Technology and Livelihood Education

(T.L.E 8)
 UNIT 1
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
LESSON 1 – Use Farm Tools and Equipment

Definition of Terms

Brooding – natural or artificial means of supplying heat to newly hatched chick from day
old
to two weeks
Castration (also referred to as gelding, spaying, neutering, fixing, orchiectomy, and
oophorectomy) is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which a male loses the
functions of the testicles or a female loses the functions of the ovaries
Equipment - power tool machines used in animal production
Fencing tool – devices for fence construction and layout of animal houses
Flammable - easily ignited and capable of burning rapidly
Hand tools – used for conducting simple repair and maintenance operation
Handheld tool – are tools compact enough to be used or operated while being held in
the
hand or hands
Incubation - the process of subjecting egg to an incubator until the egg hatches
Livestock - refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting
to
produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor; usually four legged animals
Poultry – feathered animals such as chickens, ducks, geese, etc.
Power tool - a tool powered by electricity or driven by a motor
Shovel – used in digging and moving soil and other granular materials; used for cleaning
ditches; also used for leveling a base for sill rocks and steps
Spade - used to collect animal droppings and manures
Tools – devices that make the work of man’s easier and faster

Farmers provide us with foods through domesticated animals. Farmers work in

rigorously day in and day out: they wake up early in the morning and go home late in
the afternoon; work during sunny and rainy days. Despite these working conditions,
farming is one of the many needed skills in our country and the world. There are a lot
of opportunities for farmers here and abroad. In other countries, Filipino farmers earn
higher than what ordinary employees receive in the Philippines. Farmers know the
tools and equipment in the farm and how to use them properly. Before you perform
some farm activities, determine the areas of concern for safety.

GARDEN TOOLS
Every small farm needs a flat spade and a
pointed spade for digging. A good digging fork is a
multipurpose tool, used for breaking up and turning
soil in the garden, harvesting, and for manure
cleanup around the barn.

SPADE SHOVEL RAKE

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Bolo is a large cutting tool of Filipino origin similar to the
machete, used particularly in the jungles of Indonesia, the
Philippines, and in the sugar fields of Cuba. The primary use
for the bolo is clearing vegetation, whetherfor agricultre or
during trail blazing.The bolo is called an itak in Tagalog while
in Hiligaynon, the blade is referred to as either a binangon or a talibong.

Types of Bolo
Various types of bolos are employed. An assortment of bolos and related
implementsinclude:
1. All-purpose bolo. Used for all sorts of odd jobs, including breaking
open coconuts.
2. Haras. Similar to a small scythe, it is used for cutting tall grass.
3. Kutsilyo. The term comes from the Spanish word cuchillo, meaning knife.
Generally used to kill and bleed pigs during slaughter.
4. Bolo-guna. A bolo specifically shaped for digging out roots and weeding.
5. Garab. Used to harvest rice.
6. Pinuti. Traditionally it is tipped in snake, spider or scorpion venom and used for
self-defense.
7. Sundang. Supposedly used mainly to open coconuts. The sundang, also called
"tip bolo" or itak, was a popular weapon of choice in the revolution against
the Spanish colonial government and during the Philippine–American War.

Spading fork is used for loosening the soil,digging out root

crops and turning over the materials in a compost heap.

ELECTRIC TOOLS
There are dozens of electric power tools available at
hardware and home stores, but there are two must-haves
for any type of around-the-farm construction project:
1. a circular saw; and
2. a drill/driver (preferably the rechargeable battery
Operated type).

HAND TOOLS
Every farm needs a variety of hand tools. Companies like Sears
(with its line of Craftsman tools) and Snap-On
(available at many auto parts stores) make hand tools
that will last for generations, and that come with a lifetime
warranty to prove it. First on the list of items to purchase:
1. 25-foot and a 100-foot tape measure;
2. a good claw hammer with a comfortable grip;
3. electrician‘s pliers;
4. a socket and driver set; and
5. adjustable wrenches in several sizes;
6. a screwdriver set with both regular and Phillips head drivers.

FENCING TOOLS
Farms and fences go hand-in-hand. Plan on purchasing fence-post driver. A driver is a
heavy iron tube that goes over the top of a T-post, and that has handles on the side. You
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use it to pound the post into the ground. A pair of fence pliers is a great, and fairly
inexpensive, specialty tool to have. We are fans of electric fences—they are
economical,efficient and safe—but when you have an electric fence, you need a fence
tester.

MISCELLANEOUS
1. We always carry pocketknives when out
working, and a ―Leatherman‖ type is a handy
all-in-one tool.
2. Heavy-duty flashlights are a must when the
lights go outduring a heavy storm, or when you
need to tend to alivestock emergency in the pasture
at 2 am.
3. Garden hoses are a must, but when buying,
Purchase the longest and strongest available
(fall is a great time to find really good buys on garden
hoses).
4. The last miscellaneous tool on the list is a digging bar.
It is for digging large rocks out of the garden, construction
sites, or fence holes.

EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES IN POULTRY PRODUCTION

1. Dropping board. These fixtures should be provided in the laying

house to facilitate collection of manure.

2. Perches. These are horizontal poles where birds can sit and
rest especially during night time. Sufficient perches should be
constructed to prevent the birds from crowding at night.

3. Nest. Hens or layers lay their eggs in a nest. A nest could be

either open or close. The nest should be built on a partition or end
walls. It should be high enough above the floor so that the hens
can work under them. Each nest should be from 10 to 14 inches
square or more depending upon the size of the breed; about 4
inches(20 centimeters high and with a strip about 4 inches 10
centimeters) high in the open side to retain the nesting materials.
It is advisable to have dark nest. The hens with darkened nest are
less Likely to break and eat their eggs. One trap nest should be
provided for every 4 hens kept in flocks of 50 or more, and 1 for
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every 3 hens in smaller
flocks. Broody coop is necessary for the confinement of hens that are not
desired for hatching eggs.

4. Feeding troughs. These should be constructed so as to keep

the hens from scratching the feeds and wasting it especially when
the birds are laying eggs. Feeders are of various types and designs.
For birds in confinement or elevated floor feeders, they make use
of long V- type feeder, the lip of which is about 8 inches of the
floor. The 1‖x 6‖ boards that make up the sides of the feeder are
set at an angle of one half by two inches board is nailed
perpendicular to the side to act as lid and prevent the feeds from
being beaked out.

5. Drinking troughs. Drinking jars should be largeand sufficient

enough to supply the water needs of the birds for the whole day.
It is estimated thatone kerosene can of water approximately 29
litters is enough for 100 layers the whole day.

6. Feed bins. These are containers where feeds are

stored for future use. Feeds can also be kept in
petroleum cans which are cheap, rat proof, and if painted,
will last longer.

7. Incubator - a device for maintaining the eggs of

birds to allow them to hatch.

8. Brooder - A brooder is a heated container that can have

its temperature controlled in at least one area. It is used to
confine chicks with their feed and water until they are 2
weeks old and ready to go outside.

SAFETY PRACTICES DURING OPERATIONS OF FARM TOOLS

Farmers are the living heroes in our society; they provide us with foods through
domesticated animals. It is not easy to become a farmer. You need to wake up early in
the morning and go home late in the afternoon. You also need to work during sunny
and rainy days. With this working conditions majority of the Filipino farmers are still
experiencing poor living conditions. Agriculture students should not be discouraged
because this is their opportunity to professionalize farming in our country. There are a
lot of opportunities for farmers here and abroad. In other countries, Filipino farmers are
earning higher than the ordinary employees received in the Philippines.

Farming activities are exposed to a lot of hazards, before you try to perform some
activities on the farm. Determine the areas of concern for safety. This lesson will help
you to identify various work tasks in the farm; determine the places for application of
safety measures; determine the appropriate time for employing safety measures and
identifying appropriate tools and equipment in animal production.
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Power and handheld tools are indispensable for professionals and those who are
engaged in farm operation activities. They are favored as they help users to save time
and they also make the job easier. However, they need to be handled carefully
otherwise they can lead to injury. Mishaps usually occur due to negligence, boredom,
and overconfidence. By keeping the following 10 safety issues in mind, it is possible to
work satisfactorily and safely with power tools.
Safety -is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf), the condition of being protected
against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational,
psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage, error,
accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable. Safety can
also be defined to be the control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level
of risk. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to
something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of people
or of possessions.
1. Safety glasses: These prevent dust, debris, wood shavings, shards from fiberglass,
etc. from getting into the eyes. Safety glasses are one of the most basic pieces of safety
equipment that must be used when working with power tools.
2. Protection for the ears: Power tools can generate a lot of noise, which may sound
louder in the cloistered environment of a workshop; in order to minimize damage to
the ears, it is advisable to wear earplugs.
3. Knowing the right tools for the job: It is important to know the right tools for the
jobin order to avoid injury to oneself and damage to the materials. To this end, it is
advisable to thoroughly read the instruction manuals provided with the equipment and
get familiar with the recommended safety precautions.
4. Correct method of using tools: Tools should not be carried by their cords; tools
that are not in use should be disconnected; and while handling a tool connected to a
power source, fingers should be kept away from the on/off switch.
5. The right clothes: Long hair should be tied and loose clothing should be avoided.
Ideally, clothing that covers the entire body should be worn and heavy gloves should
be used in order to avoid sharp implements and splinters from hurting the hands.
Masks prevent inhalation of harmful minute particles of the material that are being
worked upon. Steel-toed work boots and hard hats can also be worn.
6. Tool inspection: Power tools should not be employed in wet environments and
should never be dipped in water; they should be checked periodically for exposed
wiring, damaged plugs, and loose plug pins. Nickel cords can be taped but if a cut
appears to be deep, a cord should be replaced. Tools that are damaged or those that
sound and feel different when used should be checked and repaired.
7. Cleanliness in the work area: This should be maintained because accumulated dust
particles in the air can ignite with a spark. Of course, flammable liquids should be kept
covered and away from the place where power tools are being used. An uncluttered
work area also makes it easy to maneuver the power tool; often distractions caused by
a tangled cord can result in an accident.
8. Care with particular tools: Miter saws and table saws should be used with a
quickrelease clamp and a wood push-through, respectively. Extra care should be taken
while using nail guns and power belt sanders.
9. Keep tools in place: Power tools should be returned to their cabinets after use to
prevent them from being used by an unauthorized and incapable person.
10. Lighting: It is important to use proper lighting while working with power tools,
particularly when working in the basement and garage where lighting may not be
satisfactory.
REFERENCES
• Agricultural Arts for Secondary
• Asuncion, Ramon G. et.al. Agricultural Arts (T.H.E.., SEDP, NSEC series)
• Phipps, Mc Colly, Scranton, & Cook . Farm Mechanics Textbook by p. 393-689
• Haunte-Lyds, Jef Van and Van Haunte, Quileste. Growing Rich, Tasty
Veggies in Harmony with Nature, vol.1 by, p. 117-120

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 UNIT 2: FOOD AND FOOD SERVICES
CHAPTER 1: MEAT AND POULTRY PROCESSING
• Kinds of meat and poultry for processing
Meat is used to describe animal parts that are eaten as food

Kinds of meat
1. Pork from hog or pig
2. Veal from calves or young cattle
3. Beef from adult cow
4. Venison from deer
5. Carabeef from carabao
6. Chevon from goat
7. Lamb from young sheep
8. Mutton from adult sheep

Market forms of meat

1. Fresh meat
2. Chilled meat
3. Frozen meat
4. Cured or processed meat

Characteristic of the different types of meat cuts

1. Tender cuts
2. Less tender cuts
3. Tough cuts

Poultry – refers to domestic birds such as chicken, duck(itik), goose, turkey, pigeon,
squab, and quail.

Types of chicken and poultry

1. A broiler or fryer
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 2. A roaster
3. A stag
4. A hen
5. A cock or a rooster
6. Peking duck

Market forms of poultry

1. Live poultry
2. Whole poultry
3. Dressed poultry
4. Choice cuts

• Methods of processing meat and poultry

Processed meat- has been preserved by methods such as canning, salting, drying or
smoking, chilling, freezing, and curing.

Ingredients in meat processing

1. Food additives
2. Sugar
3. Spices
4. Salt
5. Water

Methods of processing meat and poultry

1. Canning
2. Sun and air drying
3. Salting and curing
4. Dehydration and smoking

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 CHAPTER 2: FISH AND SHELLFISH PROCESSING

• Kinds of fish and shellfish for processing

Two major categories of fish are finfish (vertebrates) and shellfish (invertebrates).
Finfish includes bangus, bisugo, catfish, mudfish, tilapia, and other fresh water fish

Parts of a fish

Many fishes have about 90% muscle that is white or light and 10% muscle is dark.

Types of shellfish

Market forms of fish

1. Whole fish
2. Dressed fish
3. Butterfly fillet
4. Fillet
5. Steaks
6. Fish sticks

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• Methods of processing fish and shellfish
1. Freezing
2. Smoking
3. Drying or dehydration
4. Fish curing
5. Canning

CHAPTER 3: Fruit and Vegetable Processing

• Production of Processed fruits and vegetable

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• Methods of processing fruits and vegetables
1. Sugar preservation
2. Fermentation

3. Canning
- Cold pack method
- Open-kittle method

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 UNIT 3: HOME MANAGEMENT
BUSINESS
CHAPTER 1: SIMPE HOME REPAIRS
• Basic Concepts and Principles in Simple Home repairs

Home repair maintenance involves identifying home-related problems and finding

solutions to these problems.

Home repair is different from home improvement. Repairs often simple replacements
of worn-out parts.

Home repairs tools

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• Masonry Job

Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound
together by a mortar. A mortar is a mixture of quicklime or cement combined with
san and water.

Types of masonry
1. Veneer masonry
2. Solid masonry
3. Brick masonry

• Plumbing Job

Plumbing problems need your immediate attention not only to save water and avoid a
high water bill but also to prevent any possible damage to your home

Type of faucets
1. Compression faucet
2. Ball faucet
3. Cartridge faucet
4. Disc faucet

CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICAL AND CARPENTRY JOBS

• Electrical job
• Carpentry Job

Carpentry- is a trade that can be gratifying for it involves repair and creation of
tangible objects

1. Hand tools
2. Power tools

Door repairs
a. Lubricating a squeaky door
b. Tightening loose door hinges
c. Fitting a door lock
d. Fixing a locked door that will not open
e. Upholstery as a carpentry work
f. Upholstering a foot stool

• Appliance Repair Job

Repair of a broken home appliance is expensive especially if its warranty has
expired. This can really strain your budget. You can consider fixing it yourself, but
since most appliances are electrical in nature, you have to remember three things:
1. Take hold of the user’s manual of the particular appliance.
2. Ready the needed tools for repair.
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 3. Safety measures you have to follow.

CHAPTER 3: FAMILY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

• Family Resources
Resources are anything that can help you accomplish your goals. Every family has
resources but the kind amount of resources vary from family to another depending on
several factors like the ones listed below.
1. Available resources of the family
a. Human resources
b. Material resources
2. Activities of the members of the family
3. Priorities of the family
4. The values, attitudes, and habits of the family
5. Conditions in the community

KINDS OF FAMILY RESOURCES

Tangible Intangible
Money Time
Material goods Energy
Shelter Knowledge
Tools and equipment Interests
Food and clothing Skills and talents
Furniture and appliances Health
Educational facilities Attitudes
Cars Recreation

Family Income
There are various sources of family income like salaries of the members of
the family, income from land use of land owned by the family, grants and
scholarships, allowances, and honoraria. Family income divided into money
income and real income

1. Money income
a. Cash
b. Check
c. Gift check
d. Credit card
2. Real or Nonmoney income
a. Direct real income
b. Indirect real income

Family expenses
Expenses are the things that you buy or pay for it. There are different
expenses of the family that satisfy the needs and wants of family members.

1. Fixed expenses
2. Variable or flexible expenses
3. Expenses that are paid for you by your employer
4. Emergency expenses

• Budgeting family resources

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 Spending the family income is one important aspect of home management. The
general welfare of the family is affected to a great extent by the ability of the members
to manage their income. Decisions as to how the family should use the income to satisfy
their needs and wants are concerns of every family member. Good income management
will bring about satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment to every member.

Importance of a family Budget

A budget is a planned spending of the income or money of the family. Expenses cover
the needs and wants of the family. Needs are things essential for survival like food,
clothing , and shelter. Wants are wants add comfort and luxury to your life. A budget
considers the total income and expenditures from all resources.

The advantages of having a family budget are as follows:

1. Helps the family analyze errors in spending and suggest possible ways to
correct them.
2. It aids the family to live within its available income.
3. It serves as reminder to the family of current and future needs and wants.
4. It increases efficiency and eliminates wastage.
5. It gives more comfort and direction in achieving family goals.
6. It fosters openness, cooperation, and unity among family members.

Elements of family Budget

1. Food
2. Shelter
3. Clothing
4. Education/Advancement
5. Health Needs
6. Maintenance expenses
7. Miscellaneous Expenses
8. Savings

• Managing Time, Effort, and Energy

Time is a gift; it becomes useless if it is not used correctly. Time should not be
taken for granted because time lost will never be regained. People differ in the way they
use time. Time is the basis upon which you organize the things you want to do.
Effort is the strenuous mental or physical exertion of performing a task. The
amount of effort you exert is highly dependent on your mental and physical capacity.
You are the best judge of your own capability. It is good practice to have a system of
doing things based on your capabilities. Any task you do can be done effectively and
efficiently with less effort.
To get work done with the least time, effort, and energy, work simplification comes
in. Work simplification is a shortcut to getting task done without sacrificing quality of
outcome, This is the best antidote against stress and pressure.

Time, effort, and energy can be used wisely through the following:
1. Take your time
2. Have labor saving devices at hand.
3. List down all the work you want to do for the day or week.
4. Avoid procrastinating.
5. Be focused.
6. Delegate tasks
7. Assume the best body posture.
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8. Have a periodic checkup of facilities, equipment, and tools in your work area.

Time activity plan

Plan to use your time, effort, and energy for needs before you spend them for
wants. When making a plan, you have to recognize you personal needs, interests, and
wants plus those of the other members of your family. Here are what you can do:
1. Begin by setting your goal.
2. Decide tasks to prioritize.
3. Plot your tasks.

Planning a time activity schedule

Planning means thinking in advance and putting your thoughts in order. A person
who enjoys lots of activities wants to spend time wisely. Hence, the need for a time
activity schedule showing what he or she expects to do at a given time. The schedule
must also show the activity sequence for him or her to save time. Follow these steps in
making a time activity plan.
1. List all the activity to be included in the plan by means of a “to do” list. Start each
day with a list of what you must do and want to do on that day. Divide the task into
three groups.
A- Are the “must do” tasks. These are the tasks with deadlines.
B- Are the tasks considered important but they need not be done on that day.
C- Are those that you would like to get done but can be set aside for a while
2. Decide how much time is to be given to each activity.
3. Determine the order of each activity to be done.
4. Determine who will do the different tasks.
5. Evaluate the time activity plan.

Reference:

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Bernardino, Fulgencio, Lee, Paragas, Rafael ,Learn Earn Achieve Productivity Series Technology and
Livelihood Education. Phoenix Publishing House Inc.:2013

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