44 A = 208.32 A).
It will take a 100 A fuse approximately 500 seconds to clear this fault (3 x 69.44 A = 208.32 A). The capacitor case will rupture long before the fuse
clears the fault.
The solution is using smaller units with individual fusing. Consider 5 No’s of 100 kVAR capacitors per phase, each with a 25 A fuse. The clear
time for a 25 A fuse @ 208.32 A is below the published capacitor rupture curve.

(C) Size of Conductor for Capacitor Connections:

Size of capacitor circuit conductors should be at least 135% of the rated capacitor current in accordance with NEC Article 460.8 (2005 Edition).

Size of capacitor for Transformer No-Load compensation.

Fixed compensation
 The transformer works on the principle of Mutual Induction. The transformer will consume reactive power for magnetizing purpose. Following
size of Capacitor Bank is required to reduce reactive component (No Load Losses) of Transformer.

Selection of capacitor for transformer no-load compensation

KVA Rating of the Transformer Kvar Required for

compensation
Up to and including 315 KVA 5% of KVA Transformer Rating
315 to 1000 KVA 6% of KVA Transformer Rating
Above 1000 KVA 8% of KVA Transformer Rating

Sizing of capacitor for motor compensation:

The capacitor provides a local source of reactive current. With respect to inductive motor load, this reactive power is the magnetizing or “no
load current“which the motor requires to operate.
A capacitor is properly sized when its full load current rating is 90% of the no-load current of the motor. This 90% rating avoids over correction
and the accompanying problems such as over voltages.

(1)If no-load current is known:

The most accurate method of selecting a capacitor is to take the no load current of the motor, and multiply by 0.90 (90%).
Example: Size a capacitor for a 100HP, 460V 3-phase motor which has a full load current of 124 amps and a no-load current of 37 amps.
Size of Capacitor =No load amps(37 Amp) X 90% = 33 Kvar

If the no load current is not known:

 If the no-load current is unknown, a reasonable estimate for 3-phase motors is to take the full load amps and multiply by 30%. Then multiply it
by 90% rating figure being used to avoid overcorrection and over voltages.
Example: Size a capacitor for a 75HP, 460V 3-phase motor which has a full load current of 92 amps and an unknown no-load current.
No-load current of Motor=Full load Current (92 Amp) X 30% = 28 Amp estimated no-load Current.
Size of Capacitor =No load amps (28 Amp) X 90% = 25 Kvar.

Thumb Rule:

It is widely accepted to use a thumb rule that Motor compensation required in kvar is equal to 33% of the Motor Rating in HP.

Placement of Power Capacitor Bank for Motor:

Capacitors installed for motor applications based on the number of motors to have power factor correction. If only a single motor or a small
number of motors require power factor correction, the capacitor can be installed at each motor such that it is switched on and off with the motor.
Required Precaution for selecting Capacitor for Motor:
The care should be taken in deciding the Kvar rating of the capacitor in relation to the magnetizing kVA of the machine. If the rating is too high,
It may damage to both motor and capacitor
As the motor, while still in rotation after disconnection from the supply, it may act as a generator by self excitation and produce a voltage higher
than the supply voltage. If the motor is switched on again before the speed has fallen to about 80% of the normal running speed, the high
voltage will be superimposed on the supply circuits and there may be a risk of damaging other types of equipment.
As a general rule the correct size of capacitor for individual correction of a motor should have a kvar rating not exceeding 85% of the normal No
Load magnetizing KVA of the machine.
If several motors connected to a single bus and require power factor correction, install the capacitor(s) at the bus.
Where do not installed Capacitor on Motor:
Do not install capacitors directly onto a motor circuit under the following conditions:
(1) If solid-state starters are used.
(2) If open-transition starting is used.
(3) If the motor is subject to repetitive switching, jogging, inching, or plugging.
(4) If a multi-speed motor is used.
(5) If a reversing motor is used.
(6) If a high-inertia load is connected to the motor.
 Fixed power capacitor banks can be installed in a non-harmonic producing electrical system at the feeder, load or service entrance. Since power
capacitor banks are reactive power generators, the most logical place to install them is directly at the load where the reactive power is consumed.
Three options exist for installing a power capacitor bank at the motor.

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Location 1 (The line side of the starter):

Install between the upstream circuit breaker and the contactor.

This location should be used for the motor loads with high inertia, where disconnecting the motor with the power capacitor bank can turn the
motor into a self excited generator, motors that are jogged, plugged or reversed, motors that start frequently, multi-speed motors, starters that
disconnect and reconnect capacitor units during cycling and starters with open transition.
Advantage:
Larger, more cost effective capacitor banks can be installed as they supply kvar to several motors. This is recommended for jogging motors,
multispeed motors and reversing applications.
Disadvantages:
Since capacitors are not switched with the motors, overcorrection can occur if all motors are not running.
Since reactive current must be carried a greater distance, there are higher line losses and larger voltage drops.
Application:
Large banks of fixed kVAR with fusing on each phase.
automatically switched banks
Location 2 (Between the overload relay and the starter):

Install between the contactor and the overload relay.

This location can be used in existing installations when the overload ratings surpass the National Electrical Code requirements.
With this option the overload relay can be set for nameplate full load current of motor. Otherwise the same as Option 1.
No extra switch or fuses required.
Contactor serves as capacitor disconnect.
Change overload relays to compensate for reduced motor current.
Too much Kvar can damage motors.
Calculate new (reduced) motor current. Set overload relays for this new motor FLA.
FLA (New) =P.F (Old)/P.F (New) x FLA (Name Plate)

Application:
Usually the best location for individual capacitors.

Location 3(The motor side of the overload relay):

Install directly at the single speed induction motor terminals (on the secondary of the overload relay).
This location can be used in existing installations when no overload change is required and in new installations in which the overloads can be
sized in accordance with reduced current draw.
When correcting the power factor for an entire facility, fixed power capacitor banks are usually installed on feeder circuits or at the service
entrance.
Fixed power capacitor banks should only be used when the facility’s load is fairly constant. When a power capacitor bank is connected to a
feeder or service entrance a circuit breaker or a fused disconnect switch must be provided.
New motor installations in which overloads can be sized in accordance with reduced current draw
Existing motors when no overload change is required.
Advantage:
Can be switched on or off with the motors, eliminating the need for separate switching devices or over current protection. Also, only energized
when the motor is running.
Since Kvar is located where it is required, line losses and voltage drops are minimized; while system capacity is maximized.
 Disadvantage:
Installation costs are higher when a large number of individual motors need correction.
Overload relay se ings must be changed to account for lower motor current draw.
Application:
Usually the best location for individual capacitors.

Placement of capacitors in Distribution system:

The location of low voltage capacitors in Distribution System effect on the mode of compensation, which may be global (one location for the
entire installation), by sectors (section-by-section), at load level, or some combination of the last two.
In principle, the ideal compensation is applied at a point of consumption and at the level required at any instant.

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(A) Global compensation:

Principle
The capacitor bank is connected to the bus bars of the main LV distribution board to compensation of reactive energy of whole installation and it
remains in service during the period of normal load.
Advantages
Reduces the tariff penalties for excessive consumption of kvars.
Reduces the apparent power kVA demand, on which standing charges are usually based
Relieves Reactive energy of Transformer , which is then able to accept more load if necessary
Limitation:
Reactive current still flows in all conductors of cables leaving (i.e. downstream of) the main LV distribution board. For this reason, the sizing of
these cables and power losses in them are not improved by the global mode of compensation.
The losses in the cables (I2R) are not reduced.
Application:
Where a load is continuous and stable, global compensation can be applied
No billing of reactive energy.
This is the most economical solution, as all the power is concentrated at one point and the expansion coefficient makes it possible to optimize the
capacitor banks
Makes less demands on the transformer.

(B) Compensation by sector:

Principle:
Capacitor banks are connected to bus bars of each local distribution Panel.
Most part of the installation System can benefits from this arrangement, mostly the feeder cables from the main distribution Panel to each of the
local distribution Panel.
Advantages:
Reduces the tariff penalties for excessive consumption of kvar.
Reduces the apparent power Kva demand, on which standing charges are usually based.
The size of the cables supplying the local distribution boards may be reduced, or will have additional capacity for possible load increases.
 Losses in the same cables will be reduced.
No billing of reactive energy.
Makes less demands on the supply Feeders and reduces the heat losses in these Feeders.
Incorporates the expansion of each sector.
Makes less demands on the transformer.
Remains economical
Limitation:
Reactive current still flows in all cables downstream of the local distribution Boards.
For the above reason, the sizing of these cables, and the power losses in them, are not improved by compensation by sector
Where large changes in loads occur, there is always a risk of overcompensation and consequent overvoltage problems.
Application:
Compensation by sector is recommended when the installation is extensive, and where the load/time pa erns differ from one part of the
installation to another.
This configuration is convenient for a very widespread factory Area, with workshops having different load factors

(C) Individual compensation:

Principle
Capacitors are connected directly to the terminals of inductive circuit (Near to motors). Individual compensation should be considered when the
power of the motor is significant with respect to the declared power requirement (kVA) of the installation.
The kvar rating of the capacitor bank is in the order of 25% of the kW rating of the motor.
Complementary compensation at the origin of the installation (transformer) may also be beneficial.
Directly at the Load terminals Ex. Motors, a Steady load gives maximum benefit to Users.
The capacitor bank is connected right at the inductive load terminals (especially large motors). This configuration is well adapted when the load
power is significant compared to the subscribed power. This is the technical ideal configuration, as the reactive energy is produced exactly
where it is needed, and adjusted to the demand.
Advantages
Reduces the tariff penalties for excessive consumption of kvars
Reduces the apparent power kVA demand
Reduces the size of all cables as well as the cable losses.
No billing of reactive energy
From a technical point of view this is the ideal solution, as the reactive energy is produced at the point where it is consumed. Heat losses (RI2)
are therefore reduced in all the lines.
 Makes less demands on the transformer.
Limitation:
Significant reactive currents no longer exist in the installation.
Not recommended for Electronics Drives.
Most costly solution due to the high number of installations.
The fact that the expansion coefficient is not incorporated.
Application:
Individual compensation should be considered when the power of motor is significant with respect to power of the installation.

Common Capacitor Reactive Power Ratings:

Voltage Kvar Rating Number of Phases

216 5, 7.5, 131/3, 20, 25 1 or 3
240 2.5, 5, 7.5,10, 25, 20, 25, 50 1 or 3
480 5, 10, 15, 20 25, 35, 50, 60, 100 1 or 3
600 5, 10, 15, 20 25, 35, 50, 60, 100 1 or 3
2,400 50, 100, 150, 200 1
2,770 50, 100, 150, 200 1
7,200 50, 100, 150, 200,300,400 1
12,470 50, 100, 150, 200,300,400 1
13,800 50, 100, 150, 200,300,400
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About Jignesh.Parmar (B.E,Mtech,MIE,FIE,CEng)

Jignesh Parmar has completed M.Tech (Power System Control), B.E(Electrical). He is member of Institution of Engineers (MIE) and CEng,India.
Membership No:M-1473586.He has more than 16 years experience in Transmission -Distribution-Electrical Energy theft detection-Electrical
Maintenance-Electrical Projects (Planning-Designing-Technical Review-coordination -Execution). He is Presently associate with one of the leading
business group as a Deputy Manager at Ahmedabad,India. He has published numbers of Technical Articles in “Electrical Mirror”, “Electrical
India”, “Lighting India”,”Smart Energy”, “Industrial Electrix”(Australian Power Publications) Magazines. He is Freelancer Programmer of Advance
Excel and design useful Excel base Electrical Programs as per IS, NEC, IEC,IEEE codes. He is Technical Blogger and Familiar with English, Hindi,
Gujarati, French languages. He wants to Share his experience & Knowledge and help technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions and updating
themselves on various Engineering Topics.

13 Responses to Size and Location of Capacitor in Electrical System-(Part 2)

KHAMIS says:
March 3, 2013 at 6:34 pm
THANK YOU FOR YOU GOOD TOPICS AND GO ON

Reply
K.RAMACHANDRAN ACHARY says:
March 4, 2013 at 6:27 am
Very concise compilation for easy understanding. But no mention is made about the relation of compensation with rpm of the motor.

Reply
uma shankar says:
March 5, 2013 at 11:57 am
Dear Parmar,

How are you? i am subscriber of your Electrical notes and article, i have one clarification, in electrical transmission system the voltage levels of
step up and step downing are all in multiples of 11 (i.e) 11kv, 33,66 kv …. why. any basic idea behind this technically

with regards umashankar

________________________________

Reply
Ei says:
March 6, 2013 at 1:45 pm
Dear Parmar,
Thank you so much for your sharing.Could you please also share the knowledge on designing of electrical plan for home.
Regards,
Ei

Reply
Mohan Nair says:
March 7, 2013 at 5:08 pm
Dear Parmar,
Thanks very much for the useful information given. Expecting more to come.
Best Wishes.
Mohan Nair

Reply
Mukesh Harsoda says:
March 9, 2013 at 5:36 pm
Dear Parmar Sir,
I want to know about losses due to 3 phase capacitor connecting at 440v distribution transformer so plz guide me

Reply
Sanjay Bagul says:
April 18, 2013 at 8:34 am
Dear Jignesh Sir,

At what particular percentage of de-rating of a capacitance value (either in terms of capacitance or current) the old capacitor is recommended for
replacement based on energy loss-Energy conservation point of view?
Can it be defined according to the rating and type of a capacitor?

Your work is commendable.

Thanks & regards,

Reply
G.M.ROOPA says:
May 24, 2013 at 7:16 am
Dear sir,
 i am using a capacitor of 10000mf,400v along with choke as LC filter for dc output of ba ery charger. I would like to connect circuit breaker for
capacitor failure indication. (auxiliary of mcb). How to select the mcb for this purpose.

Reply
Satish says:
July 31, 2013 at 9:48 am
Dear sir
Can series capacitor be put on 11 kv feeder for voltage improvement

Reply
phani says:
October 6, 2014 at 12:42 pm
What is the fault clearing time of incoming feeder in cable sizing calculation??

Reply
phani says:
October 6, 2014 at 12:43 pm
For designing of 11kV MV cables how much fault current duration time to be considered for both 11kV incoming & outgoing feeders??????

Reply
harendra kumar sharma says:
February 5, 2015 at 1:06 pm
Hi sir,
Please tell me , ” how a reactor will design for 230kvar star grounded capacitor,50Hz,input voltage 11Kv, and the source transformer is 9Mva”

Reply
Venkatesh Ramanujam says:
June 16, 2015 at 9:06 am
Mr Jignesh, Good Afternoon. Can you please explain the advantages of having a capacitor bank at the 11 KV (HT) side. In our case, we are
having a capacitor bank at LT side, which is functional. We are facing an issue of low pf (<0.95) when we operate 2 or more HT chiller plants.
Request your valuable reply in this regard. Thanks, Venkatesh Ramanujam.

Reply

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