PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD’s)

AMONG YOUTHS IN GUYUK LGA OF ADAMAWA STATE

BY
BLESSING EMMANUEL
MLT/2021/434

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIAN, COLLEGE OF HEALTH
TECHNOLOGY, MICHIKA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN MEDICAL
LABORATORY TECHNICIAN

JUNE, 2024

i|Page
 CERTIFICATION PAGE
I declared that this project was conducted by me under the supervision of Mr.
Carlos A. Margwa and it had never been submitted for any other purpose or in
partial fulfillment of any profession

_______________
Blessing Emmanuel
MLT/2021/434

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 APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that this project have been read and approved having the
requirement for the award of national Diploma in Medical Laboratory College
of Health Technology Michika.

Mr. Carlos A. Margwa ______________________

(Project supervisor) Sign/Date

Sct. Buba Babangida _______________________

(Head of Department) Sign/Date

External Examiner _____________________

(Project Supervisor) Sign/Date

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 DEDICATION

I Blessing Emmanuel, dedicate this research project to Almighty God, the giver
of the knowledge, the maker of the universe, for His guidance and protection.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my profound gratitude to almighty God who is the make of the
universe for his grace and divine assistance for the success of my studies and
my research work.
I wish to express my deep appreciation to the provost of the College, in person
of Dr. Yakubu Suleiman for his outstanding leadership and academic guidance
in the school. My profound gratitude also goes to the Head of Department, Sct.
Babangida Buba. I wish to say a big thank you to my lecturers for their time,
patience and dedication toward the success of my studies.
I wish to express my profound gratitude to my project supervisor in person of
Mr. Carlos A. Margwa for his maximum cooperation and enormous patience
throughout my research work my almighty God reward you richly.

My special appreciation goes to my beloved parents Mr. Emmanuel Dedan and

Mrs. Saratu Kano for their moral, parental care, advice and prayers, may Alpha
and Omega bless you abundantly. Amen and my family who supported me
financially and prayerfully in person of Mr. Ismail Ibrahim Bako, Mr. Jacobson
Jackson Sunday, Mrs. Yaramina Gilbert, Mr. Philip Yaro, Mrs. Hauwa Sani,
Mr. Dauyina Daji (kenina) and my lovely grandmother Mrs. Maryamu Yaro,
Mr. Ahmed Bappa (Alhajin Kaka).

My profound gratitude also goes to my lovely friends in person of Yusuf Faruk,

Jessy Abeokuta, Blessing Alakirawa John, Blessing Luka, James John, Nuhu
Tari (senator) and lastly my chief best Faith Charles (baby Doir) may almighty
God bless you all. Amen

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 ABSTRACT
The aim of the study is the Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (std’s)
among youths Guyuk LGA of Adamawa state. The objectives of this study are:
To find out how the present trend of sexual transmitted diseases are manage by
the Youth of Guyuk LGA of Adamawa State. To know how the level of support
the indigenes are getting from government and nongovernment organizations
as regard to sexual transmitted disease. Find out the major factors
necessitating the increase in STDs in Youths of Guyuk L.G.A.This study was
carried out using questionnaire to collect relevant information from the
respondents. Mean statistics was to answer the research question. The major
findings of the study revealed that the respondents based on the finding that
assessment and control methods of STDs in the world is very common, but this
study is basically on the youths of Guyuk Local Government Area of Adamawa
State. There is some misconception among the youth about management of
STDs as a factor that is militating against the adoption of safe sex. It can be
concluded that the continues educational effort in the work of WHO (World
Health Organization) has contributed to some extent of awareness on STDs but
makes it very little in impacting behavioral changes. Therefore, general public
should be enlightened and facilitate to provide proper management so that
some of STDs can be discovered and minimize the drastically.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION PAGE.................................................................................ii
APPROVAL PAGE...........................................................................................iii
DEDICATION...................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................v
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1
1.2 Background of the Study................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the Problem................................................................................2

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study....................................................................3
1.4 Research Questions.........................................................................................3
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study.................................................................4
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms....................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................6
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.......................................................6
2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................6

2.2 Defining Sexually transmitted infection prevention behavior........................6

2.3 Health impact of STI risk behaviours.............................................................9

2.4 Epidemiology of Sexual Transmitted Infection (STIs)................................11

2.5 Causes of STIs among Youth.......................................................................12

2.6 Symptoms and Complications of STIs.........................................................13

2.7 There are some Serious Complications Associated with many of the STIs. 14

2.8 Prevention and Control of STIs....................................................................14

2.9 Mechanism of Actions of Microbicides.......................................................15

2.10 Prevalence of STI prevention behaviors.....................................................17

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2.11 Interventions to promote STI prevention behaviors...................................19

CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................22
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................22
3.0 Introduction...................................................................................................22

3.1 Research Design...........................................................................................22

3.2 The Study Area.............................................................................................22

3.3 Procedure for Data Collection......................................................................23

3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Collection..........................................................23

3.4 Instrument for data Collection......................................................................23

3.5 Method of Date Analysis..............................................................................24

3.6 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument....................................................24

CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................25
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION.......................25
Summary of chapter four (4)..............................................................................30

CHAPTER FIVE..............................................................................................32
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION.......................32
5.1 Summary.......................................................................................................32

5.2 Recommendations.........................................................................................32

5.3 Conclusion....................................................................................................32

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.2 Background of the Study
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant public health concern
globally, with substantial implications for morbidity and mortality, particularly
in Sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that
approximately 374 million new cases of curable STIs occur annually
worldwide, with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for about 40% of the global
burden of STIs. These infections, if left untreated, can lead to various
complications such as infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic
pregnancy, long-term disability, psychological issues, cervical cancer, and
adverse pregnancy outcomes like premature delivery and neonatal infections.
Additionally, untreated STIs increase the risk of HIV infection and transmission
significantly (WHO, 2021).
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be curable or incurable, but are most
often modifiable diseases or infections which are mainly contracted through
unprotected sexual intercourse. The curable STIs include syphilis, gonorrhea
and chlamydia, while the incurable but modifiable STIs include human
papilloma virus (HPV), hepatitis B, human immune virus (HIV) and herpes
simplex. According to WHO, 20% of people living with human immune
virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are in their second
decade of life and, each year, one out of every twenty young people contract an
STI (Lucaret al, 2018). Indulging in unprotected sexual intercourse suggests a
high-risk predispositionto unintended and unwanted pregnancies and STIs,
including AIDS, among adolescents and young people. Globally, 33.3 million
people are estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS. It is said that sub-Saharan
Africa accounts for nearly 22.5 million of the people living with HIV/AIDS,
making it the most HIV/AIDS-affected region in the world. Amongst all leading

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killer diseases globally, HIV/AIDS ranks third, while in Africa, it is the primary
cause of death among people between 15 and 29 years of age (CDCP, 2019).
The most common STIs in Nigeria include bacterial vaginosis, gonorrhea,
chlamydia, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus infection. These infections can be
prevented through risk assessment, counseling, and behavioral interventions, as
well as the use of condoms. However, many people with STIs in Nigeria seek
treatment from pharmacies, patent medicine stores, and traditional healers
instead of specialized clinics.
Sexual promiscuity and unprotected sexual activity are major factors in
spreading a number of sexually transmitted disease. Record shows that, nine
thousand and twenty (9,020) residents are infected with sexual transmitted
disease in Adamawa states, (monitoring and evaluation (M.E) units, 2010).
Fortunately, health care delivery together with social changes in behavior
provide considerable opportunities for the prevention of disease, primary
health care also leads government to improve the coverage given by health
services and strengthen health care education programmes.
With all these efforts STDs are still on the increase in our societies and the
world at large. Therefore, the increase in his STDs led me to this study. The
prevalence of Sexually transmitted diseases among youths in Guyuk L.G.A
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Every individual within any society is expected to have basic knowledge and
skills on how to prevent his/her self from getting in contact with infectious
diseases by practicing safe sex, healthy lifestyles improving his/her health
status. Government is committed to increase public awareness by providing
community with trained health workers and healthcare services.
Gap in the study of the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among
youths in Guyuk LGA is essential for improving public health outcomes and
implementing targeted interventions to promote sexual health awareness and
reduce the burden of STDs in the community.

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Uniqueness, studying the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among
youths in Guyuk LGA, Adamawa State is a critical endeavor that can inform
public health efforts aimed at reducing the incidence of STDs and improving
overall well-being among young individuals. By employing rigorous
methodologies, addressing local challenges, and engaging stakeholders
effectively, researchers can generate valuable data that contributes to evidence-
based interventions tailored to the specific needs of this population.
However, the observed trend among residents in Youth of Guyuk LGA of
Adamawa State shows a deviation from the situation, which leads to increasing
incidence of sexual transmitted disease (Gonorrhea) in the study area it is
based on of the above issues that the research seek to the following objective
below:
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are:
i. To find out how the present trend of sexual transmitted diseases are

manage by the Youth of Guyuk LGA of Adamawa State.

ii. To know how the level of support the indigenes are getting from

government and nongovernment organizations as regard to sexual

transmitted disease
iii. Find out the major factors necessitating the increase in STDs in Youths

of Guyuk L.G.A.
1.4 Research Questions
The questions guiding this research work are:
i. Do you go to hospital or any health clinic incase of a suspected STDs
infection or you use traditional (herbal medicine).
ii. Did you ever get support from government and non government
organizations as regard to sexual transmitted disease? If yes
What are the kind of support?
1. Educational

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 2. Material
3. Medicinal
iii. What the major reason for increase is of sexually transmitted in Guyuk
LGA?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The findings of the study was useful to health care providers, health
educators, health teachers, administrators, policy makers in the health sector by
helping planners in addressing the disturbing problems of Sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs). It will also help to create public awareness among resident
Youths of Guyuk LGA of Adamawa State on the prevention and control of
STDs (Gonorrhea).
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study focused mainly on prevalence of sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs) and only limited to the youths residing within Guyuk LGA of
Adamawa State.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
In the study the following terms are operationally, define.
Safe sex: refers to sexual activity that reduces the risk of sexually transmitted
infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies.
Gonorrhea: - sexual transmitted disease, which is transmitted from one person
to another through vaginal or oral or anal sexual relationship in Guyuk LGA.
Health education: - is the process of persuading people to adopt measures that
are beneficial to their health and to reject those ones that are detrimental to
their health.
Transmission: - movement of some infective germs from person to anther
Symptoms: what the sickness will bring after attack Prevention: the process
whereby disease will not occur.
Prevalence: is the proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic
or condition at a given time. It is calculated by dividing the number of people in

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a sample with the characteristic by the total number of people in the sample.
Prevalence can be reported as a percentage, or as the number of cases per
10,000 or 100,000 people.

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 CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
This chapter deals with the review of some related literatures under the
following sub-headings:
2.2 Defining Sexually transmitted infection prevention behavior

2.3 Health impact of STI risk behaviors

2.4 Epidemiology of Sexual Transmitted Infection (STIs)

2.5 Causes of STIs among Youth

2.6 Symptoms and Complications of STIs

2.7 There are some Serious Complications Associated with many of the STIs.

2.8 Prevention and Control of STIs

2.9 Mechanism of Actions of Microbicides

2.10 Prevalence of STI prevention behaviours

2.11 Interventions to promote STI prevention behaviours

2.2 Defining Sexually transmitted infection prevention behavior

In 2020, the World Health Organization estimated a global incidence of 374
million new cases of four curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs),
including 128 million chlamydia cases, 82 million gonorrhoea cases, 156
million trichomoniasis cases and 7 million syphilis cases. Globally, viral STIs
are more common with data showing about 300 million women estimated to
have human papilloma virus infection, and more than 500 million people have
genital herpes simplex virus infection. The incidence, prevalence, pattern and
distribution of STIs vary considerably between and within countries and regions
of the world, and depend on a complex interplay of socioeconomic,

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demographic and behavioural factors. With increasing use of preexposure
prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus prevention, it is important to
pay more attention to the changing epidemiologic parameters for STIs to better
target public health interventions for STI control and prevention (WHO, 2020).
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant public health concern
globally, with substantial implications for morbidity and mortality, particularly
in Sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that
approximately 374 million new cases of curable STIs occur annually worldwide,
with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for about 40% of the global burden of STIs.
These infections, if left untreated, can lead to various complications such as
infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, long-term
disability, psychological issues, cervical cancer, and adverse pregnancy
outcomes like premature delivery and neonatal infections. Additionally,
untreated STIs increase the risk of HIV infection and transmission significantly
(WHO, 2021).
The most common STIs in Nigeria include bacterial vaginosis, gonorrhea,
chlamydia, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus infection. These infections can be
prevented through risk assessment, counseling, and behavioral interventions, as
well as the use of condoms. However, many people with STIs in Nigeria seek
treatment from pharmacies, patent medicine stores, and traditional healers
instead of specialized clinics.
The Nigerian government has implemented a syndromic approach to STIs
management, which aims to provide accessible and affordable treatment,
prevent complications, and break the chain of transmission. The approach
involves building the capacity of healthcare providers, providing counseling,
identifying and treating all STI syndromes, conducting risk assessments, using
specific antimicrobial therapy, partner notification, and data collection and
management.

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Despite efforts to improve STI prevention and treatment in Nigeria, challenges
remain, including a lack of resources, insufficient manpower, and cultural
barriers. Integration of STI services into healthcare facilities across the country,
along with community engagement and education, is essential to addressing
these challenges and reducing the burden of STIs.
In Adamawa State, Nigeria, the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections
(STIs) is a significant public health concern. According to research and data
available, STIs, including HIV/AIDS, have been reported to affect a
considerable portion of the population in this region. The study conducted
among students in tertiary and secondary institutions in Adamawa State
revealed an overall sero-prevalence rate of 13.7% for HIV infection. This
indicates a relatively high prevalence of HIV among students in the state.
Sexually transmitted infection typically result from vaginal, anal, or oral
penetration with the penis or contact between the mouth or tongue and the
genitals or anus, but Sexually transmitted infection can also be transmitted by
skin contact or through penetration with fingers or objects, such as sex toys
(Workowski et al., 2019). Sexually transmitted infection were long seen as a
moral problem and protecting population health from Sexually transmitted
infection was premised on a ‘moral uplift’, that is, restricting sexual behaviour
to monogamous (heterosexual) marriage. Abstinence and monogamy contribute
to STI prevention by reducing the number of contacts who can be infected, and
are especially promoted in STI prevention programs targeting young people that
are rooted in religious or otherwise conservative worldviews. Abstinence and
restriction of sexual activity are, however, aspirational or unacceptable for many
young people, and pragmatic STI prevention draws on the so-called ABC-
approach, promoting abstinence, being faithful, and condom use (Rukundo et
al., 2019).
Male condoms have been used for centuries to prevent Sexually transmitted
infection, and regained prominence as a prime HIV-prevention measure

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(Beksinska et al., 2020). When used consistently and correctly, male condoms
are a highly effective method to prevent Sexually transmitted infection , and
may reduce the risk of infection by 80%. The use of female condoms has gained
interest and momentum, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, as a means of female
controlled prevention (WHO, 2019). While female condoms are effective, their
acceptability among women and their sex partners remains a challenge (Peters et
al., 2020).
Vaccination is a key component of infectious disease control, which can
contribute to the eradication of transmission in humans. With respect to
Sexually transmitted infection , effective vaccines are only available for
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections,
although vaccines for other Sexually transmitted infection are being explored
(McIntosh, 2020). HBV vaccination became available in the early 1980s and
was first recommended for people at increased risk for HBV, including through
sexual contact, such as MSM (Haber & Schillie, 2021). To achieve universal
coverage, HBV vaccination is included in infant immunization programs in over
95% of countries (Gottlieb & Johnston, 2018). Since 2006, HPV vaccination is
provided to girls aged 11-12 years through national immunization programs, and
as of 2011, HPV vaccination is also becoming available for boys (Markowitz et
al., 2018). However, implementation and uptake of HPV vaccination remain
challenging globally, in lower as well as higher income countries (Dilley et al.,
2020).
2.3 Health impact of STI risk Behaviors
Over 30 known pathogens (i.e., bacteria, viruses, or parasites) are exclusively or
predominantly transmitted through sexual contact or are also transmissible
during sexual contact (Torrone et al., 2021). Much of the burden of disease
related to Sexually transmitted infection is attributed to the eight most common
Sexually transmitted infection : gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia, trichomoniasis,

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hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papilloma virus (HPV), herpes simplex virus
(HSV) and HIV (Torrone et al., 2021).
HPV infection is lifelong, and while most of the more than 200 variants do not
cause any symptoms and may resolve spontaneously, some variants can cause
persistent genital warts and others can cause cancer (Serrano et al., 2018). HPV
variants are responsible for nearly all cervical cancers and are related to other
cancers of the anogenital region (i.e., vulva, vagina, anus, and penis), as well as
to cancers of the tongue, tonsils and other parts of the mouth and throat (Serrano
et al., 2018). An estimated 11.7% of women globally were infected with HPV in
2017 (Serrano et al., 2018).
HSV infection is also lifelong and characterized by periodic reactivation of
sores at affected sites, with HSV type 1 mostly affecting the mouth and lips (i.e.,
cold sores) and HSV type 2 affecting the genital region, albeit that genital HSV
type 1 is becoming more common (James et al., 2020). While there is no cure or
vaccine, antiviral medication can ease HSV-related symptoms (WHO, 2020c).
HSV can be transmitted during or after childbirth, with a high risk of neonatal
death and disability (James et al., 2020). HSV type 2 infection also increases the
likelihood of acquiring HIV (Looker et al., 2017). In 2016, over 3.7 billion
people had HSV type 1, and nearly 500 million people had HSV type 2 (James
et al., 2020).
The global HIV epidemic is one of the biggest infectious disease threats to
population health in known history. HIV can cause AIDS (Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome), a life-threatening impairment of the immune system.
Since the epidemic emerged in the early 1980s, over 72 million people have
become infected with HIV, of whom 37.6 million were alive by the end of 2020
and nearly 35 million had died (WHO, 2020d). Nearly three-quarters of people
with HIV globally have access to life-saving treatment (WHO, 2020d), which
does not offer a cure but has transformed HIV into a chronic, manageable
condition. HIV-related deaths decreased from a peak of 1.95 million in 2006

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(GBD 2017 HIV Collaborators, 2019) to 690,000 in 2020 (WHO, 2020d). More
than half (20.7 million) of people with HIV live in Eastern and Southern Africa,
where HIV is mostly sexually transmitted in the general population and where
young women aged 15-24 remain at highest risk (UNAIDS, 2021). The risk of
acquiring HIV through sexual contact is highest among young people and
MSM, as well as other key populations, including transgender people and sex
workers and their clients, and the sexual partners of key populations (UNAIDS,
2021).
2.4 Epidemiology of Sexual Transmitted Infection (STIs)
Sexual transmitted Infection (STIs) are among the first ten (10) causes of
unpleasant infection in young adult in developing countries and the second
major causes of unpleasant infection in youth. Adolescents and young adult (15-
24 years) make up only 25% of the sexually active population, but represent
almost 50% of all new acquired STIs.
In general, STIs are epidemics and present an enormous health and economic
consequences. Adequate screening for STIs should be done on a routine basis in
every part of the world. Many STIs are, and therefore can be difficult to control.
The purpose of reporting of STIs is to ensure that persons who are infected was
quickly diagnosed and appropriately treated to control the spread of infection
and also, partner are noticed, tested and treated appropriately (James et al.,
2020).
It is estimated that reported cases of STIs represent only reported reports on
STIs infection reflecting to limit screening and how disease response. Highly
note sexual behaviors is a highly contributively factors of this process as it often
leads to teenagers pregnancies and HIV/AIDS. One possible explanation for this
behavior is that people to not have enough information about the transmission
of STIs or ignore the precaution required for safe sex. Approximately 60% of
new HIV infections worldwide occur in young people. The frequency of high
risk behaviors among youth may also be influenced by opportunity to engage in

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them, particularly the amount of time that they are unsupervised by adults
(James et al., 2020).
However, in diagnosing and treating STIs, we can effectively prevent the spread
of HIV/AIDS. Individual infected with STIs are 5-10 time more likely than
uninfected individuals to acquire or transmit HIV/AIDS through sexual contact.
The breaking of the genital track lining or skin creates a portal of entry for HIV
and hence, HIV infected with are more to shed HIV in their genital secretions. It
is important to control STIs and prevention was the key of this process.
Prevention can be achieved through education of the population, identification
of symptomatic and symptomatic people, and effective diagnosis and treatment
of these patients and their partners (James et al., 2020).
2.5 Causes of STIs among Youth
Sexually transmitted infection are group of infection similar to one another only
in that they can be acquired through sexual contacts, sexually transmitted
infection is a term now used in place of sexually transmitted disease (STIs)
(Szucs et al., 2020). You don’t necessarily have to sex to get sexually
transmitted infection (STIs), but sexually activity is the most common way far
be spread. The infections are caused by different organisms and have wide
variety of symptoms.
Most common STIs:
Chamydia: occurs most often in teens and young adults, with females likely to
get it, than males, it is caused by bacteria chlamydia Trachomatics.
Gonorrhea: is an infection by the bacteria Nesseria gonorrhea. It is the second
most common STIs and teens and young adults represent most half of all cases
that are reported. If this condition is not treated, may lead infertility in both
male and female. It is also a very common STIs especially among teens and
young adults. Research shows that the virus that cause genital warts is also
linked to cervical cancer.

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Syphilis: is a bacterial infection that is less common but still reams a cause for
concern. It is frequency has dropped significantly over several few decades until
the late 1990s after which the rate has been steadily increasing.
Human Immune Efficiency Virus (HIV): is the infection that can cause AIDS
(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). This virus attack of the immune
system, leaving a person defenseless against many other infections and their
common location.
Hepatitis B: is caused by the virus that infect the liver there is no care for this
condition, but a vaccine is available to protect you against the virus.
Genital Herpes: which produces cold-sore type lesion, it also caused by virus
once the herpes virus enters your body it is therefore the rest of life. Symptoms
of the infection may occurs without the warning.
Chamcroid: a bacterial infection of the genitals, was once rare, but has become
more frequent in recent years. It can cause genital ulcer. Public like also known
as “Crabs” is an infection of genital area by lice (Tiny Wingless Insect). Causes
of STIs are usually caused by bacteria or viruses. Your chances of getting them
are highest if:
i. You have unprotected sex
ii. A condom tears during inter course
iii. Your partner is engaging with other people.
In some cases such as with HIV or Hepatitis B, viruses can also be spread
through infected blood or shared needles and syringes, including those uses for
drugs, body piercing, or tattoos. Pregnant ladies can pass certain infections (e.g.
HIV) onto their babies prior to or during birth or which breast feeding. Growth
genital warts caused by human papillana virus (HIV) may appear during
pregnancy because of the chance in hormones health organization (WHO 2018).
2.6 Symptoms and Complications of STIs
Many people with STIs might have no obvious symptoms at all. As a result, the
person may not get a treatment a long time. This delay could result in higher

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risks of STD-related health problems or implications, as well as the possibility
of spreading the STD to partners. (CDC, 2020).
A number of symptoms can indicate the existence of an STD although specific
symptoms are unique for different infections:
i. Heavier than normal vaginal discharge
ii. Discharge from penis or rectum
iii. Itching in genital or anal areas, sometimes also in the mouth.
iv. Pain during inter course
v. Swollen glands in the groin fever, headache general feeling of illness
vi. Painful or frequent urination
vii. Sore or rashes in genital or anal areas
viii. Pelvic pain that is not related to period.
2.7 There are some Serious Complications Associated with many of the
STIs.
i. infertility, pregnancy complications on higher risks of cervical cancer can
occur in youth
ii. Gonorrhea, if not treated can spread via the blood stream to joints and heart
valves
iii. Both gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause eye infection in newborns that
came in contact with the bacteria during delivery.
iv. syphilis is not treated, it may eventually cause serious damage beones, heart,
eyes, brain, and nervous system.
v. Hepatitis B can lead to long-term liver damage and higher risks of developing
liver cancer.
vi. Weakness a person immune system, putting them at risk for infections.
vii. chancroid makes ja person more susceptible to HIV infection when they are
exposed to the virus

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viii. An active herpes infections at end of a pregnancy will require delivery by a
caesarean section to avoid spreading the infection to the body (Medi Resources,
2019).
2.8 Prevention and Control of STIs
The most effective means to prevent and control person not becoming infected
with or transmitting as sexually transmitted infection is to abstain from sexual
inter-course (i.e Oral Vaginal and anal sex) or top have sexual inter-course only
within a long term, mutually monogamous relationship with an infected partner.
Male latex condom, when used consistently and correctly are highly effective in
reducing the transmission of STIs from entering the body.
 Avoid having unprotected sex. Always use either a male or female condom
and learn how to use them correctly to best against STIs.
 Learn more about STIs, the more you know about STIs the better you can
protect yourself against them.
 Avoid sharing beddings, clothes towels, to avoid public lice clothes with hot
water if you discover public lice.
 Visit your doctor regularly to check for STIs
 Speak to your doctor or a Pharmacy and look for resources in your
community (World Health Organization, 2018).
2.9 Mechanism of Actions of Microbicides
1. detergents: Detergents and surfactants micro-bicides such as nonoxynol.
Dodium dodyclyl, sulphate and saw act by disrupting the viral envelope since
detergent microbiocides also kill host cell I and impair the barrier function of
heartily muscosal surface. They are less desirable them agents. Additionally
chemically trials have not demonstrated these agent to be effective at preventing
HGV transmission. Consequently, laboratory and chemical trails testing this
class of production as microbicides have limply been discontinued.

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2. Vaginal Defense Enhances: Healthy vaginal PH is typically quite acidic with
a PH around four (4) however, the alkaline seven can neutralized vaginal PH.
One potential class of microbicides act by reducing the PH of vaginal
segregation which may kill (or other wise inactive) pathogen microorganisms
one of such agent is buffer gel, spermicidal and microbicide gel formulated to
maintain the natural protective acidity of the vagina.
3. Polyanions: the polyanions category of microbicide include (Fie Can-
ageenans. Carrageens are family of linear sulphated polysaccharide chemically
related to heparin sulphate, which many microbes utilize as a biochemical
receptor for initial attachment to the cell membrane. Thus, carrageenan and
microbicides of its class act as decoy receptor for virus binding. Carrageen
preparation have failed to demonstrate efficacy in preventing HIV transmission
in phase iii clinical mulcenter trails. PRO 2000 was demonstrated to be safe but
it did not reduce the risk of HIV infection in youth. Similarly the phase iii
efficacy trails care guard showed the drug was safe for use but ineffective in
preventing HIV transmission in youths cellulose sulphate is another
microbicides found in effective in preventing the transmission of HIV. The
international Aids society announced that two phase iii trail of cellulose
sulphate had been stopped because primary results suggested a potential
increase risk of HIV in youth who used to compound. There no satisfactory
explanation as to way application of sulphate was associated with a higher risk
HIV infection than peaceable.
4. Nanoscale Dentrimera: viral gel is a sexual lubricant with antiviral properties
manufactured by astraham pharmaceutical company starpharma. The active
ingredient is a nansoseles dentrite molecules (which binds two viruses and
prevent them from affecting an organisms). Viral gels is been developed as a
standalone and microbicides gel and an intra-vaginal microbicides. It is also
being evaluated to use in condoms. It is hoped that viva gel will provide an
extra resources to mitigate the pandemic.

16 | P a g e
5. Antiretroviral: Researchers have begun to focus on another class or
microbicides, the anti-retroviral (ARV) agents. ARV works either by preventing
the HIV worst virus from entering a human host sell, or by preventing it
replication after it has already entered e.g ARV drugs are being tested for
prevention . ARVs are also used to prevent vertical transmission of HIV from
mother to child during childbirth and are using to prevent infection from
developing immediately after exposure to the virus. They could be formulated
into tropical microbicides to be administered locally in the rectum or vagina or
systematically through oral or injectable formulations. ARV based microbicides
may be formulated as long-acting vaginal rings, gels and film. The result of the
first efficacy trails of an ARV-based microbicides caprisa 004, tested 1% ten of
our in gel form to prevent male to female HIV transmission the trail showed that
the gel (which was applied tropically to vagina) was 39% effective at preventing
HIV transmission.
CAPRISA 004 was the 12th microbicides efficacy study to be completed and the
first to demonstrate a significant reduction in HIV transmission, the results of
this trail are statistically significantly and after proof of concept that ARVs
tropically applied to the vaginal musoca. Can after protection against HIV
pathogens. It is also hoe that microbicides with block the transmission of HIV
and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as those caused by human
papilloma virus (HPV) and simplex viruses (HSV).
2.10 Prevalence of STI prevention behaviors
The initiation of sexual behavior is normative among adolescents (e.g., Epstein
et al., 2018). In the USA, for example, about a quarter of young people have had
sex by the age of 16, which increases to about half by the age of 18, and three
quarters are sexually initiated by the age of 20. Early sexual debut, that is,
before the age of 16, is associated with increased sexual risk behaviors (i.e.,
more sexual partners, not using condoms) and Sexually transmitted infection
(Ethier et al., 2018). Age of sexual debut may be increasing, as reflected in a

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decrease between 2005-2015 in the proportion of US high school students who
ever had sex (Ethier et al., 2018). A study in Scotland found that while the
likelihood that adolescents had sex decreased between 2002-2014, condom use
at last sex had also become less likely. Research in the US also found that
condom use decreased among high-school students, with just over half (55%) of
sexually active students reporting condom use at last sex in a 2019 survey
(Szucs et al., 2020). A survey in Canada found that 60% of sexually active 15–
24-year-olds had used a condom at last sex (Rotermann & McKay, 2020).
Rates of testing for Sexually transmitted infection other than HIV are low
among adolescents. A 2013 national survey of young people (15-25 years) in the
US, for instance, found that 17% of young women and 6% of young men had
tested for Sexually transmitted infection in the past 12 months. Because sexually
transmitted infection are often asymptomatic, periodic screening of young
people is recommended, but its uptake is low. A study in the Netherlands found
that only 12% of invited young people participated in a chlamydia-screening
program, and in Australia only 24% of young people were tested in clinics
offering chlamydia testing to all 16–19-year-olds (Hocking et al., 2018). HIV
testing rates also are low among adolescents, with a study from the US reporting
that 22% of sexually active high school students and 33% of young adults aged
18-24 had ever tested for HIV in the period 2005-2013, with no significant
changes found over time. However, in South Africa, a country severely affected
by HIV, rates of having ever tested for HIV among 15–24-year-olds to increased
from 19% in 2005 to 59% in 2017 (Jooste et al., 2020).
It is estimated that, by 2017, HBV vaccination coverage of infants at 24 months
of age was 84% globally (Stasi et al., 2020), and over 90% in the US (Hill et al.,
2019). HBV vaccination coverage is, however, uneven, with lower rates in Latin
America, Africa, and the Eastern Mediterranean than in the Western Pacific,
South-East Asia and Europe (Peck et al., 2019). Also, older generations are less
protected through more recently implemented universal vaccination than

18 | P a g e
younger generations (Le et al., 2020). Regarding HPV vaccination, 2016
estimates from Australia, where a national HPV vaccination program was first
implemented, show that coverage by age 15 was 79% among females and 73%
among males (Hall et al., 2019). HPV vaccination uptake has been found to be
slower in the US, where by 2017 HPV vaccination was up to date in less than
50% of adolescents aged 13-17 years (49%; females: 53%, males: 44%) (Walker
et al., 2018).
Condom use has long been the most prominent STI prevention behavior among
MSM, but consistent condom use is challenging. Already in the early 1990s
MSM were noted to use alternative behavioral strategies to reduce the risk of
HIV during condomless sex, based on HIV status information, notably
serosorting and seropositioning (Khosropour et al., 2021). Since the mid-1990s,
with the advent of effective HIV treatment, rates of condom use have steadily
declined among MSM globally (Chow et al., 2019). This decline in condom use
among MSM accelerated in the early/ mid 2010s, when HIV prevention
changed markedly through the promotion of HIV treatment as prevention and
PrEP (Chen et al., 2019).
2.11 Interventions to promote STI prevention behaviors
A meta-analysis provided evidence that behavioral HIV prevention specifically
targeting adolescents can reduce rates of Sexually transmitted infection and
numbers of sexual partners, increase condom use, and reduce or delay
penetrative sex. Support has also been compiled in a review of systematic
reviews that school-based sexual-health and relationship education programs
can reduce adolescent sexual risk behaviors, although abstinence-only programs
are ineffective (Denford et al., 2018). Furthermore, a systematic review of
studies mostly with adolescents and young adults found that individual
behavioral counselling in primary care can increase condom use and reduce
sexual risk and rates of Sexually transmitted infection (Henderson et al., 2020).
There is also evidence from a meta-analysis that digital communication

19 | P a g e
technology-based interventions (e.g., computer programs, texting, websites,
social media, and combinations thereof) can increase condom use and
abstinence in young people (Widman et al., 2018).
Digital communication technology (eHealth) has become much used to promote
testing uptake as well as treatment adherence, and a systemic review found that
text messaging, mobile phone apps or other internet-based interventions (e.g.,
websites, online and social media campaigns, streamed videos, interactive
computer programs) and combination interventions could enhance treatment
adherence, with some interventions also increasing clinic attendance and partner
notification and self-care Health, the use of mobile phone functionalities, have
become particularly important tools to promote STI prevention, with positive
effects on HIV testing uptake found for text messaging and smartphone apps
(Berendes et al., 2021). Research among MSM has also found positive effects of
social media interventions (i.e., disseminating information, providing HIV-
testing services, building supportive online communities, and developing
information materials) on HIV testing uptake. Evidence remains to be
synthesized regarding the active ingredients of digital communication
technology-based interventions, especially with respect to the use of theory,
alignment with factors that shape behaviors and use of behavior change
techniques.
Interventions have also been developed and tested to promote vaccination
against Sexually transmitted infection , especially with respect to HPV
vaccination in young people. A systematic literature review found three types of
intervention strategies promoting HPV vaccination that targeted adolescents,
parents and/or healthcare providers: reminders, education, information and
communication activities, and multicomponent strategies (Acampora et al.,
2020). While evidence was found in support of the efficacy of all types of
strategies for all target groups, findings were heterogeneous. A systematic
review and meta-analysis of interventions to promote HPV vaccination found

20 | P a g e
that the use of the IMB model was associated with positive effects on attitudes,
intentions or behavior; no positive effects were found for the use of the HBM
(Xiao et al., 2021).
Social stigma affects all aspects of the HIV response, and Nyblade et al. (2021)
conclude from their scoping review that evidence for how to mitigate HIV-
related stigma has increased. A review and meta-analysis of US-based
interventions for MSM found that inclusion of a stigma reduction component
could decrease sexual risk behaviours and possibly increase HIV testing,
although no overall changes were found in self-reports of stigma and the studies
were diverse in study population, delivery methods and intervention content
(Gunn et al., 2021). Stigma reduction interventions may be most effective in
changing HIV-related risk and prevention behaviours if they assess the
immediate, actionable drivers of HIV-related stigma (i.e., raise awareness,
address fears and misconceptions, and challenge shame and blame), centre
affected groups at the core of the response (i.e., develop and strengthen
networks, empower and strengthen capacity, and address internalised stigma),
and engage opinion leaders and establish partnerships with affected groups (i.e.,
contact strategies, empathy building, modelling desirable behaviours, recognise
and reward role models) (Nyblade et al., 2021). Furthermore, a realist review of
HIV-stigma reduction interventions for MSM found that these can be successful
in reducing stigma through intrapersonal (e.g., self-acceptance), interpersonal
(e.g., empowerment) and structural strategies (e.g., community leader
sensitization) (Dunbar et al., 2020).

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 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter explains the method and procedure employed in carrying
out the research study. It is a road map to the achievement of research
objectives. It presents details of the research design, area of study, population
of the study, sample and sampling technique, instrument for data collection,
validity of the instrument and reliability of the instrument, method of data
collection and analysis that was used in the study.
3.1 Research Design
This study adopted descriptive survey research design. Ali (2006) posited
that descriptive survey research design describes condition or situation of what
is being investigated as they exist in their natural setting. Similarly, Iranmanesh,
Savensted, &Abbazadeh (2008) stated that the sample from the population for
the purpose of drawing generalization to the entire population,
3.2 The Study Area
Guyuk is one of the L.G.A. The local government is situated in the
Southern Senatorial Zone of Adamawa state and share common boundary with
Numan, Shelleng, Shani, Lamurde and Tallassa.
Based on the 2006 census Report, Guyuk LGA has a population of about
120,042 inhabitants in both the rural and urban settlement (federal offices of
statistic 2006), Youth of Guyuk have many businesses activities that attract
people from various settlement and neighboring especially from Borno and
Gombe State.
The occupation of Guyuk populace are mostly farming of both food and
cash crops for report and domestic consumption among the crops produces are
guinea corn, maize, millet, rice which are produced during rainy season, the
climate suitable for the planting crops. The tribe found in Guyuk Local

22 | P a g e
Government Area Adamawa State are Lunguda, Waja, Lala, Kanakuru, Fulani
and Hausa.
3.3 Procedure for Data Collection
The copies of questionnaire of 150 copies was distributed and recollected
within the period of ten days personally with the help of research assistants.
3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Collection
A stratified random sampling technique was used to select from 150
subjects questionnaires of respondents as the sample for the study. Stratified
random is a sampling technique which allowed the researcher to take are
relatively large sample as there are seventeen health clinics in Guyuk LGA, cut
of which six health clinics were selected due to lack of time, and social
activities of Youths around the Clinic. The six clinics was selected from other
clinics using simple random techniques by balloting without replacement
3.4 Instrument for data Collection
The instrument used for this research is both questionnaire and oral
interview. The questionnaire was used to collect information from the literate
subject while oral interview was used for illiterate subject. The questionnaire
was divided into four sections. Section A, B, C and D. section A' deal with the
demographic information of the subject, section "B information on effect of
sexually transmitted infection among Youth Guyuk LGA, section C' seeks
information factors necessitating the increase in STI among Youth of Guyuk
LGA of Adamawa State, Section D deals with the prevalence of STI among
Youth of Guyuk LGA of Adamawa State. Section E. deals with the prevention
and management of STI among Youth of Guyuk LGA of Adamawa State. The
mode of response of the questionnaire is the like five (5) point scale of strongly
agreed (SA) with five point agreed (A) four-point undecided (U) with three
point disagreed (DA) with two point strongly disagreed (SDA) with one point,
the terms of the questionnaire are twenty-five in number.

23 | P a g e
3.5 Method of Date Analysis
The returned copies of the completed questionnaire was properly cross-
checked for completeness of responses. The information from the copies
questionnaire duly filled out was presented in tables and analyzed using simple
percentage to obtain the result.
3.6 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument
Reliability of the instrument according to Otu, (2015) is the extent to
which an instrument 1s consistent in the result obtained when used over time or
again and again. It is the extent to which two data obtained from the same
instrument, though administered at different times, produce the same result or
are similar their result.
The reliability of the instrument was established by administering copies of the
instrument to sixteen (16) adults from another neighboring community in Youth
of GuyukLGA, Adamawa State, which possesses similar characteristics with
the respondents under study. The test-retest method was used; the
questionnaires were administered at the interval of seven (7) days. The
researcher administered the first set of 16 questionnaires and after seven days,
the researcher still went back to Youth of GuyukLGA and administer another
set of 16 copies of the same questionnaire to adults in that same community.
The result from the first and the second test were analyzed Pearson Moment
Correlation Coefficient to establish the relationship between the two data
obtained. The result was one showing a high relationship between variables
hence the instrument is reliable for use in the main research work.

24 | P a g e
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
Demographic Data
Table 1. Age of the respondents
AGE NUMBER PERCENTAGE
18-25 Years 55 55
26-33 years 35 35
34-41 years 10 10
Total 100 100
SEX
Females 60 60
Males 40 40
Total 100 100
Religion
Christianity 25 25
Muslims 65 65
Others 10 10
STATUS
Married 40 40
Single 30 30
Divorce 10 10
Other 20 20
Total 100 100
OCCUPATION
Business 35 35
Farmers 5 5
Students 50 50
Civil servants 10 10
Total 100 100
STATUS
Primary school 15 15
Secondary 40 40
Tertiary 25 25
Illiterate 20 20
Total 100 100

25 | P a g e
Table 1: above shows that the presentation of demographics information data of
the respondents which indicates the age groups between 18-25 years were 55
representing (55), while 26-30years were 35 representing (350/0) and age group
between 31-40 years were 10 representing (10/0) of the respondents
Table 2: above shows that the female respondents 60 were representing (60/0)
and male respondent 40 representing (40/0)
Table 3: above shows that 25 respondents were responding (25) of the
respondents were Christian, and 45 respondents were representing (65) were
Islam, while 10 of the respondents representing (10) were others
Table 4: above shows 20 of the respondents representing (40) are married, 30 of
respondents representing (30) are single, 10 of respondents representing (10) are
divorce and 20 of the respondents representing (20) are others

26 | P a g e
Table 1: WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF STDs among youth
S/ ITEMS SA A D SD Mean Remark
N
1 Unprotected sex 35 27 10 20 2.77 Agreed
2 Condom tear during sex 40 36 18 6 3.10 Agreed
3 Sexual partner has STDs 80 10 4 6 3.64 Agreed
4 Sexual partner engaging in sex 20 17 26 37 2.20 Disagreed
with other people

27 | P a g e
Table 2: EFFECT OF STDs among youth
S/ ITEMS SA A D SD Mean Remark
N
5 Untreated infection can lead to 91 5 3 1 3.86 Agreed
infertility
6 It will lead to broke home 20 25 30 17 2.45 Agreed
7 It will lead to nio-natal 53 27 13 7 2.63 Agreed
blindness like in the case of
untreated gonorrhea
8 It will lead to dead 42 28 17 13 2.99 Agreed

28 | P a g e
Table 3 WAYS OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL METHOD OD STDS
among youth
S/N ITEMS SA A D SD Mean Remark
9 Abstain from sexual 34 22 25 19 2.71 Agreed
intercourse
10 Lean more about STDs 23 25 35 17 2.54 Agreed
11 Visit your health practitioner 20 25 38 7 2.45 Agreed
regularly to check for STDs
12 Use male and female during 37 22 38 13 2.63 Disagreed
sale
13 Speak to your health 37 28 15 20 2.58 Disagreed
practitioner in your community

29 | P a g e
Table 5: above shows that 35 of the respondents representing (35) are business
men and women, 5 of the respondents representing (5) farmers, 50 of the
respondents representing (50) are students and 10 of the respondents
representing (10) are civil servant.
Table 6: above shows that 15 of the respondents representing (15) are primary
pupils, 40 of the respondents representing (40) secondary, 25 of the respondents
representing (25) tertiary school and 20 of the respondents representing (20) are
illiterates.
SECTION B
Research questions 1.
2.4. Agreed
2.5 Disagreed
Table 1: above shows that the respondents agreed with item 1,2 and 3 as the
causes of STDs and disagreed with four (4)
SECTION C
The above table 2: shows that the respondents agreed with the items 5, 7 and 8
as the effect of STDs among youth and disagreed with 6.
SECTION D
The above table 3: shows that respondent agreed with items 9, 10, 11
and on the prevention and control method of STDs among youth and
disagreed with item l2 and 13.
Summary of chapter four (4)
For the purpose of this study, the research used simple random sampling
techniques in obtaining information to support the research survey and hundred
(150) questionnaires was developed, distributed as the Instrument used for data
collection which include four (4) research question wand was analyzed using
mean method. The respondents agreed 2, 3 and disagreed with item 4, in
research question one (l). In research question two (2), the respondents agreed
with item 5, 7, 8 and Disagreed with item 6, while in research question three (3)

30 | P a g e
the respondents agreed with item 9, 10 and 11 and disagreed with item 12 and
13.

31 | P a g e
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary
This study is based on prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases of (STDs)
among youth of Guyuk Local Government Area of Adamawa State.
In other to undertake the study three (3) research questions were formulated
to guide the study. For further study hundred (100) respondents were selected
comprising from 20 from settlement using simple random sampling procedure.
The data collected were analyzed using frequency distribution and percentage
presented in a tabular form. The findings showed that there are cause of STDs
among youth of Guyuk Local Government of Adamawa State.
5.2 Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the researcher suggested or recommendation
for further studies on assessment control method of STDs and also who want to
carry out this research should adopt the method of data collection used for this
study.
Based on the findings the following recommendation was made: -
i. Health education unit should be established in other to evaluate youths
on the issues of STD’s
ii. The health authority should make proper arrangement to ensure that
STDs control programme is accepted by youths
iii. Minimize cultural practice that can causes the Infection (STDs)
iv. Train health personel and equipment should be sufficient for use
v. Funds should be allocated by the village communities in other to ensure
qualitative service and availability of apparatus (equipment) for
prompt diagnosis.
5.3 Conclusion
The study can be concluded based on the finding that assessment and control
methods of STDs in the world is very common, but this study is basically on the

32 | P a g e
youths of Guyuk Local Government Area of Adamawa State. There is some
misconception among the youth about management of STDs as a factor that is
militating against the adoption of safe sex. It can be concluded that the
continues educational effort in the work of WHO (World Health Organization)
has contributed to some extent of awareness on STDs but makes it very little in
impacting behavioral changes. Therefore, general public should be enlightened
and facilitate to provide proper management so that some of STDs can be
discovered and minimize the drastically.

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