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Lecture 25 - 2 - Surface and Area

surface area

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4 views

Lecture 25 - 2 - Surface and Area

surface area

Uploaded by

waqar awan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Surface Area:

• The area of a curved surface S can be calculated with help of the double integral
based on the parametrization
𝑟 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑓 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒊 + 𝑔 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒋 + ℎ 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒌, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑏, c≤𝑣≤𝑑

• We need S to be smooth for the construction we are about to carry out. The
definition of smoothness involves the partial derivatives of r w. r. t 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕ℎ
𝑟𝑢 = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕ℎ
𝑟𝑣 = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣

06/18/2020 Calculus-II BS (Chem. Engg & Mech. Engg) 1


Definition:
“A parametrized surface 𝑟 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑓 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒊 + 𝑔 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒋 + ℎ 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒌 is
smooth if 𝑟𝑢 and 𝑟𝑣 are continuous and𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 is never zero on the interior of
the parameter domain.”
• The condition that 𝑟𝑢 and 𝑟𝑣 is never the zero vector means that the two
vectors are
(i) Nonzero (or Null Vectors) &
(ii) Never lie on same line
• The consequence is that they always determine a plane tangent to the
surface.

06/18/2020 Calculus-II BS (Chem. Engg & Mech. Engg) 2


• Consider a small rectangle ∆𝐴𝑢𝑣 in 𝑅 with sides on the lines 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑜 , 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑜 +
∆𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 , 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + ∆𝑣
• Each side of ∆𝐴𝑢𝑣 maps to a curve on the surface
• The four curves bound a “curved patch element ” ∆𝜎𝑢𝑣

06/18/2020 Calculus-II BS (Chem. Engg & Mech. Engg) 3


Domain: Function:
Independent variable 𝑢 & 𝑣 Curved surface represented by 𝐫 (𝑢, 𝑣)

The side 𝑣 = 𝑣0 maps to curve 𝐶1 , the side 𝑢 = 𝑢0 maps to curve 𝐶2 ,and


their vertex (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) maps to 𝑃0 .

06/18/2020 Calculus-II BS (Chem. Engg & Mech. Engg) 4


• The partial derivative vector 𝒓𝒖 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) is tangent to 𝐶1 at 𝑃0 . Likewise, 𝒓𝒗 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) is
tangent to 𝐶2 at 𝑃0 .
• The cross product 𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 is normal to the surface at 𝑃0 .
• The area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors ∆𝑢 𝒓𝒖 and ∆𝑣 𝒓𝒗 approximates
the area of the surface patch element ∆𝜎𝑢𝑣 .
∆𝜎𝑢𝑣 = ∆𝑢 𝒓𝒖 × ∆𝑣 𝒓𝒗 = 𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 ∆𝑢∆𝑣
06/18/2020 Calculus-II BS (Chem. Engg & Mech. Engg) 5
• The total area of the curved surface is

𝐴 = ෍ 𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 ∆𝑢∆𝑣
𝑛
• In the limit ∆𝑢 → 0, ∆𝑣 → 0
𝑑 𝑏

𝐴 = ඵ 𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝒓𝒖 × 𝒓𝒗 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
𝑅 𝑣=𝑐 𝑢=𝑎

06/18/2020 Calculus-II BS (Chem. Engg & Mech. Engg) 6


Example 1: Find the surface area of the cone 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.
Solution: The parametric vector function is
𝒓(𝑟, 𝜃) = (𝑟 cos 𝜃) 𝒊 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝒋 + 𝑟 𝒌, 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑟, & 𝑣 = 𝜃, and hence area is
2𝜋 1

𝐴 = ඵ 𝒓𝒓 × 𝒓𝜽 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝒓𝒓 × 𝒓𝜽 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑅 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
First we need to find 𝒓𝒓 & 𝒓𝜽
𝒓𝑟 (𝑟, 𝜃) = (1. cos 𝜃) 𝒊 + 1. sin 𝜃 𝒋 + 1 𝒌
𝒓𝜃 (𝑟, 𝜃) = (−𝑟. sin 𝜃) 𝒊 + 𝑟. cos 𝜃 𝒋 + 0 𝒌
06/18/2020 Calculus-II BS (Chem. Engg & Mech. Engg) 7
𝒓𝑟 𝑟, 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 𝒊 + sin 𝜃 𝒋 + 𝒌
𝒓𝜃 𝑟, 𝜃 = −𝑟. sin 𝜃 𝒊 + 𝑟. cos 𝜃 𝒋

𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝒓𝒓 × 𝒓𝜽 = cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝟏
−𝑟. sin 𝜃 𝑟. cos 𝜃 𝟎
= 𝒊 0 − 𝑟. cos 𝜃 − 𝒋 0 + 𝑟. sin 𝜃 + 𝒌 cos 𝜃 . 𝑟. cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃. 𝑟. sin 𝜃
= −𝑟. cos 𝜃 𝒊 − 𝑟. sin 𝜃 𝒋 + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝒌
= −𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝒊 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝒋 + 𝑟 𝒌

𝒓𝒓 × 𝒓𝜽 = (−𝑟 cos 𝜃)2 +(−𝑟 sin 𝜃)2 +𝑟 2

= 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 = 2𝑟 2 = 2 𝑟
06/18/2020 Calculus-II BS (Chem. Engg & Mech. Engg) 8
2𝜋 1

𝐴 = ඵ 𝒓𝒓 × 𝒓𝜽 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝒓𝒓 × 𝒓𝜽 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑅 𝜃=0 𝑟=0

2𝜋 1

𝐴 = න න 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝑟=0

2𝜋 1 2𝜋
𝑟2 2 1 2𝜋
= 2 න อ 𝑑𝜃 = න (1 − 0) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃ቚ
2 2 2 𝜃=0
𝜃=0 𝑟=0 𝜃=0

1
= 2𝜋 − 0 = 2𝜋
2
06/18/2020 Calculus-II BS (Chem. Engg & Mech. Engg) 9

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